r-:'---' ,:■■ •;;i||l|. '■] i»;-/,■ am-KC^^r^wmt'/.v XOY.K uit i>6^ ^::i^''^*<' riv. tkf ^V^v\^^H ^ > ^ovn *v-,-^ \ ib S I {>>^ PENNSYLVANIA AT GETTYSBURG CEREMONIES Dedication of the Monuments ERECTED BY THE Commonwealth of Pennsylvania TO MARK THE POSITIONS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COMMANDS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLE There is a heritage of heroic example and noble obligation, not reckoned in the wealth of nations, but essential to a nation's life." VOLUME I \^ 1893 r VV YORK LflSliAJiY I 94?6454 JiONS Entered according to the Act of Congress by the Editor aud Compiler Bvt. Lt. Col. John P. Nicholson Secretary Board of Commissioners HARRISBURG, PENNA. K. MEYERS, STATE PRINTER. addrp:ss delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at gettysburg N()VK^rI!KR 19, 186^ FOUR score and seven years ago our fathers broug-ht forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedi- cated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war ; testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not conse- crate— we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work Avhich they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedi- cated to the great task remaining before us, — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the peoj)le, by the people, for the people, shall not i^erish from the earth. ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (iii) BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS Under the Act approved June 15, 1887 For the erection of Monuments to mark the positions of the Pennsylvania Commands engaged in the Battle of Gettysburg Brevet Brig.-General John P. Taylor President Brevet Brig.-General J. P. S. Gobin Brevet Lieut.-Colonel John P. Nicholson Secretary Brevet Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts Brevet Brig.-General Wm. Ross Hartshorne May, 1891 Major Samuel Harper Secretary (Died May 16, 1889) (iv) T P R E F A C E HE General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania at the session of 1887, passed the follow- ing: 1. " He it enacted, ttc, That the sum of one hundred and twenty- one thousand five hundred dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be and is hereby specifically appropriated out of any funds of the state treasury for the purpose of perpetuating the par- ticipation in, and marking, by suitable memorial tablets of bronze or granite, the position of each of the commands of Pennsylvania volunteers engaged in the battle of Gettysburg. ****** ****** 3. " That immediately after the passage of this act the Governor shall appoint five Commissioners, whose duty it shall be to select and decide upon the design and material for monuments of granite or bronze to mark the position of each Pennsylvania command upon the battle-field of Gettysburg, and the said Commissioners shall serve without compensation, and they shall co-oj^erate wdth five persons repi'esenting the survivors of the several regimental organizations or commands of this state engaged in the said battle, in the location of the said monuments and the selection thereof, and when such monuments shall be completed and properly erected the Auditor-General shall, \\\)on proper voucher to be presented by the said Commissioners, draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer for the sum of fifteen hundred dollars, which sum is hereby appro- priated for the paynient of the monument of each Pennsylvania command or organization participating in said battle ; and should the survivors of any of the said commands fail, for a j^eriod of twelve months after the passage of this act, to agree upon the lo- cation or to co-operate with the said Commissioners as provided herein, then the said Commissioners shall have a suitable monu- ment erected, of the material aforesaid, to mark the position of such Pennsylvania command on the said battle-field, and a Avarrant for the cost thereof shall be drawn 1)V the Auditor-General in the manner hereinbefore ])rovided." On the 15tli day of June, 1887. the CTOvernor of the Com- (V) vi Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. monwealth, Hon. James A. Beaver, approved the act, and on the 27th of June, 1887, issued commissions to Brevet Briga- dier-General Jolm P. Taylor, Brevet Brigadier- General J. P. S. Gobin, Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel John P. Xicholson, Bre- vet Colonel R. Bruce Ricketts and Major Samuel Harper as tlie Commissioners. Tlie Board was organized by the selection of Brevet Brig- adier-General Jolm P. Taylor, president, and Major Samuel Harper, secretary. Monuments were dedicated under the appropriation dur- ing 1887-1888. At a meeting of the Board, in November, 1888, Lieutenant- Colonel i^icholson submitted a resolution providing for a committee to confer with Governor Beaver, having in view the setting apart a day, for the dedication of the monuments, in 1889, under the auspices of the state and with appropriate ceremonies, to be styled "Pennsylvania Day." The Gover- nor entered heartily into the suggestion and, at a conference with the Commissioners, May 11-12, 1889, was agreed upon. The Legislature at the session of 1889, in furtherance of the celebration, generously and patriotically passed the fol- lowing : Whp:reas, That the act of the Legislature of one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven, provided for the erection of suitable monuments on the battle-lield of Gettysburg, to mark the positions held by Pennsylvania organizations in said battle, which monu- ments are to be dedicated at such time during the present year as may be designated by the Governor of tliis Commonwealth, at which dedication the i:)resence of all Pennsylvania soldiers who participated in the battle of Gettysburg is greatly desired ; And 'Whereas, The people of this commonwealth have always venerated the patriotic and heroic deeds of her soldiers and now desire not only to commemorate the sacrifices of the fallen heroes of the Republic, but also to honor the surviving veterans and make their remaining daj^s comfortable and happy ; therefore. Section 1. lie it enacted, t&c. That at the time of the dedica- tion of the monuments of the Pennsylvania organizations on the battle-field of Gettysburg, there shall be provided and furnished, at the expense of the commonwealth, transportation to all the sur- viving honorably discharged soldiers now residing in Pennsylvania whose names were borne upon the rolls of such organizations pre. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. vii viously to, and at the date, of tlie battle of Gettysburg, on July- first, second and third, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, such transportation to cover distance from t he stations at which such soldiers live or from the railroad stations nearest to their places of residence, by the shortest or most convenient route, to Gettysburg and return, and shall be so arranged as to terms of passage that the said veterans shall have the privilege of remaining at Gettysburg not less than one week and shall have the privilege of stopping off at any station en route. Sbctiojt 4. That the sum of tifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereb}'- appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expense of transportation provided for in this act and expenses of the Gettysburg Battle-tield Commission incurred in making ar- rangements for dedication of said monuments ; the money to be paid on requisition of the Adjutant-General and warrant of Auditor- General, drawn in the usual manner, providing that duly verified vouchers, showing the detailed disbursements under this act, shall be made and filed in the Auditor-General's office. The act was approved by the Governor May 8th, 1889. The Commissioners at once proceeded with the details of the programme, but the serious ill it ess of the secretary of the Commission and the impracticability of the distribution of the transportion by the Adjutant-General in the short period of time elapsing between the passage of the law and the date of the ceremonies agreed upon, induced the Commissioners in conference with the Governor, to postpone the dedication to September 11-12, 1889. Major Harper died May 16th, 1889, and Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholson was elected secretary. The details of the ceremonies were at once arranged and the programme for September was announced. The orders for transportation under the law were distrib- uted by Brigadier-General D. H. Hastings, Adjutant-Gen- eral. The Board desires to express its hearty thanks for the faithful performance of this duty, which, to a great extent, made the occasion a success. On the 5th of June, 1890, a conference with the repre- sentatives of the Pennsylvania Reserves was held at Har- risburg, having in view a "Pennsylvania Reserve Day" at Gettysburg, uj^on the occasion of the dedication of the monu- viii Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ments of the Reserve regiments. At this meeting, Tues- day, September 2d, 1890, was agreed uj^on and a committee appointed to act in conjunction with the Commissioners. On the day designated a large representation of this gallant corps assembled at Gettysburg and participated in the cere- monies in the National Cemetery. The success of the re- union was largely due to the active co-operation of Colonel John H. Taggart, Eleventh Reserves, Captain John Taylor, Second Reserves, the Honorable President of the Pennsylva- nia Reserve Association, Ex-Governor Andrew G. Curtin, and the Secretary of the Association, Sergt. James McCormick. Governor James A. Beaver, in his annual message, January 6tli, 1891, to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, said : The dedication of those memorials upon Pennsylvania Day and Pennsylvania Reserve Day has resulted in a large amount of regi- mental history, covering principally the part taken hy the several organizations in the battle of Gettysburg. This mass of material should be systematized, edited and carefully preserved. If pub- lished in a single volume, with lithograph cuts of the several monu- ments erected by Pennsylvania to her military organizations Avhich participated in the battle of Gettysburg, it would of itself constitute the most striking monument illusti'ative of and perpetuating the memory of the part taken by the representatives of our common- wealth upon her own soil in the greatest struggle of the War of Secession. I recommend a liberal appropriation for this purpose, to be expended under the direction of the Commission heretofore organized for the erection of monuments, the members of which, in their study of the subject, have qualified themselves for the in- telligent and efficient discharge of such a duty. Upon January 26th, 1891, Hon. J. P. S. Gobin, Senator from Lebanon, introduced the following in the State Senate : Ax ACT to provide for the publishing of the report of the proceed- ings of the dedication of the Pennsylvania monuments upon the battle-field of Gettysburg, providing for the distribution thereof and making an appropriation for the same. Section 1. Be it enacted hy tJie Senate and House of Represen- tatives of the Commonioealth of Pennsylvania in General Assem- bly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That there shall be published under the direction of the Gettysburg Battle-field Commission heretofore organized for the erection of monuments, nineteen thousand copies of its report of the proceed- ings of the dedication ceremonies of the Pennsylvania monuments Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ix upon the battle-field of Gettysburg. To be published in one vol- ume not to exceed one thousand pages, to be bound in half morocco, and to contain lithographs or other cuts of the several monuments, and such regimental history as may be necessary to properly per- petuate the memory of the part taken by the several Pennsylvania organizations. Sectiox 2. The distribution of the aforesaid edition shall be as follows : Five hundred copies for the use of the Governor, one huiidred and fifty copies for the use of the Lieutenant-Governor, one hundred and fifty copies for the use of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, three hundred copies for the use of the State Li- brarian, fifty copies each for use of Attorne^'-General, Auditor- General, State Treasurer, Secretary of Internal Affairs, SujDerinten- dent of Public Instruction, Adjutant-General, Commissioner of In- surance, and Superintendent of Public Printing and Binding ; one thousand copies for the use of the School Department for distribu- tion to school superintendents, normal schools and school libraries in the commonwealth, six hundred copies for use of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the State of Pennsylvania, six hundred and fifty copies for use of the Grand Array of the Rejiublic for distribution among the Posts of the Department of Pennsylvania, fifty copies for the use of the encampments of the L'niou Veteran Legion of the State of Pennsylvania, two hundred copies for the use of the members of the Battle-field Monumental Commission, five thousand copies for the use of the Senate, and ten thousand copies for use of the House to be delivered to the members of the present Legislature. Governor Robert E. Pattison appreciatively approved tlie bill for publication, Maj^ 7tli, 1891. In this abstract of the Commission" s work they express their thanks to Brevet Major-General David McM. Gregg, chief marshal, and his chief -of-staff, Brevet Lieutenant-Col- onel Sylvester Bonnaft'on, Jr., for the imj^ortant part they took in making "Pennsylvania Day'' memorable. To Brevet Brigadier- General James A. Beaver, as Governor of the Commonwealth, Pennsylvania owes a debt of grati- tude, for to him it is due in a great measure that the battle- field of Gettysburg is marked with memorials and the ser- vice of her sons recited in this volume. John P. Nicholsox, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel U. S. V., Secretary. PENNSYLVANIA COMMANDS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG OR PRESENT ON THE FIELD. Eleventh Regiment Infantry. Twenty-third Regiment Iniantry. Twenty-sixth Regiment Infantry. Twenty-seventh Regiment Infantry. Twenty-eiglitli Regiment Infantry. Twenty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Thirtieth Regiment Infantry (First Reserve). Tiiirty-first Regiment Infantry (Second Reserve). Tliirty-fourth Regiment Infantry (Fifth Reserve). Thirty-fifth Regiment Infantry (Sixth Reserve). Thirty-eighth Regiment Infantry (Ninth Reserve). Tliirty-ninth Regiment Infantry (Tenth Reserve). Fortieth Regiment Infantry (Eleventh Reserve). Fortj'-first Regiment Infantry (Twelfth Reserve). Forty-second Regiment Infantry (Thirteenth Reserve, First Rifles.) Forty-sixtii Regiment Iniantry. Forty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Fifty-third Regiment Infantry. Fifty-sixth Regiment Infantry. Fifty-seventli Regiment Infantry. Sixty-first Regiment Infantry. Sixty -second Regiment Infantry. Sixty-third Regiment Infantry. Sixty-eighth Regiment Infantry. Sixty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Seventy-first Regiment Infantry. Seventy-second Regiment Infantry. Seventy-third Regiment Infantry. Seventy-fourth Regitnent Infantry. Seventy-fifth Regiment Infantry. Eighty-tirst Regiment Infantry. Eiglily-second Regiment Infantry. EigJity-tliird Regiment Infantry. Eiglity-fourtli Regiment Infantry. Eighty-eiglith Regiment Infantry. Ninetietli Regiment Inlantrj'. Ninety-first Regiment Infantry. Ninety-third Regiment Infantry. Kinety-fil'tli Regiment Infantry. Ninety-sixlh Regiment Infantry. Nmety-eiglitli Regiment Infantry. Ninety-ninth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Second Regiment Infantry One Hundred and Fifili Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Infantry. (1) Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. One Hundred and Seventh Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Ninth Keginient Infantry. One Hundred and Tenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fourteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Sixteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Eighteentli Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Nineteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-first Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Thirty-nintli Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-seventh Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifty-first Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifty-third Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Regiment Infantry. Twenty-Sixth Emergency Regiment Infantrx-. First Regiment Cavalry. Second Regiment Cavalry. Third Regiment Cavalry. Fourth Regiment Cavalry. Sixth Regiment Cavalry. Eighth Regiment Cavalry. Sixteenth Regiment Cavalry. Seventeenth Regiment Cavalry. Eighteenth Regiment Cavalry. • Twenty-First Regiment Cavalry. Battery B, First Artillery. Battery F, First Artillery. Battery G, First Artillery. Battery C, Independent Artillery. Battery E, Independent Artillery. Battery F, Independent Artillery. Battery H, Third Heavy Artillery. GETTYSBURG PENNSYLVANIA DAY September 11-12 1889. (3) PENNSYLVANIA DAY Gettysburg, September 11-12, 1889 Wednesday, September iith Dedication of the Monuments of the Pennsylvania Commands enKajred in tho Battle Uy tho Survivors' Associations Ceremonies in National Cemetery Thursday, September i2TH, i 30 p. m. PllESIDINQ Brevet Lieut, (^)lonel George Meade Staff of Major-General George G. Meade, commanding' Army of tho Potomac MUSIC The Star-spangled Banner The "Arioii Singing Society" Prof. J. C. Frank, Leader PKAYEK Reverend John K. Paxton, D. D, Second Lieutenant 140th Penna. Infantry ANTHEM " Praise tho Lord " The"Ariou Singing Society " TRANSFER OF THE MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOK Honorable J. P. S. Gobin Brevet Brigadier-General ; Colonel 47th Penna. Infantry acceptance ON BEHALF OF THE COMMON\VEALTH Governor James A. Beaver Brevet Brigadier-General ; Colonel USth Penna. Infantry POEM, "Gettysburg" Isaac R. Pennypacker, Esq. THE FIItST DAY, July 1, 1863 Brevet Cautaiti Joseph G. Rosengarten First Lieutenant liilst I'enna. Infantry; Aide-de-Camp Staff of Major-General John F. Reynolds THE SECOND AND THIRD DAYS. July 2-3, 1863 Brevet Brigadier-General Henry H. Bingham Major and Judge- Advocate Staff of Major-General Wmtield S. Hancock MUSIC Dedication Quartette TRANSFER TO BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION Governor James A. Beaver ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE ASSOCIATION Edward McPherson, Esq MUSIC Dedication Quartette and Perseverance Band BEMEDIOTION Reverend David Craft. D. D. Chaplain Ulst Penna. Infantry Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. PRAYER. Rev. John R. Paxton, D. D. ALMIGHTY God, Great Ordainer of all thinprs, Mighty Sus- tainer of all Thy creatures, we are Thy people, preserved by Thy power, cared for by Thy love and redeemed by Thy ^-ace. And whatsoever we do, whether we eat or drink, whether we cultivate the art of peace, or hasten unto battle, whether we celebrate a birth or commemorate the dead, what- soever we do, we sincerely desire to do all in Thy fear and to Thy g-lor}', thou Omnipotent God without whose blessing- we can do nothing well and against whom Ave can do nothing long. We bless Thee as the God of Righteousness and Truth, whose presence can be discerned on battle-fields, enforcing just judg- ment by the sword and bayonet as well as in the houses of mourning inspiring hope, and soothing sorrow, or by the beds of dying men offering pardon and eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. We bless Thee as the God of Nations as well as of personal destiny. We see Thy hand moving amongst the affairs of the world, overturning dogmas of false worship, inflicting defeat upon wrong and wicked causes, and visiting with retributive i3unish- ment all unholy enterprises that offend Thy justice and truth. In times past we see Thy hand moving amongst our affairs as a nation. Friends and allies of Thine assisted at our birth as a nation, and by Thy care and favor we have prospered as a people and grown great and powerful in the eyes of all the world, because we have, in the main, loved righteousness and truth and hated in- justice, oppressions and lies. Almighty God, continue to us, we pray Thee, as a nation, through all future generations. Thy favor and Thy care, then with God on our side Ave shall not fear the wrath of men nor the gates of hell, and the Great Republic, the land we love, shall abide forever. And now, O God, our father's God, our country's God, for the occasion before us, and upon these memorial services, we confi- dently invoke Thy presence and Thy blessing, firmly believing 6 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. that this day, and the dead around us, deserve Thy approbation, and are worthy of Thy consenting" presence and Thy loving smile. Almighty and most Holy God, the Eternal Father, the Sovereign Ruler in Heaven, and on Earth, Lord of Lords, Great and Su- preme God against whom no star ever rebelled, nor any sea ever mutinied, daring to overleap its ijrescribed boundaries, to Thee we boldly and confidently appeal; and on this memorial, this historic, this sacred field where our dead comrades sleep we fear not to claim Thy presence and Thy blessing. Hide not, O God, Thy face from us, nor keep back Thy smile and benediction, while we, survivors of this tremendous and ter- rific battle-field, on which treason and rebellion were fatally wounded, and the Union and the right assured of their final triumph, in grateful memory of our comrades who fell here, on the soil of our own state, and from our own homes, dedicate these monuments to their everlasting remembrance. O be with us in all these solemn and tender services, for in Thy power we begin them, and under Thy smile have to conclude them. The battle was fought and won by our comrades who sleep sweet beneath Thy smile, under the sod, and by us who survived to mourn their death, and pay them loving tribute to their memory. May these marble and bronze monuments, erected in loving memory of our fallen comrades, stand while the Republic endures, and preach patriotism to unborn generations on this eventful and sacred field. We thank thee, O God, for the faithfulness unto death of the heroic dead whose bones repose in this hallowed ground. May their memory be green in our hearts while life lasts. May the country for which they voluntarily and gladly shed their blood prosper, and survive the vicissitudes of time, and the calamities of fortune, great, united, enduring. May we be as loyal and patri- otic in peace as we were in war, by the side of our comrades at rest under our feet. May the children cherish and perpetuate the institution, the constitution, the liberty and love, and equality our comrades died to maintain. And now Thy holy, helpful blessing we claim and crave on the day, on our dead, on our country, north and south, on our President, our Governor and the dear old State, which we and our common brothers who sleep in well-earned graves on this sacred battle-field, are proud to call our own, we ask in Christ's name. Amen. ANTHEM: " Praise the Lord. " The Arion Singing Society. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. THE TRANSFER OF THE MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH. By Hon. J. P. S. Gobin. GOVEKNOK BEAVER: The Commission appointed by yourself under the provision of the act of assembly ap- proved June 15, 1887, desire to present to the State of Pennsylvania, throug-h you, as its executive, the result of their labor. They were directed to "select and decide upon the design and the material for monuments of g-ranite and bronze to mark the position of each Pennsylvania command upon the battle-field of Gettysburg," and the object of the erection of these monu- ments was declared to be "for the purpose of perpetuating the participation in and marking by suitable memorial tablets of granite or bronze the position of each of the commands of Penn- sylvania volunteers engaged " in that battle. From the earliest era of which we have historical data, nations and individuals have delighted to honor heroic deeds, and endur- ingly mark the spot upon which the fate of governments was in- volved in the shock of battle. Even though the result, in many instances, impeded the onward march of progressive thought and shackled the limbs of advancing freedom, the natural pride with which was beheld the prowess of her soldiery upon that field, demanded of the nation suitable commemoration of the event, and a definite location of the scene. In the memories and traditions of past centuries, the legends of the middle ages, the histories of the ancient rulers, or the struggles of nations for a better civili- zation, the one place made sacred is that upon which their armies fought and conquered. Every nationality has insisted upon tributes of this character, and many have learned impor- tant lessons from them. We remember the story of one of the old conquerors of Greece, who, when he had traveled in his boy- hood over the battle-fields where Miltiades had won victories and set up trophies, upon his return, said, "These trophies of Mil- tiades will never let me sleep." Each feature of the chiseled granite was an inspiration to him as a soldier, and, doubtless, had an inspiring effect upon his subsequent career. The Romans who placed the busts of their successful leaders 8 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. upon their coin, the Swiss who employed the genius of Thor- waldsen to boldly hew from the granite face of the Alps a lion to perpetuate the courage of their countrymen in a foreign land, the nations embodying their patriotism or skill at arms by tri- umphal arch or mem orial column, were all actuated by the same motive. Even beyond these, upon the banks of the Nile, as re mote as the days when the Pharaohs ruled, and amid the sands of old Assyria, can we find the remains of magnificent specimens of memorial architecture. In how many instances, however, were these but the work of hands which had been held aloft with glee as the conqueror passed in triumphal procession through the capital, with his en- slaved prisoners bound to his chariot wheels ; or, at best, were but the tribute to the ambition of kings, or, still more to be re- gretted, the result of the superior prowess of disciplined forces over hastily-gathered levies defending their homes from ruth- less invaders ? Happily, upon this field every tablet represents loyalty to country and flag — a sublime devotion to duty never excelled in the world's history. They have been erected in re- sponse to the sentiment of the nation, demanding that which should be a patriotic remembrance for all time. Where the men of their state fought and died Avith the nation's life in deadly peril — where rebellion against it reached the noon-tide of its progress, and from thence went reeling out to meet its inevitable sunset at Appomattox — should the granite and bronze arise. They represent a united country cemented by the ordeal of battle — refined, clarified and strengthened in the furnace of war, and the circle of fire in which armies fought and navies sailed. Each block stands for a unity of interest in every part of the land, and a national future one and indivisible. Whatever may have been the opinion of the individual as to the primal cause of the rebellion, they rest in the graves of the fallen, with the memo- rial tablets of the various states keeping watch over the places in which they lie buried forever. Thus the lives of those we repre- sent on this occasion were not lost to their country or their kindred — they are eloquent even in their nameless graves. They crowd about as with all the incentives of honor and patriotism. They survive in our admiration of their deeds, in our respect for their sacrifices, in love for their patriotism and devotion to country. As the representatives of principles which are eternal, so will their memories remain. Through the efforts of the dead and living but one flag floats, or dare float, in this, our common country. To do justice to them, it should be so planted as to Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 9 wave above all error, sectionalism, injustice or division of senti- ment as to the righteousness of the cause for Avliich those we represent yielded up their lives. In this, however, we by no means desire to confine our allusions to this immediate vicinity. It is but part of such a line, or series of lines of battle as the world never beheld. The rig-ht resting- at Douelson, it encircles a'vast extent of country, until the left is reached here in this quiet valley of the Kej'^stoue State, in the vast circle that sweeps down the Mississippi to the gulf, diverges to the Rio Grande, and eastward through to the Atlantic, coursing along its coast, and, by the familiar Potomac, leaping the wide rivers and high mountains — lines of natural defense — to where we at present stand. Its entire length is marked by honored graves — veteran sentinels of liberty — whose challenges will be heard forever and aye by all disturbers of the nation's unity, or conspirators against its honor. They will speak with the au- thority of the embattled hosts who fell in that line resisting the advance of error, and with the result that all now sit in peace and comfort. But with reverent respect for all, we are, to-day, desirous of doing honor to the soldier of our own state. These are their monuments. Those graves contain the dead of the state who fell upon this field. Men of Pennsylvania, they were of your flesh and blood, they went out from your homes, they battled for the preservation of your firesides, and the vacant chairs remain Avithin your house- holds. Their comrades claim them in memory and friendship, and it is a claim as far-reaching as the warm-throbbing h(?art of the old soldier can make it. With tear-dimmed eyes they range over this field as over no other spot in all the laud, and would say to the trespasser, " put off thy shoes f)'om off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." This being Pennsylvania's battle-field, what more fitting than to properly commemorate the deeds of Pennsylvania's soldier sons upon her soil ? Here, as everywhere, at the call of duty, during the entire period of the rebellion were the men of Pennsylvania conspicuous. It has been contended that the battle of Gettysburg is of much greater scope than that which the hills around us en- compass, vast as that is. Some would even include the entire extent of territory lying between the battle grounds and the fords of the Rappahannock in Virginia. Full of interest and impor- tance as the days preceding Avere, it culminated in the struggle which began on the 1st and ended on the 3d of July, 18G3, and to this history will confine it. 10 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Take a view of whatever portion of the field within the rang-e of your vision, and you behold Pennsylvania's memorial tablets. Upon the cavalry skirmish-line with Buford, in the column which Reynolds led to its position, and in the line which formed as his prostrate form was carried to the rear — upon the extreme right and left flank of the First Corps were regiments from the Keystone State, and the first infantry fire poured into the advancing- enemy was from another of them. In that corps death reaped a rich harvest of gallant Pennsylvanians. When the Eleventh Corps was hastily thrown into action they were in the advanced line, and the losses recorded attest the manner in which they fought. One of her batteries took possession of east Cemetery Hill, and the first day's fighting sullenly ended amid the shotted salutes with which the enemy were greeted from these guns. Upon the second day, amid all the fighting on every part of the field, their record was well maintained. In the volume of battle which began on the left of our line and surged along the Third Corps, involving it and parts of others, no more heroic deeds were witnessed than those which Pennsylvania soldiers performed. Clinging to the lines at the peach orchard, surging back and forth through the wheat field, changing front under terrific fire, amid the rocky sides of the Round Tops, were heard the crack of their rifles and their shouts of defiance. And at this point the sun of battle went down as the Pennsylvania Reserves charged down the slope and over the valley of death, driving before them the last line of the enemy attacking this position. As they planted the Maltese cross of the Fifth Corps,the men of the Sixth displayed their Greek cross in support, and the left was safe. Away on the right was the Twelfth Corps, and its star waved over Culp's and Wolf's Hill. Here the battle raged fiercely, and there, too, were Pennsylvanians, and not an inch of ground was yielded, until, under orders, they vacated it to aid another part of the line. As if to fittingly close the second day, it remained for her sons to meet the charge of the enemy upon east Cemetery Hill, and over the guns of her batteries men fought with a courage and desperation never exceeded, and using weapons unheard of in such warfare. Here, also, nightfall beheld the enemy defeated and discomfited, and the position of regiments and batteries which had fought upon every part of the field could have been marked at that time by the dead, who lay as they had fallen, with their faces to the foe. The morning of the third day was ushered in by the deter- mined efi'ort of the Twelfth Corps to re-occupy their vacated lines. Aided by detachments of the Sixth they obscured the sun Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. H with their smoke of battle, aud after live hours of incessant fig-ht- ing" they were back in the entrenchments, and tlie right of the line was secure. You cannot fail to recognize the Pennsylvanians, who, at this part of the field, represented their state and nation. And now, in the quiet which prevailed until after the mid-day hour, bat- teries, cavalry and infantry gird their loins for the final con- test all knew to be impending. When, from Seminary Ridge, the cannonading of over one hundi'ed guns shook the earth, quickly and effectively was it responded to. When the enemy sought to move troops from their rig-ht to strengthen and reinforce their center they found cavalry there to prevent it, and they did pre- vent it. Away off to the right the mounted legions seek to turn that flank and reach the rear of our line. There, also, were our cavalry, and the Rummel Farm became the scene of one of the most determined and sanguinary conflicts of man and horse ; and the several lines of infantry, with which this attack co-operated, as they emerged from the woods and swung across the plain, headed directly for the troops of the same old state over whose head floated the well-known trefoil of the Second Corps. In brig-ade line they awaited the attack. It came, and with their comrades of the east and west they rent the clouds with their shouts of victory as the decimated lines disappeared in the smoke of the conflict, and the battle of Gettysburg was over. At the headquarters of the army — of corps, division aud bri- gade— were the men born on the soil of our state. In every grade, as well as at every point, Pennsylvania soldiers were in the forefront, and when we have completed the work in hand, and the memory of men in the ranks have been rendered immortal to the full extent of our ability, can we not, will we not, all unite in efforts to place "Under the dome of the Uniou sky The American soldiers' temple of fame in a most prominent place upon this field a just tribute to the valor, ability and devotion to duty of that g-lorious son of Penn- sylvania whose name is so indelibly associated with Gettysburg" and with the Army of the Potomac wherever it fought 1 Until Georg-e Gordon Meade has a fitting monument upon this battle ground Pennsylvania will not have entirely performed her duty. Pardon this digression. I have not attempted to picture or de- scribe the battle of Gettysburg. I disclaim any such intention. My object has been to present with the monuments which rise at every point of the field brief reasons for their being, and to as- 12 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. sure you that each one occupies the position it is entitled to through the valor of the men who followed the flag-. Wherever may be seen the bronze coat-of-arms of the state, there stood and fought at one period or another in the desperate struggle the command represented by tlie memorial, and the soil has been rendered sacred by the patriotic blood there expended. In honor of the service rendered have these enduring tablets been erected. It is a fit and just tribute. The armies have long since struck their tents and silently merged with the masses in every part of the nation. The fields upon which they struggled gleam to day with the glory of peace, and death no longer gathers the rich har- vest which springs from their fruitful soil. Many have ended life's battle since then, and the lines are fading away swiftly be- fore the ravages of time and disease. They stand but in antici- pation of a speedy reunion with those file-leaders who have crossed the dark river, and with whom we hope to again fall into ranks in the great hereafter. Let the gratitude of the nation con- tinue to go out toward these men. It should be proportioned to the benefit received, as well as tlie purity of intention which im- parted the benefits. Predicted as an inevitable conflict, the war came, and was fought to the bitter end. The logic of events clearly proves it to have been an epoch in the nation's life, which, under Divine Providence, was to result in either liberty to all or death to the nation. The result could not have been otherwise. It was a tribute to the splendid civilization of the American people, which, by the efforts of a centmy, had developed the country, educated the masses, created a vast internal commerce, all culminating in placing the nation upon a plane of greatness never before reached by any government. Through the future gleam the possibilities, which, may we not claim, will mantle the earth with such achievements as will make this the undisputed, the eternal lioj^e of liberty. We have learned the true value of nationality. Like our own mountain ranges, we Avill recognize the different peaks as they rise in various altitudes and claim specific names, the Avliole forming an indivisible body conspicuous in its greatness as a whole. These monuments represent this great nationality, and will stand forever as testimonials of a state and nation's gratitude to the valor of its citizen soldiers. Let the morning and evening sun, which shall greet, gild and linger on their sides, and play upon them from base to capstone, symbolize the showering benedictions of their countrymen, which Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 13 will stream from age to age iu honor of the fame and memory of the dead and living- they represent. The duties of your Commission have almost ended. I dare claim for it a single purpose to perform them fairly, honestly and impartially. One of its members, Major Samuel Harper, passed away ere the work was completed. He was a true soldier, a firm patriot, earnest in his devotion to his work, which, upon this field, must ever be recognized. To the people of this great state we now present the result of our labors in these memorial tablets. Each one tells its own truthful story, and will to future generations. It is a record as com- plete as it is accurate. As they stand here overlooking these scenes, telling of the silent battalions represented, with yonder green mounds, the perpetual reminder of heroic immolation, may we not hope that in all the land, everywhere, loyal devotion to country and flag shall prevail with a new-born intensity, capable of any sacrifice, and all may realize fully as was said of old, "It is the high reward of those who have risked their lives in a just and necessary war, that their names are sweet in the mouths of men, and every age shall know their actions." ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH. Governor James A. Beaver. (COMRADES AND FELLOW-CITIZENS: No official duty which has devolved upon the present executive of Penn- ^ sylvauia is more significant, and at the same time more pleasant, than the one which he now performs on behalf of our goodly Commonwealth. Granite and bronze are not necessary, nor can they, iu a large sense, perpetuate the memorj'" of the men dead and the heroism of those living, who stood for the consti- tution and the enforcement of the laws, upon this field. They have a significance and value, however, as showing the apprecia- tion of a grateful Commonwealth for the service of her sons in de- fending her soil and in aiding to perpetuate the unity of the gov- ernment of which she is a constituent part. Ou every portion of this historic battle-field Pennsylvania acted a prominent part. Her sons, as was meet, were the heroes of the field. Meade com- manded the army, Reynolds fell in the fore-front of battle in the 14 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. first day's fight, and Hancock directed the details of preparation for the heroic and stubborn resistance which was made to the de- termined assaults of the enemy, upon the second and third days. Pennsylvanians were prominent in the First Corps at the opening of the battle on the first day; Pennsylvania regiments played a prominent part in Sickles' gallant forward movement; Pennsyl- vanians predominated in the First Division of the Second Corps and constituted the Third Division of the Fifth Corps, which made the impetuous assault through the "wheat field" and the "devil's den" upon Hood's Division, in its determined and well-directed efforts to turn Sickles' left flank, on the second day, and Penn- sylvania received the shock of Pickett's heroic, but ill-fated and foolisli, charge on the third day. Pennsylvania batteries occupied vital points in our defensive line, and Pennsylvania cavalry was conspicuous under a gallant Pennsylvanian in their brilliant opera- tions upon our right flank and rear. Li every offensive move- ment made by the Army of the Potomac during the Gettysburg campaign ; in every defensive position taken by it ; in brilliant skirmish, in gallant assault, in heroic fighting or in stubborn re- sistance, Pennsylvania was found everywhere doing her duty and bearing her full share of the heat and burdens of the day. We do not claim that she did more than her duty or that she per- formed more than her share of the work to be done. Without the assistance and co-operation of her sister states she would have been utterly powerless to repel the invasion of her soil. We make no invidious distinctions in emphasizing Pennsylvania's share in the campaign which found its climax within her borders. This is Pennsylvania Day, and we simply emphasize her part in the work here done without in any way detracting from or min- imizing the part taken by others or the credit due to them there- for. The description of the details of Pennsylvania's share in the glory of this field belongs to the historians of the occasion and I shall not trespass upon their theme or sphere in this direction. The Commonwealth does well in recognizing the devotion of her sons. Shejias been none too liberal in her gifts for such a purpose. In accepting the results of the work of the Commission ap- pointed to supervise the erection of the memorials of the patri- otism of Pennsylvania's sons, it may be well to say a word as to the manner in which the work has been done and of its charac teristic features. Charged with a delicate, a diflicult and respon- sible duty, it is not too much to say that the Pennsylvania Gettys- burg Memorial Commissioners, so far as the results of their work are apparent upon this field, have discharged their duty in a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 15 niauner alike creditable to them and acceptable to the people of the Commonwealth. Few who have not given thoug-ht to the subject can realize the difficulties under which they labored, or appreciate the value of the work which they have done. This work was characterized, first, by a broad intellig-ence. The posi- tion occupied by each of the eighty-six Pennsylvania organizations participating in the battle of Gettysburg was to be carefully studied and definitely ascertained in order to determine the loca- tion of their several monuments. The part taken by each organ- ization must be thoroughly understood in order that the truth of history, and nothing but the truth, should be displayed upon these ■memorials. The materials to be used; the design to be adopted; the details of construction and the perpetuity of results, were all to be considered and right conclusions in regard thereto reached. Those who have carefully and critically followed the work of the Commission will, I am sure, join with me in commending the rare intelligence which has marked its labors in all these respects. The work of the Commission has been characterized, moreover, by unquestioned fidelity. Charged with the execution of a law, with the framing and passage of which its members had little to do; with the expenditure of a sum exceeding an eighth of a million of dollars, in such a way as to secure full and satisfactory returns to each regimental organization, and to the Common- wealth which placed her funds in their hands ; with the preserva- tion of the truth of history, and, at the same time, with the vin- dication of the honor and reputation of Pennsylvania organiza- tions, where history had failed to do them justice; with deter- mining the truth as to conflicting claims for position, and antag- onistic interests on the part of contractors and committees i-epre- sentiug the various organizations who contracted with them, it will be seen that the work of the Commission required rare dis- cretion and ability. In all these respects, and others which can- not be mentioned for want of time, the Commission has, in all its work, fully met the demands made upon it, and can confidently point to the results which confront us on every hand for the evi- dence of the fidelity with which these demands have been met. The Commonwealth has in every instance had a full return for the money which was appropriated for these memorials, and iu most of them has received a large percentage of increase from the voluntary contributions of the organizations themselves. So it is safe to say that no state, when the work of the Commission shall be finished, will present more substantial, more enduriug and more tasteful memorials of the devotion of her sons, than Penn- sylvania. IG Pennsylvania at GcUyshurg. The zeal manifested by each and every member of the Commis- sion is also a characteristic of its work. Voluntarily accepting- a position to which no pecuniary compensation of any kind was at- tached, the gentlemen Avho composed the Commission q-ave them- selves unreservedly to the Avork before them. They have spared no effort; have stopped at no sacrifice of time or convenience; have assisted in the org-anization of regimental committees; have furnished designs for the adoption of such representatives, and have stimulated their efforts to secure better and more enduring results than could have been obtained through the expenditure of the appropriation made by legislative authority alone. Such energy and zeal are worthy of commendation, and should be here and now recorded and acknowledged. There has been much patient forbearance with, and sometimes a judicious yielding to, the demands of zealous and enthusiastic regimental organizations. Such demands were the evidence of a proper interest in the truth of history and in the faithful acknowledgment of the contributions which have been- made by those who were thus represented and the results which history records. They were found, on careful examination, in many instances, to be correct, and official records have been thereby corrected through the careful and persistent efforts of the Commissioners. Without dwelling upon other characteristics of the work of the Commission, which will suggest themselves to the thoughtful ob- server, it is safe to say, finally, that success hascro\vned its work in an eminent degree. The organizations for Avhose benefit pro- vision was made by the legislature have not, in all instances, availed themselves of it. Some memorials have not yet been erected. Designs for others have not yet been adopted, and to this extent the work of the Commission is not finished; but so far as the memorials which surround us are the evidence of the work of the Commission, we join to-day, as the survivors of those whose memory is thereby enshrined, in pronouncing their work an unqualified success. As already intimated, the work is not finished. The distinctively Pennsylvania organization in which all Pennsylvania, whether connected with it or not, takes pride, and which played such a distinguished part upon this field — the Pennsylvania Reserve Coi'ps — has not yet erected its me- morial. It is the desire of the various regimental organizations composing that corps to erect a common memorial. In this de- sire I personally cordially sympathize, and Avill be glad to co-op- erate. The original provisions made for the erection of our memorials did not seem to authorize such a use of the funds Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 17 appropriated, and an unfortunate misunderstanding- as to the bill passed bj'^ the last leg-islature in relation thereto, which gave rise to certain constitutional and other difficulties, made necessary its disapproval. I wish, however, here and now, as a Pennsylvaaian, proud of the forethought which organized the Pennsylvania Re- serve Corps, and of the record which it made for Pennsylvania, to say that, so far as I am able to do so, officially or personally, I wish to co-operate with the survivors of that distinguished body of Pennsylvania soldiers in carrying out their wishes. The Ver- mont Brigade has its magnificent Corinthian column, to be sur- mounted finally by a statue of Stannard ; New York's Excelsior Brigade has its distinctive monument ; the New Jersey Brigade, distinguished alike for its brave deeds and the bravery of its great commander, perpetuates its memory and that of Kearny at the same time by a monument which combines the memorials of its several regiments ; so I would say, speaking for myself, let the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps perpetuate the memory of the part which it took upon this field and elsewhere throughout our great struggle for the preservation of the Union, in a memorial build- ing which shall be distinctive and appropriate. Consultation and cordial co-operation can bring this about without difficulty, and in harmony with the requirements of our state constitution and the work of the Commission appointed in accordance with the pro- visions of the act of assembly relating thereto. It only remains for me, gentlemen of the Commission, to accept at your hands, as the representative of the Commonwealth, the work which you have here and now transferred to me. Pennsyl- vania is satisfied with what you have done; Pennsylvania con- gratulates herself upon the success of your efforts. I accept on her behalf these memorials erected under your supervision and control, and in doing so I beg to thank you in her name for the intelligence, the fidelity, the zeal and the patience whicli have crowned vour work. 18 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. POEM. GETTYSBURG. Isaac R. Pennypacker. 'Twas on the time when Lee, Below Potomac's swollen ford, Had beaten down the broken sword Of his baffled enemy His long line lengthened luster Than the days of Jnne, O'er valleys varied, mountains vaster, By forced marches night and noon ; Any morn might bring him down Captor of the proudest town ; Any one of cities three At noon or night might ))rostrate be. Then to Meade was the sword of the north Held hiltward for proof of its worth ; O'er the vastness of masses of men All the glorious banners of war. All the battle-dags floated again ; All the bugles blew blithely once more, Sounding the stately advance ; Village doorways framed faces of awe At the trains of artillery pressed On earth's leverberent breast, And the sun sought the zenith, and saw All the splendors of war at a glance. How .soon the first fierce rain ol" death In big drops dancing on the trees Withers the foliage ! At a breath. Hot as the blasts that dried old seas The clover falls like drops of blood From mortal hurts, and stains the sod ; The wheat is clipped, but the ripe grain Here long ungarnered shall remain. And many who at the drum's long roll Sprang to the charge and swelled the cheer. And .set their flags high on the knoll. Ne'er knew how went the fight fought here For them a knell tumultuous shells Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 19 Siiook IVom the consecrated bells, As here they formed that silent rank. Whose glorious star at twilight sank. And night, which lulls all discords — night. Which stills the folds and vocal wood. And. with the touch of finger light. Quiets the pink-lipped brook's wild mood, Which sends the wind to seek the latch, And seals young eyes while mothers watch — Night stays the battle, but with day Their lives, themselves, foes hurl away. Where the thousands fell, but did not yield, Shall be to-morrow's battle-field. E'er dying died or dead were cold New hosts pressed on the lines to hold, And held them — hold them now in sleep While .stars and sentinels go round, And war-worn chargers shrink like sheep Beside their riders on the ground. All through the night — all through the north Speed doubtful tidings back and forth. Through north and south, from dusk till day, A sundered people diverse pray. So gradiuil sink the deliberate stars. The sun doth run the laggards down. As sleep's still meadows bursts the bars, And floods with light the steepled town. Blow ! bugles of the cavalry, blow ! Forward the infantry, row on row ! While every battery leaps with life, And swells with tongueless throats the strife ! Where grappled foes, one flushed with joy From triumphs fresh, and come to destroy, And one by blows but tempered fit To keep the torch of freedom lit. The battle-dust from heroes' feet. Brief hiding rally and last retreat. By the free sunlight touched became A golden pillar of laniV)ent flame. Glorified was this field, its white Faces of victors and of slain, And these and Round Top's luminous height That glory flashed afar again. Around the world for all to see One nation and one wholly free. And branded deep with flaming sword Its primal compact's binding word. "Neath F'reedom's dome that light divine, 20 Pennsylvania at Gettysbiirg. Borne here from dark defiles of Time, From here upblazed a beacon sign To all the oppressed of every clime ; And dulled eyes glistened ; hope upsprung Where'er ills old when man was young Against awaking thought were set, Where jjower its tribute wrongly wrung, Or moved on pathways rank even yet With martyr's blood, where'er a tongue Hath words to show, as serf, slave, thrall, How great man's power ! how deep man's fall. Long will be felt, though hurled in vain, The shock that shook the northern gate, Long heard the shots that dashed amain, r>ut flattened on the rock of fate. Where Lee still strove, but failed to break The barrier down, or fissure uiake, And never grasped by force the prize Deferred by years of compromise. Long will men keep the memory bright Of deeds done here ; how flashed the blade Of Hancock from South Mountain's shade To the sheer heights of unfading light ! That martial morn o'er yonder ridge Reynolds last rode face towards the foe, And onward rides through history so ; For Meade, even as for Joshua, suns The unmindful gulf of Time abridge. While still its depths fling back his guns' Victorious echoes. The same wise power Which starts the currents from ocean's heart, And hurls the tides at their due hour. Or Iiolds them with a force unspent. Made him like master, in each part, O'er all his mighty instrument. Chief leaders of the battle great ! Three sons of one proud mother state ! Tliese epoch stones she sets stand fast. As on her field her regiments stood ; Their volleys rang the first and last ; They kept Avith Webb the target-wood, And there for all turned on its track The wild gulf stream of treason back ; Or on the stubborn hill-sides trod Out harvests sown not on the clod ; Hearts shall beat high in days grown tame, At thoughts of them and their proud fame, And watching Pickett's gallant band Melt like lost snow-flakes in the deep. Pennsylvania at Gef/yslnirg. 21 Pity shall grow throughout the land, And near apace with joy shall keep. Baffled, beaten, back to the ford, His own at last the broken sword, Kode the invader. On his breast His head with sorrow low was pressed ; On his horse's tangled mane Loosely hung the bridle rein. At Gettysburg his valiant host The last hope ol" their cause had lost ; In vain their daring and endeavor, It was buried there forever ; Right well he knew the way he fled Straight to the last surrender led. So ended Lee's anabasis, And all he hoped had come to this ; — As well for master as the driven That not by him was victory given. So Right emboldened and made known Hurled the whole troop of Error down, And here held fast an heritage ; So on that course may all hold fast 'Till no man takes an hundred wage, And each one has his own at last, 'Till the last caravan of the bound. Driven towards some Bornuese market place, Happily shall leel their bonds unwound, And steps of woe in joy retrace. In the cities of the north The brazen cannon belched forth For the defeat of Lee ; When the smoke from this field Unfolded, Lo ! fixed on the shield Each w^andering star Avas I'evealed. And the steeple bells pealed Inland to the further sea ; In the villages flags waved For Meade's victory, — A thousand, thousand flags waved For the souls to be froo, For the Union saved, For the Union still to b«. 22 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. THE FIRST DAY— JULY i, 1863. Brevet Captain Joseph G. Rosengarten. PENNSYLVANIA DAY marks the completion of the official relations of the State of Pennsylvania with the battle-field of Gettysburg-. Ever}^ position occupied by Pennsylvania soldiers throug-h the scenes and events of that great battle is now marked by a memorial of the regiment or battery that took part in it. Thanks to the generosity of the State, the wise choice of its Governor, the industry and care of the Commissioners ap- pointed by him, the task is done, and well done. Now, in final conclusion of all this labor, of the years spent in securing the ground, in preserving its natural features, in making a lasting record on the spot of the force that occupied each part of the long line of battle, we are gathered here to renew the memories that made Gettysburg dear to every soldier who fought here. The field of Gettysburg is within sight ; the vantage ground g-ained by the first day's battle was the position on which the battles of the succeeding days were fought, and the victory finally won. The campaign of Gettysburg covered the whole territory over which her great contending armies moved. From the fords of the Rap- pahannock and the passes of the Blue mountains, through Vir- ginia, across the Potomac, through Maryland, into Pennsylvania, up the Cumberland valley, and as far east almost as the Susque- hanna river, the strategic operations of the Army of Northern Virginia, under General Lee, and of the Army of the Potomac, under General Hooker and General Meade, will deserve careful study. The Union cavalry won especial distinction as it masked the movements of the Union army, and forced the Confederate leader to disclose his well-conceived and well-matured plans. When Meade took command he unfolded his army like a fan, keeping it always between the invading enemy and the great cities threatened by Lee. * First then let us pay tribute to the memory of General Meade, the commander on whom rested the responsibility, made the weightier by the unexpected order which put him at the head of tlie Army of the Potomac, only three days before the great battle *Newhairs address before the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 23 which practically was the crisis of the war. His generalship was of the highest order, and his strategic and practical operations the best, yet one other element of his success has been too little regarded. His great moral and personal excellence was uni- versally felt and recognized throughout the army, and when he was put at its head, that great body Avas at once lifted on a higher plane and became thoroughly inspired with a lofty purpose, and an earnest will to do all that should be asked. All joined in a silent thanksgiving that General Meade was their commander, for by that mental revelation which permeates great masses of disciplined men, his fitness as a leader was universally recognized, and Gettysburg yet needs a final memorial of General Meade to mark his great victory. Next in our retrospect let us pay tribute to General Reynolds. The advance, the left wing of the army, was given to General Reynolds, Meade's closest friend. Unlike as were the two in mental and moral qualities, in physical appearance and military bent, each perfectly supplemented the other. When he fell his place was given to General Hancock, again totally unlike either Meade or Reynolds, a soldier of the highest excellence, who on this as in so many other trying positions, did his part in winning the victory. One other name must always be honored in speaking of the First Day at Gettysburg. — John Buford, gallant soldier, typical cavalry leader, fearless fighter, for with him rests the special distinction of first clearly forseeing that Gettysburg was to be the scene of a great battle ; prepared for the Confederate onset, he shortly resisted an overwhelming force, called confi- dently on Reynolds, his immediate commander, for the support that promptly came to his help, notified Meade of Reynolds' death, advised him of the need of some one to command, and in every way helped to save the field and win the victory, even at the price of the First Day's Battle. Standing here, no words are needed to show the strategic im- portance of Gettysburg, the reasons for the tactical movements, and the limits which the nature of the country imposed on Meade and his army, alike in coming to Gettysburg as they did in hold- ing and defending their line, and in gathering the fruits of the victory. The hills and mountains that hid the advancing enemy as he debouched from the gaps beyond, also sheltered his shat- tered forces as they withdrew to the Potomac, and found safety in retreat across its waters to Virginia. The vigor with which Gen- eral Meade concentrated his army at Gettysburg, the ability with which he won the victory, show that it is not for want of will that 24 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. his pursuit was not swift enoug-h to turn the defeat into a rout. The central facts and the figures of the first day's battle, however are all that can now be briefly told. Assigned (for the second time) oh the morning- of June 30, to the command of the left wing, General Reynolds led his OAvn Corps, the First, followed by the Eleventh, close after Buford's Cavalry Division, to the front. He sent Buford through Gettysburg to find the enemy. The old rule had been for the cavalry to keep near the infantry, but Buford went boldly forward, knowing that wherever Reynolds sent him he was sure to be supported, and that in falling back, if he must do so, he would meet the infantry on its way out. It was Buford who first called attention to the concentration of roads at Gettys- burg that gave it such strategic importance. It was his energy in pushing forward, his foresight in thrusting his force out, not in- vited, that almost compelled the Confederate army to come to Gettysburg, and thus brought the battle on there. At daylight on the morning of July 1 his advance picket saw the enemy ap- proaching on the Chambersburg road, and at 5.30 the first fire came from our side, as the dismounted cavalrymen took refuge behind the abutments of the bridge over Willoughby run. Fall- ing back to higher ground, the advance of the leading division, Heth's, of Hill's Corps, was seriously disputed. Devin's Brigade, holding the line from the Chambersburg road to the right. Gamble's that to the left, Buford maintaining a firm front with his few guns and his thin line of cavalry, General Reynolds came promptly to the front, had a brief, but significant, interview with Buford, saw that the time had come to put in his infantry, promptly accepted the responsibility of engaging the enemy, re- turned to meet the leading division, Wadsworth's, led it to the front, relieved Buford's hard-ijressed lines, ordered up the rest of his command, hurried up the troops, by brigades, and even by single regiments, put them into his lengthening lines, placed the batteries in position as they arrived, and put Buford in support of his horse batteries in reserve and on the flanks. Thus rapidly developing his line, the enemy, advancing in largely superior numbers, was held at bay, while the First Corps was put in posi- tion. The Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, under Colonel Hofmann, opened the infantry fire at 9:30 a. m. The Iron Brigade was put forward by Reynolds himself, and then, returning to meet his ad- vancing division, Reynolds fell by the hands of a sharpshooter on the spot now marked by a memorial shaft Almost at the same time two Confederate regiments, the bulk of Archer's Brigade, with General Archer himself, were captured and marched to the Pennsylvania at Geftynhurg. 25 rear, and as the dead body of General Reynolds was carried oil" the Held, the captured Confederates manifested their marked re- spect for the fallen Union general. At the outset, Wadsworth's Division, with Hall's battery, were all the infantry between Get tysburg" and two strong- Confederate divisions, with larg-e rein- forcements coming- in on the Carlisle road. Robinson's Division arrived in time to support the hard-pressed little force on the rig-ht. Doubleday's Division came in on the left, Stone's Brig-ade going: into position beyond Seminary Ridge, Riddle's Brigade on the extreme left. There it maintained its position, and from 11 a. m. until 4 p. m. fought and manoeuvred until it, too, was forced to retire. About 1 p. m. the leading division of the Eleventh Corps took up its place on the right, followed by a second di- vision, with the batteries on their right and left, another division and a battery being placed in reserve on Cemetery Hill. Heth's Division of Hill's Corps was the advance of the Confed- erate force, and it was promptly followed by Pender, while Rodes' and Early's Divisions of Ewell's Corps came on our ex- treme right, Rodes, about 2 p. m.. Early, about 3 p. m., meeting at the time and place above designated, after long marches from different points, with wonderful accuracy. The First and the Eleventh Corps of our army each numbered little more than some of the Confederate Divisions. General Doubleday points out that the Confederate army had but three corps, while the Union army had seven, so that each of their corps represented about a third, each of ours a seventh of the whole force, and the same propor- tion extended to divisions, brigades, and even regiments. Gen- eral Doubleday, who succeeded Reynolds in command of the First Corps, saj'^s it took 8,200 men into action. General Heth says his division numbered some 7,000 muskets. The Compte de Paris says the Union forces numbered about 11,500 against more than 30,000 Confederate troops. Colonel Chapman Biddle, in his exhaustive study of the first day's battle, puts the Confederate force at over 30,000 ; the Union force was about 14,000, 8,200 in the First Corps, barely 1,000 in the Eleventh engaged. In spite of such odds and such inequality, the first day's battle was a suc- c;essiou of well-contested struggles at each point. Baford's cav- alry held their position against Heth's Division from 8 to 10 a. m., relieved by the First Corps, that in turn held its own against Heth and Pender until nearly 1 p. m. About that hour the Eleventh Corps on the right fought Rodes' and Early's Divisions, and even after it fell back, the First Corps still stoutly resisted until past 4 o'clock, when, outflanked by the heavy force of the Confederate 20 Pennsylvania at (rettyshury. cumy, it was oblig-ed to retreat to Cemetery Hill. What might have been the issue if Reynolds had been spared can only be mat- ter of conjecture, yet it must be borne in mind that on more than one hardly-contested field his presence had converted apparent defeat into victory. Of him it mig-ht well be said, he never can be deathless till he die. It is the dead win battles. Be that as it may, his place was finally taken by Hancock, who arrived on Cemetery Hill between 3 and 4 p. m., and promptly put the forces in hand into position — sent Wadsworth's Division and a batterj^ to Culp's Hill, on the right, with fresh troops, and extended the lines to the left at Hound Top. The divisions of the Twelfth Corps, under Geary and Williams, took positions on the extreme left and right respectively, and Buford made a strong cavalry demonstration on both flanks. The timely arrival of Stannard's Vermont Brigade added fresh strength to the troops. Leaving Washington on the 25th at noon, after an exhausting march of seven days, rain falling every day, under orders to report to General Beynolds, it reached Gettys- burg late on the afternoon of the 1st of July, and the tired troops were placed in position in column by regiments, connecting with the divisions of the Third Corps just hurried to the front, and in rear of the line of battle of the First and Eleventh Corps on Cem- etery Hill. Thus the Confederate army, in spite of its successes, saw the Union army strong in its new position, and while Gen- eral Lee conditionally ordered an advance, his corps and division generals were content to prepare for it for the next day. By midnight of the 1st the bulk of the Army of the Potomac was in its place, and General Meade himself followed soon after, and at once surveyed the field and prepared to hold it. Buford had sent word that here was the place to fight a battle, Reynolds had confirmed it, Hancock seconded it, Warren, too, found that they were right, and General Meade promptly gave orders for the con- centration of his army there. The first day's battle had se cured the position on which the succeeding days' battles were to be fought and won. It was thus on Pennsylvania soil that the great and decisive battle was fought, with a Pennsylvanian, Meade, at the head of the army, with another Pennsylvanian, Reynolds, leading the advance, and falling at the very fore-front at the outset. It was another Pennsylvanian, Hancock, who took his place and secured the line on which he himself fell desper. ately wounded later on ; it was a Pennsylvania regiment, the Fifty -sixth, that opened the infantry fight on the 1st of July. In the First Corps th ere were twelve Pennsylvania organizations ; Peimsylvania at Gettyd)nrg. 27 in the Eleventh Corps there were five, and eighteen more were in the Twelfth and Third Corps, whose timely presence counted for so much in the closing- scenes of that eventful day at Gettysburg-. Pennsylvania Day, by its very name, recalls their presence and their services. But the forces that took part in the first day's battle included men of New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Indi- ana, Michig-an, Wisconsin, Ohio, Connecticut, New Jersey, and the regular army, so that no state lines, no local history, limits the interest of the first day. Pennsylvania has always recognized its duty as gimrdian of the field of Gettysburg, and while it honors its own sons who fought and fell here, it honors equally the mem- ory of those of other states, for all alike fought in defense of the Union. The State of Pennsylvania invites its citizens to meet here again to consecrate themselves in the presence of all these memorials, testifying better than any words can tell, the loyalt}-^ of its sons to the Union, and the tender regard piously cherished for all who died that the Union might live. The years that have passed since the battle are full of great events, but much of their importance is due to the issue of that contest, and that issue is in turn largely due to the events of the first day and its influence on the result. Reynolds set the example, sealing a glorious life by a glorious death, and his men were worthy of him. No more preg- nant tribute was ever paid than that of General Meade, when, in his dispatch of July 4, he said: "We have been engaged with the enemy for three days — July 1, 2 and 3. On the 1st our forces met and we lost Reynolds." Thus he puts the loss of Reynolds by itself, showing that even after the successes of the second and third days, the death of Reynolds was a heavy price to pay for the final result of a crowning victory. On another occasion he said : " Reynolds was the noblest, as well as the bravest, gentleman in the army. When he fell at Gettysburg the army lost its right arm." That Reynolds was appreciated as highly by his own sol- diers as by the commanding general is testified by the fact that here his old First Corps erected the heroic bronze statue that stands in the National Cemetery. The State of Pennsylvania has marked, by a suitable memorial, the spot on which Reynolds fell, and near it are the memorials of the organizations that fought on the first day in the front on the lines he formed. The death of Reynolds led General Meade to do an act which exhibited his best qualities as a commander. Himself but three days at the head of the army, he selected General Hancock, who had but three days before left his division to take command of a corps, and sent him to assume the command of the left wing in 28 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. succession to Reynolds. The result fully justified the choice, but to make it required moral courag-e, insight into character, and rapidity of decision. Hancock on his arrival at the front did just the work which was needed — rallying- the troops, addressing- and encourag-ing- them, assig-ning- positions to those already there, hastening- into line the fresh troops as they arrived. Anticipating- Lee's order to Ewell, he sent Wadsworth to occupy Gulp's Hill, and having- put all in order, reported to General Meade that he could hold the position till nig-htfall, and that here was the place to fig-ht our battle, and received a prompt reply that the army was ordered there. Thus Buford and Reynolds and Hancock all united in the work that made the first day's battle so mo- mentous. * It was not a sm'prise nor an accident — it was the opening- en- g-agement between two contending- armies. Over the Army of Northern Virg-inia General Lee exercised supreme command for more than a year, during- which he had won four g-reat victories. Over the Army of the Potomac, General Meade had been in com- mand for three days, and he was hampered by orders from Washington, and the necessity of conforming- to them. He was looking- for the enemy, his main point, as he said to Halleck, "to find and fig-ht the enemy." He sent Reynolds on that eiTand, and Reynolds in turn despatched Buford with his cavalry to be the eyes of the army. He found them, and with his clear prescience saw the opportunity and the occasion, and quickly seized it, and Reynolds in turn helped to bring- Lee's forces out of their mount- ain shelter, to hold them, and, in conformity with Meade's or- ders, bettered in their understanding- by Buford and Reynolds of what was before them — an enemy rapidly concentrating- at a position of g-reat importance, they held on for the whole of that first day, while General Meade was enabled to prepare for that offensive defense which he had at the outset determined on. Even as g-reat a military writer as Lord Wolseley speaks of the first day as a surprise to the Confederate army, and not to the Union army, but he is not borne out by the facts. General Lee says, in his report, that his whole force was ordered to concen- trate at Gettysburg-. Two divisions of General Hill's Corps were sent to Gettysburg- by the Chambersburg- road, and the Third Di- vision was held in reserve. The two divisions of Ewell's Corps, Early's and Rodes', were ordered there, and coming-, one from York the other from Carlisle, their concentration was effected * General F. A. Walker in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 29 with admirable precision. Of tlie Union Army, Buford's Division of cavalry was sent tlnoug-li Gettysburg- on the 30th of June to observe the enemy, and his movements were closely watched and fully reported both to Reynolds and Meade. Reynolds put his own corps, the First, into action on the morning of the first day, and under his orders the Eleventh Corps came up to its support, while the Third Corps, later on, followed, and by nightfall, with the Twelfth Corps and the Vermont Brigade, were on the ground and in position. Surely, then, there was no surprise in the battle, and it was foug"ht just at the time and place where it best effected its object. True up to the 1st of July, the Confederate Army had met little but militia, and the people of Pennsylvania might well have asked : Why have they dared to march so many miles upon her peaceful bosom, frighting her pale-faced villages Avith war, and ostentation of despised arms ? Richard II., act 2, -sc. 3. But the end to the invasion came when the Army of the Poto- mac and the Army of Northern Virginia met in front of Gettys- burg-. It may be true that some of the Confederates expected to encounter only militia, yet the general officers, its leaders, knew that General Meade was looking for the enemy and for a place to fight, and both were found at Gettysburg. There the Army of the Potomac for three days contended for the supremacy which finally crowned the long struggle, and the issue ^vas larg-ely due to the sturdy valor of the small body of troops that on the first day withstood double their number Both Meade and Lee were manoeuvering for positions on which to deliver battle ; General Lee, to gather the fruits of his invasion of the north, to mass his forces before the Union Army could be concentrated, and, fighting it in detail, to win a victory which should enable him to exact terms that would give a new lease of life to the Con- federacy ; General Meade, to protect Washington and Baltimore, to relieve Harrisburg and Philadelphia, and to drive Lee across the Potomac. Buford, with his cavalry, the eyes of the army, saw at a glance that Gettysburg was the best jjoint for concentration and for a decisive battle. Reynolds, its right arm, saw that the time had arrived, and, with his corps, struck the first blow, mean- ing to follow it up with the help of the Eleventh and Third Cor]3S. Hancock, in turn, seized the position on Cemetery Ridge, and by nightfall secured it, so that at the close of the first day, although the enemy had largely outnumbered our force, yet the substantial advantage was ours, for here Lee was brought to bay, and the successful battle of the second and third days were largely the outcome of that of the first day. 30 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. The hard fig-htiug of the first day is measured by that best test, the casualty hst, striking-ly aHke on both sides, in spite of the contrast of the numbers engaged. Much of the details of this kind will be found in Fox's Book of Begimental Losses, well called Fox's Book of Martyrs, and it deserves close and dilig-ent study on this and on the other great battles of the war, for its ex- haustive study. The First Corps took into action 8,200 and lost 6,025. The Eleventh Corps, out of 9,197, took into action, Gen- eral Howard says " hardly 6,000," and lost 3,801. On the Con- federate side, in Hill's Corps, Heth says he took in 7,000 and lost 2,850, and Pender lost 1,690 out of 4,260 engaged. Ewell's Corps was 20,000 strong (according to General Meade's letter to Colonel Benedict), and Bodes' Division, out of 6,207, lost 2,853, and Ear- ly's, 1,188 out of 5,477. The First Corps lost over 70 per cent., the Eleventh Corps over 60 per cent. Of the First Corps, the Iron Brigade lost 61 per cent., 1,153 out of 1,883 ; the First Di- vision 2,128, and the Second Division 1,686, out of 2,500, while the smallest, the Third Division, consisting, with the exception of one New York regiment, entirely of Pennsylvania regiments, lost 1,748 out of 2,069, over 80 per cent., and the other divisions were little behind the same heavy percentage. Biddle's Brigade of the Third Division lost 897 out of 1,287, nearly 70 per cent., leaving only 390, a fragment of a regiment. Stone's Brigade, by Colonel Wister's report, went in with 1,300 men and lost 852, over 66 per cent. It had but three regiments, the One Hundred and Forty-third, One Hundred and Forty-ninth and One Hundred and Fiftieth Pennsylvania, and no command fought more desper- ately or suffered greater losses. At its head its commander. Col- onel Roy Stone, was wounded, and his successor, Colonel Lang- horne Wister was also wounded. After taking position to the right of Biddle's Brigade, and rendering effective assistance to Wads worth's hard-pressed division, Stone's little brigade was made the point of a concentrated attack in force by double its number; against its three small regiments were brought six regi- ments the average strength being over five hundred each. The Confederate reports lay stress on the severity of their losses. General Heth speaks of losing 2,700 out of 7,000, nearly 40 per cent., in twenty-five minutes. Colonel Hopkins of the Forty -fifth North Carolina, says that regiment suffered more than it ever did before in the same time. The Second North Carolina reported a loss of two-thirds. The Twenty-sixth North Carolina lost over 76 percent., Pender's old brigade over 48 percent., Dan- iel's over 43 per cent., and the regimental losses in both Hill's and Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 31 Ewell's Corps were very heavy. On our side, of the losses of the Pennsylvania regiments, the following- were in the First Corps : Eleventh Pennsylvania lost 117 out of 292, or 40 per cient. Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania lost 183 out of 252, or 50 per cent. Eighty-eighth Pennsylvania lost 106 out of 296, or 35 per cent. Ninetieth Pennsylvania lost 94 out of 20.S, or 45 per cent. One Hundred and Seventh Pennsylvania lost 165 out of 255, or 65 per cent. One Hundred and Twenty-first Pennsylvania lost 179 out of 263, or 68 per cent. One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania lost 211 out of 362, or 59 per cent. One Hundred and Forty-third Pennsylvania lost 252 out of 465, or 55 per cent. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Pennsylvania lost 336 out of 450, or 75 per cent. One Hundred and Fiftieth Pennsylvania lost 264 out of 397, or 68 per cent. One Hundred and Fiftj'-flrst Pennsylvania lost 335 out of 467, or 73 per cent. The Union troops at various points won sig-nal success, for they captured parts of three brigades of Confederate troops, Archer's, Davis' and Iverson's. The One Hundred and Seventh Pennsylvania reported the cap- ture of more prisoners than the regiment numbered. Of the Pennsylvania regiments in the Eleventh Corps, The Twenty-seventh lost 111 out of 324, or 45 per cent. The Seventy-third lost 34 out of 332, or 10 per cent. The Seventy-fourth lost 110 out of 381, or 32 per cent. The Seventy-fifth lost 111 out of 258, or 40 per cent. The One Hundred and Fifty-third lost 211 out of 569, or 39 per cent. On the Union side of the greatest regimental losses at Gettys- burg the First Corps is represented by the One Hundred and Fifty-first, One Hundred and Forty-ninth, One Hundred and Fiftieth, One Hundred and Forty-seventh, One Hundred and Forty-third and One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania, and the Eleventh Corps by the Twenty-seventh, Seventy-fourth, Seventy-fifth, and One Hundred and Fifty-third Pennsylvania. On the Confederate side, the Twent3^-sixth North Carolina lost, according to General Hoke's report, 708, but by the War Depart- ment's list, 588 out of " over 800," over 75 per cent., for these North Carolina regiments went into the field of great strength, some as high as 1,800, others 1,500 ; one company of the Twenty- sixth North Carolina lost out of 3 officers and 84 men, all of the officers and 83 of men ; another company, of the Eleventh North Carolina, lost 36 out of 38. The Second North Caro- lina Battalion was reported by General Ewell as losing 200, by the War Department 153, out of 240, 75 or 65 per cent. ; Lane's 32 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. North Carolina Brigade of Pender's Division, lost 660 out of 1,355, nearly 50 per cent.; Daniel's Brigade lost 916 out of 2,100, over •43 per cent. ; Pettigrew's Brigade lost 1,105, uearh' the whole strength of Biddle's. The total loss in the Union Army at Gettys- burg was 27 per cent. ; that of the First Corps on the first day was over 70 per cent., that of the Eleventh Corps over 60 per cent. Compare these with the losses in famous foreign battles. At Balaklava the Light Brigade lost 37 per cent., at Inkerman the Guards lost 45 per cent., the heaviest German regimental losses in the Franco-Prussian war were 49 per cent. The Twenty-sixth North Carolina lost 72 per cent., the One Hundred and Forty- ninth and One Hundred and Fifty-first Pennsylvania about as heavily. Nor did these Pennsylvania regiments fight any better on Pennsylvania soil than elsewhere, while their comrades from other states fought as bravely here as in any other field during the war. It has been the habit to speak of the first day's battle as if it had been an accidental encounter, in Avhich horse, foot and artillery were driven in and through Gettysburg. In point of fact there was no accident, no surprise, no easy victory. Buford went by Reynolds' order to find the enemy, and his report on the 30th showed where Lee's forces were concentrating. From the dawn of July 1st, when Buford's cavalry first met the advance of Hill's Corps, mitil nightfall, when the Army of the Potomac was concentrated at and near Gettysburg, there was stui'dy fighting, stout resistance against a largely superior force, and an all-im- portant position and time to concentrate on it gained. The Con- federate Army fought to win the first day, but the Union Army fought to win the next day and the next, and the final victory.* The battle of Gettysburg was a varying series of successive en- gagements, with alternate gains and losses, but the final result was that crowning success which was largely due to the good fight fought on the first day against heavy odds. The first day's battle was a series of distinct contests, and, like every battle, it was a compound of victory and defeat ; every sol- dier killed, wounded or captured, every inch of ground gained or lost, being part of the final result. It was, indeed, "the soldier's battle," for it was the fixed determination of the soldiers to hold the ground that counted for more than any skilful manoeuvres of military art or the best tactical methods. Buford's two brigades of cavalry fought and held in check Heth's Division, ard when Buford was relieved, the First Corps fought Heth's and Pender's *John C. Ropes'. "The Caiiipaigu under Pope." Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 33 Divisions. When the Eleventh Corps came to the front it met Rodes' and Early's Divisions, and then the right of the First Corps also became engaged with these strong Divisions. Meredith's Brigade of the First Division of the First Corps captured part of Archer's Brigade, Cutler's Brigade captured part of Davis' Brig- ade, Baxter's Brigade of the Second Division of the First Corps captured part of Iverson's Brigade of Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps. Meredith's Brigade fought in turn the whole or part of Archer's, Pettigrew's, Brockenbrough's and Daniel's Brigades. Stone's Brigade and the Sixth Wisconsin, Ninety-fifth New York and Fourteenth New York fought Davis' and Daniel's Bri- gades, and the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and the Seventy-sixth New York also encountered them, while Baxter's and Cutler's Bri- gades were pitted against the brigades of Iversou, O'Neal and Ram- seur. Of the artillery engaged on the first day, the record is one of pre-eminent service. Tidball's Horse Battery, under Lieu- tenant Calef, fought almost unaided, and the batteries of the First Corps bore the brunt of a largely superior number and weight of guns ; Cooper's Battery B, First Pennsylvania Light Artillery, Stevens' Fifth Maine, Reynolds' L, First New York, Stewart's B, Fourth United States, and of the Eleventh Corps, Wiedrich's I, First New York, Dieckmann's Thirteenth New York Light Artillery, Wilkeson's G, Fourth United States, Dilger's I and Heckman's K, First Ohio Light Artillery, greatly helped to secure the weak Union forces from the strong Confederate lines that steadily gathered there confident of success. Paul's Brigade captured part of several brigades of Pender's Division. Stone's Brigade of the Third Division fought in turn Davis' Bri- gade of Heth's Division, Daniel's Brigade of Rodes' Division and Scales' Brigade of Pender's Division. Biddle's Brigade of the Third Division on the extreme left, fought Pettigrew's and Mc- Gowan's Brigades of Heth's Division, while Brockenbrough's and Lane's and Scales' extended the Confederate line and overlapped the Union left, just as Early's Brigades overlapped the LTnion right. There Barlow's Division fought Gordon's, Hays' and Avery's Brigades, and Ames' fought Doles' and Daniels', and the right of the First Corps, Baxter and Cutler, and the left of the Eleventh, fought Iverson's, Daniel's, Doles', Ramseur's and O'Neal's Brigades. Coster's Brigade of Steinwehr's Division was pitted against Hays' and Hoke's and Ramseur's Brigades. While the First Corps was put in almost to the last man, and the Elev- enth Corps had only a weak reserve on Cemetery Hill, the Con- federates had two divisions, Johnson's of Ewell's, and Anderson's 3 34 Pennsylvania o,t Gettysburg. of Hill's Corps, estimated by General Fitz. Lee at over 10,000 each, and the foiu- divisions that had been engaged, Heth's, Pen- der's, Rodes' and Early's, at the close of the action, at over 4,500 each. The First Corps then was reduced from 9,000 to 3,000, and the part of the Eleventh Corps actually engaged from 6,000 to 3,800. The actual losses of the Union forces on the first day were proportionally far heavier than those of the Union Ai-my on the other days of the three days of fighting, and both Union and Confederate forces on the first day lost more heavily than on almost any other battlefield. The Second Corps lost 4,350 out of 10,500 engaged, over 42 per cent., in the battles of the second and third days; the Third Corps lost 4,210 out of less than 10,000 actually engaged on the second day, 42 per cent. ; the Fifth Corps lost 2,187 out of 11,000, less than 20 per cent.; the Sixth Corps lost only 242, for it was wisely held in reserve ; the Twelfth Corps lost 1,801 out of 8,000; on the Confederate side on the first day, Heth lost 2,850 out of 7,000, 40 per cent. Pender lost 1,690 out of 7,000 ; Early lost 1,188, and Eodes 2,853 out of their divisions which went into action each 8,000 ; 35 per cent, for the latter, and about 12 per cent, for the former. Pickett's loss in his famous charge was 65 per cent., 2,888, of of which 232 were killed, 1,157 wounded and 1,499 captured or or missing ; but on the first day the Iron Brigade lost over 60 per cent., and Biddle's Brigade, and Stone's Brigade lost nearly 70 per cent. each. The First Corps with six brigades, and the Eleventh with five, fought eight brigades of Hill's Corps and nine of Ewell's, and yet at the close of the first day, the fresh troops of Lee's Ai'my were held off from gathering the fruits of their hard-earned success by the strength of the forces before them and those placed on the right and left. Even Wadsworth's Division, beaten and outnumbered, still held on to Culp's Hill, and prevented Ewell from seizing it. Thus, too, Buford's little cavalry force made sufficient demonstration on the flanks to arrest the Con- federate advance, and even the Union guns at the foot of Semi- nary Bidge, manned by the men of the Iron Brigade, though hard pressed, were saf el y withdrawn. Thus the Union forces were out- numbered and forced to retreat, but neither dismayed nor driven off hastily. Thus, too, was gained the practical fruits of the first day's battle, in the rapid concentration of Meade's Army on the position in the rear of Gettysburg, where General Meade turned his offensive defense into a final repulse and defeat of Lee's Arm3^ It was the first day that prepared the way for this result, and dearly purchased as it was, the price was none too great to pay Pennsylvania at Gettyshwg. 35 for the infinite advantage. There is glory enough for all who took part in the battle of Gettysburg, but for those who fought on the first day there is the special glory of having fought against over- whelming numbers, and yet with such firmness and pertinacity that the forward movement of Lee's Army was arrested, time secured for the arrival and concentration of Meade's Army, and the expected easy onset of the Confederates resisted at every point. To the events of the first day is largely due the final issue of the battle of Gettysburg, and therefore it deserves a special record to-day here. No one thinks of limiting the significance of the battle of Get- tysburg to the spot where it was fought, yet the fact that the field of battle lies within the limits of the State of Pennsylvania im- poses a special duty which has always been fully recognized. As far back as 1864 the Battle-field Memorial Association was or- ganized to secure the ownership of the ground. State after state has joined in the solemn duty of marking, by permanent memo- rials, the position of every organization, and the dedication ser- vices have been memorable for eloquence and pathos. The State of Pennsylvania now marks the final act of a long series of legis- lative and executive measures, by inviting the veteran soldiers of all its organizations that took part in the great battle, to join in this reunion, and to set the seal of approval on its work. By its generous aid and under the watchful care of a Commission com- posed of able officers, every one of its eighty-six organizations will be represented on the field by suitable memorials of its ser- vices here. Let us gratefully acknowledge the way in which the State of Pennsylvania has recognized and fulfilled its obligation. It has freely given money, and more than that, the Governor and the Commission appointed by him, have given time and thought, and have fulfilled to general satisfaction, a long, difficult and deli- cate task. The Commission closes its report with an urgent appeal for a memorial of General Meade and his great services. Let us heartily second that appeal. The same honor, too, is due to Gen- eral Hancock. Great as is the work that has been done in mak- ing Gettysburg a permanent historical record in bronze and gran- ite, that record is incomplete until statues of Meade and Han- cock are placed on the field where the great victory w^as won. History has enrolled their names high on the list of those who deserved well of their country, and in its great and growing pros- j)erity the country should not fall short in paying the tribute due them here. Meade and his able lieutenants earned here the gratitude of the nation, and he and they should stand forever in 36 Pennsylvania at Oettyshurg. living" bronze, keeping- watch and ward over the memorials of their soldiers. The men of the First Corps put Reynolds' statue here in mem- ory of their deep sense of his g-reat qualities, and of the affec- tion that endeared him to his soldiers. The first day's battle was largrely due to his inspiration, and his spirit ruled the field long- after his dead body had been borne from it. To his succes- sor in command there, sent in answer to Buford's warning- note, 'there seems no commanding- officer here,' to Hancock, both for his services in the closing- hours of the first day, in snatching- the substantial fruits of victory from the enemy, and for his still more shining successes on the succeeding- days of the battle, there is still due the acknowledg-ment best to be made in a bronze heroic statue. Then to complete the work, Meade himself should stand here, that the long- list of memorials on the field he won, should at last be completed by one worthy of the g-reat comman- der. That done, and only then, may we feel that the history of Gettysburg- is finally told in bronze and g-ranite, and that to all justice has been fully meted out. Yesterday we dedicated our reg-imental monuments, to-daj'- we recall the operations of each of the three days of the g-reat bat- tle. Honor has been duly paid to the org-anizations that fought here. Here stands the statue of Reynolds. There at Round Top is the statue of Warren. We look in vain for Meade and Hancock. Their names are forever associated -with Gettysburg, and it is due to them, to the men who fought under them, that here at Gettysbury due honor should be paid them. Until that is done, we cannot feel that the task is yet complete. Let us then see to it that before another Pennsylvania Day is celebrated, the statues of Meade and Hancock shall be put in place here. That done, then indeed, will the work be completed, and Gettysburg will no longer need the crowning memorial that is still wanting. In leaving Gettysbui-g let us all bend our best energies to the requisite measures for securing suitable honors to Meade and Hancock, and may we meet here at no distant day to join in un- veiling- their statues on the field forever connected with their names. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 37 THE SECOND AND THIRD DAYS- JULY 2 and 3, 1863. Brevet Brigadier-General Henrv H. Bingham. IN the great metropolis of the nation but a few months ago, amid joy and thanksgiving, speech and song, peace and pros- perity, hallelujah and prayer, the official representatives of the people and assembled thousands of the populace, celebrated the centennial of the inauguration of George Washington, first Presi- dent of the United States. A g-overnment of the people, by the people and for the people, liberty for all, but exacting loyalty from all, the American Kepublic had lived one hundred years. Our Declaration of Independence was a masterful reality, our con- stitution a matchless charter of freedom, and that God inspired utterance that three millions of patriots gave to mankind and humanity : " We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish j ustice,insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosperity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States," found at the incoming of the second century, sixty -five millions of freemen, "a family at peace among ourselves," who could with reverent acclaim send greeting to the g-enerations to come and with bended knee and uplifted eyes, in spirit humble, but voice firm and unwavering, declare, "We have foug-ht a good fight, we have kept the faith, glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good will toward men." We are to-day a happy people. A constitution preserved, the integrity of the Union maintained — liberty and law our cloud by day and pillar of fire by night. But the path has been no easy one to follow; the roses that have lined the way have had many thorns, and their colors have been darkly red, and on the hill side and in the valley, the unnumbered and nameless graves with monumental shafts and simple stones, cover all that remains of a patriot dead who sacrificed their all for human rights, that here assembled to-day, we "May hail the coming- century with hope and joy." The limitations of the constitution, the integrity and indepen- dence of the states, the legislation enacted by the sovereign Con. g-ress, the statutes enforced within the borders of the common- wealths, the discussions in church and from the public rostrum upon 38 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the construction of our fundamental law, the variety and diversity of interests in our industries and large communities; labor in its many forms and conditions, all, all contributed to consummate, upon the election and inauguration of Abraham Lincoln, that physical and moral climax of forces, known in our history as the War of the Rebellion or the American Civil War of 1861-1865. It was the greatest war of modern times. Its field of operation meas- ured almost a continent in territory ; eight hundred millions of treas- ure— a people's toil, but paid its living moving needs — its dead and dying reached six hundred thousand men and permanently disabled and destroyed the health of over one million more— it covered a land with widows and orphans — it begot suffering never to be estimated and privations countless; it exhibited bravery unparalleled, courage and endurance unsurpassed ; its leadership was magnificent, its soldiery heroic. Such was the nation's tragedy of the nineteenth century in which you played so well your part. Greatest of all, in the fulness of time it came, be- cause in the destiny of our civilization and national life it had to come that American constitutional liberty might live^ — "The Union, one and inseparable, now and forever." Amen to the mightj^ sacrifices — amen and all hail the mightier consummation. The contending armies cover bodies of men in action and bat- tle, in suffering and slaughter, in camp and hospital almost be- yond human conception or understanding. The Union forces enrolled during the four years number two millions seven hun- dred and seventy-tM'o thousand four hundred and eight men (2,772,408) and estimated upon a basis of three years' service, 2,320,272, or about two thousand regiments. The Confederate armies from the best attainable sources are estimated at 700,000 for the period of the war, or 786 regiments on the ten-company basis. The military population of the states on the Union side was 4,559,872, and from the eleven states of the Confederacy 1,064,193. There were killed or died of wounds on the Union side — Officers, 6,365 Enlisted Men, 103,705 Aggregate, 110,070 Died of disease on the Union side — Officers, 2,712 Enlisted Men, 197,008 Aggregate, 199,720 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 39 Making- the g-rand aggreg-ate from all causes duriug the war 359,528, or 15.4 of the entire army. There were 275,175 wounded, but not mortally. The estimated loss of the killed or mortally wounded in battle on the Confederate side was 94,000, and death from disease 59,297. The Union army embraced volunteers from every condition of our industrial life, but the grand measure of obligation belongs to that people who in every contest for freedom have ever been foremost. Forty-eight per cent, were farmers, twenty-four per cent, me- chanics, sixteen per cent, laborers, five per cent, commercial pur- suits, three per cent, professional men, four per cent, miscella- neous. Nationality formed a distinctive feature. The great body of foreig-ners, who from the days of our Revolution, have done so much to develop our industries and add to our wealth, strength and vigor as a people, responded quickly to the call for troops, and fought bravely throug-h the long- war. Three-fourths of the army were native Americans. Of the 500,000 soldiers of foreign birth, Germany furnished 175,000; Ireland, 150,000 ; England, 50,000 ; British America, 50,000 ; other countries, 75,000. Coming late into active warfai*e, but when once a part of the army rendering valuable and distinguished service, we find the enlistment of the black troops to have reached the larg-e number of 178,975, and their deaths from all causes to have been 86,847. The Republic has remembered their services and in the battles of the future they will enter at the commencement of every struggle for freedom. There were one hundred and twelve battles in which one side or the other lost over five hundred men killed and wounded, and in all there were one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two g-eneral eng-agements, battles, skirmishes or affairs in which at least one regiment was engaged. Every state of the United States and every territory sent volunteers to the Union Army. Such briefly were the physical and statistical conditions of the two great forces fig-hting for the supremacy of their principles and moral ideas, accepting in the arbitrament of arms the final determination of the issues involved. This mighty host — these millions who fought the fight, the hundreds of thousands Avho fell, and the million who were broken down in health and strength, came willing-ly — came for the war shouting, " We are coming, father Abraham, five hundred thou- 40 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. sand more." Yea they came and broug-ht final victory — not sim- ply the applause of the multitude from all over the land — not alone the trophies of war — torn battle-flags and smoking guns, but they broug-ht final victory full and complete. Our Constitutional Government saved — saved not only to the victors but to the vanquished. Saved to be loved and honored, revered, respected and obeyed by all. A quarter of a century has passed and truly can we say as Milton said of Cromwell, "That war made him great, peace greater." Throughout the length and breadth of this great common- wealth a loud appealing voice rings out — "Watchman, what of the night ?" The nation wants help ! and lo, the answer comes from mountains and valleys, from the fields ripe with the waving" g-olden grain ; from the centers of trade, commerce and manufac- ture ; from the loom, the anvil and the workshop ; from the bench, the bar and the pulpit ; from the schools and colleg-es of learning and science — from youth and age, from every condition of American manhood — "All's well, Pennsylvania will g-ive her bravest and best, the strongest and most faithful of her sons." Call the roll : 315,017 white soldiers, 8,612 black soldiers, 14,307 sailors and marines, aggregating 337,936. Sixty-five and nine-tenths of the military population, averaged upon the basis of three year's service, they numbered 265,517, embraced in two hundred and fifteen regimental organizations. Of the three hundred regiments in the Union army that sustained the heaviest losses in battle, including every regiment in service which lost over one hundred and thirty killed or died of wounds during the war, fifty -three are grouped from Peimsylvania. Thir- ty-seven Pennsylvania regiments lost in killed and died of wounds in battle over ten per cent, of their total enrolment. Of the forty-five regiments in the Union army that lost over two hundred men killed or mortally wounded in the action, eleven are from Pennsylvania. Of the twenty-two regiments in the Union army where the loss of killed or died of wounds during the war reached fifteen per cent, or upwards of their enrolment, five are from Pennsylvania. They have the following order : 4th — One Hundred and Fortieth Pennsylvania Volunteers, 17.4. 9th — One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania Volunteers, 16.5. 10th — One Hundred and Forty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, 16.1. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 41 12th — One Huudved and Forty-eig"hth Pennsylvania Volun- teers, 15.6. 13tli — Eig-hty -third Pennsylvania Volunteers, 15.5. Thirty -three thousand one hundred and eighty -three ag-greg-ate the number of deaths (wounds and disease) from all causes — an average of 15.4 of the troops furnished. The percentage of killed in action of the soldiers from the Keystone State, based upon the white troops, is greater than in the quota of any other northern state. The cavalry of Pennsylvania being- specially distinguished, exceeding in losses that of the cavalry of any other state. These brave men who fought so gallantly were Pennsylvania's sons. They are all around us here to-day where they fell. They are buried in the sleeping- homes of the nation's dead, and in the resting places where loving- eyes can watch and loving- tears can ever water their graves. You, the living soldiers here with us, equally brave, have quietly melted into the peaceful walks of life ever performing full duty as American citizens. Pennsylvania gave you all to the nation, and when you wore the honored blue, however much you loved your state, you be- came the soldiers of the Union. But the time was near in the mighty contest when you, the living, and the thousands dead, were to be marshalled upon the hills and valleys of your loyal state and in a death struggle, fight the greatest battle of the war and contest in the most important strategic issue of the age, for it was upon this field — this Gettys- burg " that the star of the Confederacy reaching- the zenith turned by swift and head-long plunges toward the nadir of outer darkness and collapse." AVaterloo and Gettysburg are marked as the two great battles of the age. The Union army numbered 82,000 men and 300 guns ; the Con- federate numbered 70,000 men and 250 g-uns; the battle lasted three days and the casualties upon the Union side were 23,003, and upon the Confederate 27,525 men. In detail the Union cause lost 3,063 killed, 14,492 wounded, and 5,435 missing or captured ; many of the wounded and many of the captured died. No authentic details are available for the Confederate side. Pennsylvania's bravery upon this field embraces 26,628 men ; in detail, sixty-eight regiments of infantry, eig-ht regiments of cavalry, and five batteries of artillery. 4-2 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. The killed and mortally wounded are 67 officers, and 964 men, 1,031 total. The general casualties number 5,907. We are glad to be here to-day to aid in the serious and patri- otic ceremonies that will contribute to make this hallowed ground immortal. This large gathering of the living remnant of a brave soldiery; these representatives of civil authority ; these organi- zations of loyal devotion to comradeship ; this gathering of vast numbers upon the hillsides — the military display in blue, these flags and guns and all the paraphernalia of war, these s])eechless mounds and numberless graves, these monuments that proclaim a history, all attest the greatness and fitness of this occasion. We are glad to be here. How the scene has changed. What is it now ? Cemetery Hill and the Eidge, Gulp's Hill, Kound Top, Peach Orchard and Devil's Den — What it was! No one man living or dead ever saw. You were here, but the fight Avas every- where. No pen can write, no tongue describe, no artist's brush or pencil picture. In the years to come impartial history will place in imperishable record the best adjustment of all contro- versies and conflicting statements. Let us hope that is best. Better that those of us who were a part, shall hold its bloody record as a memory, and treasure the heroic deeds of our comrades, as the needed sacrifices for " nobler modes of life and purer laws." But " with malice toward none, with charity for all," we can quickly pass in review some of the fearful work of those never- to-be-forgotten days. Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, was the first determined ad- vance to plant his standards and entire army upon free soil, and passing over the Susquehanna to capture the capital of our state, and Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, where great treasure could be demanded and exacted from these cities of wealth. Once having established a foothold, recognition would quickly be accorded by foreign nations. He came upon our fruitful borders and entered our rich domain, with banners flying and all the surroundings of a conquering hero. His army marshaled a leadership experienced in warfare, possessed of the highest military capacity, and a soldiery ripe from the victories of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, bold, aggressive, disciplined, and feeling the spirit of invincibility. They came to do or die. To fight and to stay. The great loyal North kneiu their purpose of invasion and trembled. The Army of the Potomac, strong in numbers, wearied and worn with long marching, remembering the severe recent defeats and hard blows Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 48 received in Virginia, lacked that morale and enthusiastic confi- dence tliat had been its companion on many a hard-fought field. But Avhen the army knew the next clash of arms was to be on the soil of Pennsylvania — their home and heritage — like a giant, conscious of strength, and restive for a final struggle, they forgot defeat and weariness, and lifting up their voices sang songs of vic- tory as they moved in compact form on marches forced and long. The change in the command of the army had just reached the men, and with unswerving judgment and soldierly instinct they knew and felt that in General Meade the army could confidently trust and safely fight ; a confidence merited and deserved. The battle of the first of July is over, and along the many roads con- verging upon these hills the Union Army is lapidly marching, lighted by the full moon and cooled by the soft air of the summer night. General Meade reaches the field about midnight; conferences with Hancock, Howard and others follow, then an immediate in- spection of the field, to be renewed at four (4) a. m., when the first rays of daylight appear. There has been no delay, no evi- dence of uncertainty, the battle is to be fought here and the troops are all marching on. A supreme struggle known to soldiers and general. The troops arrive and by 9 a. m., with the exception of the Sixth Army Corps, not far away, the dispositions are made — great expedition creditable to Meade and his soldiers. On the Union side, the right wing composed of the Twelfth Corps with Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps, based itself on the rough and wooded eminence of Culp's Hill. The Eleventh Corps with Robinson's and Doubleday's Divisions of the First Corps held Cemetery Hill. The prolongation of the line to the left along the crest of Cemetery Ridge was occupied by Han- cock's Second Corps ; the Tliii'd Corps, under Sickles, formed the left wing running from Hancock's flank to Round Top. The Fifth Corps had upon its arrival taken position on the right, in reserve. On the Confederate side Longstreet held the right, (opposite Sickles) his troops drawn along the well-wooded line of Seminary Ridg'e : Hill's Corps continued the line along the same ridge to the Seminary, opposite the Union center, and Ewell's Corps, the Confederate left, stretched from the Seminary through the town and enveloped the base of Culp's Hill. Thus face the two giants that are to meet in a deadly contest — a grapple that will know no yielding save in defeat. There seems to be some misunderstanding about the line Geu 44 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. eral Sickles has taken. His troops are seen advancing, and as he moves forward they are leaving- Hancock's left and a large gap is plainly visible, and Sickles' left is in advance of Round Top and an angle is made with Hancock's line instead of a compact prolongation. Is the army to change its left line, or are all to move fm'ther forward, is the inquiry of men and commanders ? The sight was a grand one, that marching mass of trained brave men; they looked invincible, although something seemed not right, for many horsemen were riding rapidly in all directions, while the movement afforded a large part of the army the oppor- tunity to see the power of a compact force. Meade rides rapidly up to the ridge accompanied by Sickles ; an earnest conversation follows concerning the advanced position of the troops. Meade, before the Committee on the Conduct of War, states: "I told him it was not the position I had expected him to take ; that he had advanced his line beyond the support of my army, and I was very fearful he would be attacked and lose the artillery which he had put so far to the front, before I could support it. General Sickles expressed regret that he should have occupied a position which did not meet with my ap- proval, and he very promptly said that he would withdraw his forces to the line which I had intended him to take. He could see the ridge by turning around which I had intended him to take, but I told him I was fearful that the enemy would not al- low him to withdraw, and that there was no time for any further change or movement. Before I had finished that remark the enemy's batteries opened upon him and the action commenced." Lee had resolved to attack the Union line — his own words are as follows : "It was determined to make the principal attack upon the enemy's left, and endeavor to be in a position from which it was thought that our artillery could be brought to bear with effect. Longstreet was directed to place the divisions of Hood and McLaws on right of Hill, partially enveloping the enemy's left which he was to drive in. General Hill was ordered to threaten the eneny 's center to prevent reinforcements from being drawn to either wing, and co- operate with his right divisioii in Longstreet's attack. General Ewell was instructed to make a simultaneous demonstration upon the enemy's right, to be converted into a real attack should opportunity offer." The battle has opened, and as Longstreet has been observed by the troops posted in the orchard, our artillery opens and ere long the musketry fire grows fiercer. The attack falls upon Sickles' line, the left front, just where it recedes from Sherfy's Peach Orchard on the Emmitsburg road. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 45 DeTrobriand and Ward's Brigades, of Birney's Division, hold this line. The attack is boldly made, and the struggle becomes close and unyielding. The enemy's line laps the left flank of the Third Corps by about two brigades, and at once it is apparent the effort will be to scale the sides of Bound Top and gain pos- session of this, the key to our line. As the battle grows in fierceness and intensity, additional troops are continually arriv- ing. Meade, upon leaving Sickles, had ordered to the left Cald- well's brave division of the Second Corps, and troops of the Fifth Corps are already arriving on the field. Brigade upon brigade go in and come out — all around Round Top, Peach Orchard, Devil's Den, Plum Run, Emmitsburg road and the Wheat Field. The battle opening at four o'clock p. M., on the extreme left, had extended towards the town, until by six o'clock every Confed- erate brigade had advanced from the line of battle on Seminary Ridge, including that of Law's, on the extreme right of General Lee's line, opposite Round Top, to Wright's Brigade, which had attacked Gibbon's Division on Hancock's center, and the whole intervening country from the Devil's Den, on the base of Round Top, to and above Codori's house, on the Emmitsburg road, was filled with a struggling mass of armed men. The demons of war have been at their terrible work. Hour seems to follow hour, but there is no cessation to the booming cannon and the rolling of musketry. Wounded men are continu- ally coming back, yet the lines hold their own only to break and re-form and again attack. Birney's, Graham's and Humphreys' troops have fought hard, and Caldwell's Division of four brigades have, under a scathing fire, struggled long and valiantly. Sykes, of the Fifth Corps, has brought into action four of his brigades, and others, under Barnes, Ayres and Crawford, are soon to follow and do good work. Williams has been ordered from the right, and closely follows the Fifth Corps. A mass of troops are on the left, and our line is now strong where it was once so weak. Our losses are appalling. Graham falls wounded, and is in the hands of the enemy. The brave Sickles has received a ball in the leg, and he has been carried off the field. Hancock is as- signed to the command of the corps. Cross and Zook, of Cald- well's Division, are killed, and Willard dies bravely. Thousands of men are liors-de-combat. Brave Humphreys, in obedience to Birney, completes his movement to fall back from his advanced position, and displays that cool intrepidity and courage that has ever marked his able generalshiiD. He reaches his line at last, but 46 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. half of his gallant force have fallen. Crawford's Pennsylvania Reserves, and a part of Hays' Division do good work ; and Hunt, intelligent and watchful soldier, with his reserve artillery, has strengthened the line. Men are worn out with the fury of the fight; the dead are everywhere; the wounded legion. Night at last comes, and around the Devil's Den, Peach Orchard, Round Top and the Wheat Field and woods where the battle boiled and bubbled like a seething cauldron, the worn-out and exhausted soldiers slept side by side with their comrades dead. The battle on the left for the day is over. The blazing sun has sunk to rest and night takes pity and shadows all, that the fear- ful slaughter may cease. Errors of judgment may have been committed — other disposition of troops may have been wiser, and our lines may have been located giving us greater strength and greater resistance. But that is passed; no battle of the war exhibited greater bravery on the part of officers and men, than that which clustered around and upon Little Round Top and the now famous fields and woods upon our left. The losses of the Third Corps were very great. The men fought and died, and then seemed to rise up and strike again. Brave Warren, whose rare military judgement and quickness of action saved Round Top, and Weed, Vincent, O'Rorke and Haz- lett, who, after heroic and magnificent work, yielded up their lives to hold this important citadel, will ever be held in the special honor and love. Brave men; none braver on that memorable field. Round Top will yet be crowned with their monuments in bronze and stone. Up to a late hour the entire right of our line, extending from Cemetery Hill to and over Culp's Hill, had remained unassaulted except by the sharp artillery fire from batteries on Benner's Hill, but they were eventually silenced by the splendid practice of Union guns on East Cemetery Hill. Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps, had occupied the northern face of Culp's Hill the night before, and early on the morning of the second, Geary's Division of the Twelfth Corps had moved over from its position, north of Little Round Top, and formed on Wadsworth's right, extending down the south- eastern face of the hill; and a little later Williams' Division, commanded by General Ruger, marched over from Wolf's Hill where it had spent the night, and formed on Geary's right, ex- tending the line in a zig-zag course to Spangler's meadow at the base of the hill. Notwithstanding these troops had not been molested during Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. . 47 the day, they had not been idle. Immediately on taking- that position, a line of breastworks had been commenced, which by nightfall were sufficient to afford the troops ample protection. When, however, the condition of the battle on the left assumed such threatening proportion, General Meade called on General Slocum, commanding the right center, for troops to go to the as- sistance of the left, and General Williams, temporarily command- ing the corps, was ordered to send his own division, commanded by General Ruger. These troops moved out of their works ac companied by Lockwood's Brigade, and were led by General WilHams in person to the scene of action, arriving, however, after the severe fighting was over, and only Lockwood's Brigade was temporarily engaged. In the meantime General Slocum had or- dered Geary to send two brigades of his division to the same destination; and Candy's and Kane's Brigades, under the per- sonal command of General Geary, started for the same destina- tion, but through some unexplained error they marched down the Baltimore pike to and beyond Rock creek, when they threw out pickets, leaving only Greene's Brigade to hold the long line of works built and occupied by the entire corps. As these brigades moved out General Greene commenced to deploy the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh New York Volunteers in that portion of the works vacated by Kane's Brigade. At the same time that the Twelfth Corps troops were being withdrawn, John- son's Division of Ewell's Corps advancing from beyond Benner's Hill, moved to attack the Twelfth Corps' position on Gulp's Hill, Steuart's Brigade assaulting Kane's position at the moment when the One Hundred and Thirty- seventh New York was being deployed in the works, and although stoutly resisted, Steuart occupied the position and his brigade sj)ent the night inside the Union works. Although Greene's position was previously as- saulted, he successfully repulsed every attack, assisted by several First and Eleventh Corps regiments sent to him by General Wadsworth, and by ten o'clock at night the battle ended. In the meantime General Kane, hearing the sound of battle, returned with his command, and although fired upon by Steuart's men when he attemijted to go to his old position, he eventually reached it by a circuitous route and occupied a strong position among the rocks on Greene's right, and by midnight Col. Candy's Brigade also returned and extended General Kane's line. When Ruger's Division and Lockwood's Brigade returned on finding their works occupied by the enemy, they took up a position on the open fields facing the woods, except Coigrove's Brigade, 48 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. which moved over to the east side of Spangler's meadows. While this contest was taking place, Generals Slocum and Williams were attending a council of war at General Meade's headquarters. On returning and learning the state of affairs General Slocum at once ordered his artillerj^ in position to command the works occupied by the enemy, and at 4.30 a. m. it opened fire. In the meantime General Johnson had been reinforced by Gen- eral Walker's Brigade of his own division, and Daniel's and O'Neal's Brigades of Major-General Bodes' Division, and when Slocum's artillery opened fire, Johnson having no artillery in po- sition with which to reply, ordered an attack by his infantry all along the line. A counter-attack was made by General Williams, and the battle raged with varied success until near eleven o'clock, by which time the enemy was driven out and the original line restored. Almost simultaneously with Johnson's attack on Gulp's Hill, Hays' and Hoke's Brigades of Early's Division charged Barlow's division, Adelbert Ames in command, in position on East Ceme- tery Hill. The crest of the hill was occupied by Wiedricb's, Ricketts' and Reynolds' Batteries, while Stewart's Battery, also on the hill, was trained on Baltimore street leading from the town. But the most important position, a shoulder on the west side of Gulp's Hill, since called Stevens' Knoll, v^as occupied by the Fifth Maine Battery commanded by Lieutenant Whittier. The assault was made at the dusk of evening and was not ob- served until the enemy was far advanced. Colonel Wainwright, chief of First Corps artillery, directed his batteries to open fire, but unfortvmately the guns were so placed that they could not be depressed, and, notwithstanding the terrible flank fire by the Fifth Maine Battery, the infantry giving way, the enemy was soon among the guns. Wiedrich's Battery was captured and one or two of Ricketts' guns were spiked. At this juncture General Hancock dispatched the brave and fearless General Carroll with his gallant brigade to the scene of action. General Carroll immediately led his troops forward attacked the enemy, and assisted by some Eleventh Corps troops quickly restored the line and recaptured the guns Avhen the battle ended for the night. Before the firing had ceased on the Union right, on the second of July, General Meade hastened to his headquarters and called his council of war — a gathering of the ablest and greatest leaders that had ever commanded the corps of the Potomac Army. Slocum, Sedgwick, Hancock, Howard, Newton, Sykes, Birney, Williams, Gibbon, Butterfield, were all present. The conclusion Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 49 was soon reached. " Hemain iu the present position and await the enemy's attack." Out of 52 infantry brigades, 42 had been engaged and 36 seriously. Tlie corps commanders reported about 58,000 men for the next day's fight. The losses during the day crippled, perhaps, the Union side the least, but the enemy had gained great advantages. On their right the Confederates had secured a lodgment on the bases of the Round Tops, possession of Devil's Den, and the ridges on the Emmitsburg road, a valuable position for artillery. On the left an occupation of part of the intrenchments of the Twelfth Corps with an outlet to the Baltimore pike, by which all of our lines could be taken in reverse. At the center, partial success, effecting no lodgment because they lacked proper sup- port. Lee recognized the value and importance of the advan- tages he had secured, and having had engaged but seventeen out of his thirty-seven brigades of infantry, he felt confident a great victory could ^have been gained, if his orders had been obeyed and his generals had co-operated. The morale and discipline of his men were excellent — they wanted to fight and looked forward to a victory on the morrow. Lee's language is as follows : " The operations of the second of July induced the belief that with proper concert of action, and with the increased support which the positions gained on the right would enable the artillery to render the assaulting columns, we should ultimately succeed, and it was, accordingly, determined to continue the attack." The same bright moon that had lighted the way of the thou- sands of brave soldiers, gayly singing their songs of triumph as they marched, July first, to these memorable fields, shone out again with equal brilliancy, upon scenes of activity and unceas- ing labor. The wounded were carried to the rear and the lines re-formed among the dead, too numerous to be cared for. Sleep came to the eyes of few. It required the vigor of youth to with- stand the strain. Throughout the loyal states consternation was in the minds and fear in the eyes of men. The Army of the Potomac had suf- fered reverses on the first and second of July, and nothing save that shattered and worn army stood between the march of Lee's victorious legions and the great cities of the North. The Sixth Corps supplies reserves to various parts of the line. The Fifth Corps, on the left, extends itself so as to occupy the acclivities of Great Round Top, and protect the flank from sur- prise. The Third Corps, worn out and disabled, is iu reserve. 4 50 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. At early dawn the fig-ht commences on the right, for orders have been sent to dislodge the enemy. Slocum commands the right wing, and he voted last night at the council, "stay and fight it out." It is most important that our line be maintained, and for almost five hours a determined and courageous struggle continues. Finally the enemy are compelled to move back, and our troops regain their position. This is an unexpected loss to Lee. Pending the formation of Longstreet's column on the 3d, Gen- eral Lee directed General Stuart to move with his cavalry beyond the left of his infantry, and endeavor to secure a position from which to co-operate with the attack about to be made by General Longstreet. This movement was made, but was met by a counter- movement by General Pleasouton who, under orders from Gen- eral Meade, had taken up a position to meet any flank attack by the enemy, and protect the Union flank and rear. Simultaneous with the great cannonade Stuart's command, consisting of Hamp- ton's, Fitzhugh Lee's, W. H. F. Lee's and Jenkins' Brigades, ad- vanced to the attack. They were met by Mcintosh's Brigade and Custer's Brigade, of Kilpatrick's Division, and, after a des- perate hand-to-hand engagement, were repulsed. Later in the day General Meade ordered General Kilpatrick to take up a position to threaten the Confederate right. General Kilpatrick moved with Farnsworth's Brigade, and was subse- quently joined by Merritt's Brigade, of Buford's Division. A demonstration was made hj General Kilpatrick's order, during which General Farnsworth was killed. The whole cavalry movement of the 2d and 3d of July, exhib- ited on the part of officers and men, not only bravery and cour- age, but able leadership, making memorable their record as indis- pensable adjuncts to the great battle and victory. Pennsylvania's contribution to the corps embraced many troops, and under the fighting qualities of fearless Pleasonton, the names of Generals John Buford, David McM. Gregg and Colonel J. Irvin Gregg, will ever be cherished and loved. It is now eleven o'clock, and our lines are firmer and stronger than on the 2d of July. The men have had rest and food, the ground is better understood and the troops are resolute, knowing that another disaster may or v;ill be complete defeat. Extreme quiet reigns, and behind the low earthworks the men wait the coming storm. Hancock rides his line, and his appearance, like an inspiration, gives confidence to his soldiers. About one o'clock two cannon shots are fired — the men know they are signal guns. Suddenly, amid smoke and flame, there belches forth a thunder Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 51 cannonade as if the very elements were in battle, and the air is filled with exploding- shells. Pandemonium has commenced, and will so continue for the next two hours. Fifteen minutes pass for all is quiet along- the Union front, then there is a return of death-dealing- hospitality, and the seventy-seven g-unsof the Union Army join the one hundred and thirty-eight g-uns of the Confed- eracy. What seemed thunder before now seems a hundred times more deafening, for the troops are all lying- near the artillery. Men hug- the ground, for death and destruction are flying all around — a sight so jnagnificent has never been seen by this g-en- eration upon this continent. Our guns, after an hour's incessant storming, gradually cease firing. The enemy believe our artillery has been silenced, but it has been the wise foresight and judg-- ment of Meade and Hunt who had directed the ammunition to be saved. Under the cover of the smoke wafted by a soft lig-ht breeze, the enemy advanced. Pickett's fighting men, fresh, strong and determined to reach our lines, move forward as if on a holiday parade. They look like the brave Third Corps as it looked yes- terday. The direction of the line is distinct — not a turning of the left flank, but the assault is to fall upon Cemetery Ridge and Han- cock's Corps. These soldiers are like their superb commander — they fight to win — die if need be, for they have faced danger on many fiercely contested fields. There are ten regiments of Pennsylvania troops in that old Second Corps, and he is a Penn- sylvania soldier who commands them. Across the open plain the enemy marches with front apparently compact. Pickett leads, and then comes Armistead, Garnett, Wilcox, Kemper, Pettigrew, Trimble and a number of fearless men. It is their last heroic charge. That line of determined men lying along the Second Corps' front intend to allow no return. How the banners flaunt, but they will soon drop, for the hands that hold them will be stricken down. It is death or victory, and the soil is Pennsylvania. The enemy make a movement, a half wheel, our artillery opens upon the right flank, and McGilvery's forty guns are demoraliz- ing the steadiness of the forward movement. Other Confederate brigades now appear. Archer, Davis and Brockenbrough are seen in single line with Scales on the right and Lane on the left. Pickett's skirmishers are ordered back for real work is about to begin. Forward, forward, here they come. No fear, no indecision — their eyes are fixed on the ridge and they will not waver save in death. They are fourteen thousand strong. 52 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. They are within two hundred yards of the line on the ridge and Hazard, from his artillery, Rorty, Brown, Gushing-, Arnold and Woodruff blaze canister into their ranks, the infantry pour musketry and McGilvery's guns drive them with shot and shell and roll up their flank. They are now upon us. We can see their faces — long, color- less, gaunt — their clothing covered with blood and dirt. The muskets bayoneted, carried at a charge, the look upon their firm set faces, resolute, defiant, fearless. Up men of Penn- sylvania! up soldiers of the Second Corps! you or they must win this day; there is no retreat now. Harrow's and Hall's men strike them on our left, Stannard's flank fire rolls them up on our right, and brave Alexander Hays with soldiers worthy of the gallantry of their leader, with a fire concentrated and fearful in its havoc, wedges them into a solid column, which, driven like a massed weight, falls Avith a fearful force, impelled, upon the front of Webb's Brigade. They now seem irresistible, and they mean to kill. Webb, in the midst of his soldiers, fights as they fight, yet he is ever the leader. The fearful thunderbolt has driven back his first line, but it readily re-forms on the second and brave Webb falls wounded. The scene passes description — shot and shell and canister and musketry, every implement of warfare and death play havoc and let loose the dogs of war. Battle flags drop, men throw up their arms and fall upon their faces within our lines. The fight is over, the victory of victories is won. Well done, sagacious Meade — bravely done, Hancock, master leader in the battle front of this the battle of the century — your blood has hallowed this ground ; and you, heroic Gibbon, and Webb, and Gushing, and Hays, and the long line of living and dead leaders, well done. A nation thanks you and thanks your great army. Soldiers of Peimsylvania, your valor has been seen in many bat- tle fields, but on none has it been greater or grander, nobler or more heroic than on the July days of 1863. Again we hear the call, and in its tones a wail of anxiety, al- most grief — " Watchman, what of the night ?" The answer is heard all over the land — " All's well. The Army of the Potomac has gained a great victory," and like an ocean's roar comes back response — "Thank God and the Army of the Potomac." MUSIC. Dedication Quartette, Pennsylvania at Gettijsburg. 53 TRANSFER OF MONUMENTS TO GETTYSBURG BATTLE- FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. Governor James A. Beaver. Y COUNTEYMEN: You have heard, in eloquent phrase, from the Hps of personal participants in the battle of Gettysburg-, what Pennsylvania's sons did here in con- nection with their comrades from other states, to preserve the heritage of our fathers for transmission to our sons. The mem- orials erected, and yet to be erected, upon this field, are designed to transmit this story, so far as perishable materials can, to the coming g-eneratious. The story itself will be transmitted in other and more enduring- ways. We recog-nize it as proper, how- ever, that the spot upon which men proved their devotion to principle by the surrender of their lives, should be marked by something distinctive and appropriate. This has been done in accordance with the wishes of the people of Pennsylvania, as voiced in the acts of their representatives, and it now devolves upon me, as their chief executive, to transfer the custody of these memorials to a body of gentlemen composed of representatives of the different states, whose troops participated in the battle on the side of the Uuion, and organized for the express purpose of preserving the battle-field and its surroundings, and of per- petuating- the memory of the deeds of its participants. The Gettysburg" Battle-field Memorial Association has done a great work in preserving this field for the study of patriots, heroes and soldiers for all time to come. The organization is not distinctively Pennsylvanian. In its management are found the representatives of the several states contributing to the pur- chase and care of the battle-field. Its work, althoug-h confined to a given locality, is of interest to the people of the country and the world. For historical purposes, and for the study of strat- egy and tactics, Gettysburg is to be the great battle-field of the country and of the world. This fact has long been recognized by the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association, and is be- coming recognized more and more by the people of the entire 54 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. country. Gettysburg- does not belong to Pennsylvania. Just as the principles of right for which men here fought were universal, and the results here won of general value to our common coun- try, so the battle-field of Gettysburg is the heritage of our coun- trymen everywhere. Their representatives control it now. and it is to be hoped that their official representatives in Congress will make provision for its further development for historical pur- poses, until the location of every military organization which fought upon the field will be designated and permanently marked. Pennsylvania has entire confidence in the present organization charged with the duty of preserving and maintaining this battle- field, and she, without hesitation, transfers to its custody these memorials, erected by her official bounty and the contributions of the survivors of the several organizations which participated in the battle. She has, by legislative enactment, sanctioned the organization of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Associa- tion; she has contributed of her funds to its support; she has pride in its work, and will, doubtless, continue to co-operate with it and through it for its continued development, and the enlarge- ment of its scope and efibrts. To you, as the representative of this Association, I beg to transfer the custody of Pennsylvania's memorials, assured that they will be properly cared for and faithfully preserved, and that so long as these perishable materials shall continue to do so they will be permitted to tell their story of heroism, sacrifice and de- votion to the generations yet unborn. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 55 ACCEPTANCE OF THE MONUMENTS ON BEHALF OF THE BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. Hon. Edward McPherson. GOVERNOR BEAVER : The Battlefield Association willing-ly accepts the care of the memorials which you have con- fided to it. These tasteful and enduring- monuments of bronze and granite, are an appropriate expression of the profound emotions with which a grateful people regard the great work done here by a noble soldiery. They vividly recall to this generation, as they will suggest to future g-enerations, the anxieties and griefs which, in the midst of war's alarms, disquieted the homes of om- broad and busy commonwealth. They will as vividly re- call the numberless privations and fatigues of camp and march, the suffering in hospital, the constant strain of expectation, the awful carnage of battle, which those brave hearts endured for us and for the possession of g-enerations who are to come after us. And they will also forever testify the precious fruits of victory^ our Union saved, our constitution purified, our institutions im- measurably streng-thened, the whole people firmly bound in an indissoluble union of indestructible states. This lofty thought had, before the War of the Rebellion, no place in the accepted theories of our g-overnment, but is a gift from that war. Before that event the Union was flippantly and frequently threatened from within, in both the North and the South ; and if the states were boasted as indestructible, it was be- cause they were claimed to be independent and sovereign — and not at all as indestructible because an integ-ral part of a union in- dissoluble in whole and equally indestructible in every part. So far as we are, therefore, this day fused into unity and have a cloudless future, we owe it primarily to the constancy and valor of the armies of the Union, who thereby made the nation their debtor to an amount which cannot be computed or paid. How much of the great result due to our many victories may be directly due to this victory, it is not possible accurately to state. But there were then existing circumstances of peculiar 56 Pemisylvania at Gettysburg. gravity which made this victory indispensable to the cause of the Union. We know that long before this battle several European cabinets had considered the policy of unfriendly intervention in our affairs. We know, definitely, that six months before this battle the Emperor of France had taken a step in that policy of hostil- ity to which he was impelled by ambition for his dynasty, now happily sunk from sight. And we knov/^, further, that the gov- erning classes in most European states then complacently re- garded the end of the Great Republic as inevitable and awaited only a sufficient pretext to decide the issue and glean the profits. Our dangers from within were hardly less serious. Delays and defeats, debt and the draft, had sorely tried and deeply discour- aged the hopeful and faithful, and had driven the timorous, the time-serving and the treacherous to look for peace through surrender. The invasion of Pennsylvania was made at this su- preme crisis — the supreme crisis of the war, diplomatically, po- litically and militarily, and was timed so as to be adapted to these various exigencies. In all the war there was no moment so big with the fate of empire as July, 1863. If at that pivotal period, with foreign and domestic enemies of the Union alike crouching for its destruction, the Ai-my of the Potomac had been subdued and beaten, and if on the fourth of July, 1863, the victorious army of Northern Virginia had been in quick ijursuit of its flying foe to the then probable capture of Baltimore and of Washington, there can be no reasonable doubt that the fact would have become the long-sought pretext for foreign intervention with its horrid brood of consequences. But the Army of the Potomac stood in its tracks — shaken but yet firm, weakened but yet defiant, threat- ened but yet victorious. It remained master. The Army of Northern Virginia it was which sped its way to the camps from which it came, and whence it never afterward took a northern step. As it disappeared there also disappeared all opportunity for intervention. And Gettysburg, having escaped the misfor- tune of witnessing the wounding unto death of Liberty and Union, rose to be the venerated spot on which free institutions received their efficacious baptism of fire and blood. In order to comprehend Gettysburg as a great historic name, and as a special place in the world, it is necessary to know ex- actly what each side represented in this death struggle. For this the official data are available — data which cannot be confused or denied, and must not be forgotten. The differences between the two were radical and unmistakable; were written down at the time in justification for action taken, and were put in issue when Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 57 appeal was made to the God of Battles. The "other side," by its declarations of that date, fought for the theory that our common constitution had created a confederacy of states, and had not formed a union of the people of the states. They fought for the existence in that confederacy of an indefeasible right in each state to secede from it on every pretext deemed good by each state, and against the right of the Union to prevent the with- drawal from it of the people of any state on any pretext. They fought for the right of two governments and two peoples, to di- vide between them the territory of the Union, and against the right of one government and one people to preserve as its per- petual home, the magnificent empire won and given by the fathers. And they fought that human slavery, instead of remain- ing a system local to, and controlled by, states, and with only qualified but defined rights in the Union, should be made the universal dominating interest in the confederacy — absolute every- where as to rights, its characteristic institution, the very "corner- stone" of its fabric, the dictator of its policies, and a chief ob- ject in its life. These fundamental differences were brought by common consent, at Gettysburg, to the point of the bayonet and the mouth of the cannon, to be settled, after gigantic combat, by those grim and imperious judges from whose decision there is no appeal. Every soldier who fought in either army, therefore, fought willingly or unwillingly, consciously or un'consciously, for or against the ideas involved in these differences. And Gettysburg has thenceforth stood, and will stand while history endures, as a synonym for an indivisible government under the constitution, with freedom and equal rights for all as the pervading" purpose of the former, and as the perpetual inspiration of the latter. Feelings of unspeakable thankfulness for this great gift have impelled the participating states to mark this field, as no field has been marked from the beginning of the world unto this day. Already there are upon it two hundred and eighty-seven memo- rial stones and structures, which are located with historical accu- racy upon the lines of battle of the Union Army, twelve miles in extent. Every regimental position has been or will be marked. And every tragic spot will be indicated upon this unique locality now known to have been the point expected and preferred by the commander of the invading army for the collision — the conver- gence to it of roads from all directions within a radius of fifty miles, having indicated it as the probable seat of battle with the defensive army of the Union. 58 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Thus by a series of military events not specifically planned by either side, this battle of the giants came to be within the lines of Penn, but few miles from the lines of Calvert — the line be- tween the two having- long been the separation betwen the states of the free and the states of the slave. The distinction which then came to Pennsylvania, and which will be to it as a crown throughout the ages, found it neither unprepared nor unworthy. No region in the Union has a prouder political lineage than this in which we are. It was solemnly dedicated, over two hundred years ago, by its wise, unselfish and humane founder, to "kind- ness and goodness and charity," through forms of government in- tended to give freedom in order that the colonists might be happy. As colony and as commonwealth, the record of Penn- sylvania is radiant with acts of mercy and justice and virtue. Early in the struggle for independence, patriotic fervor drove it to the front, and troops from this neighborhood were among the first to hurry, in 1775, after Bunker Hill, to the help of the colo- nists of New England whose cause they made their own. When independence was proclaimed, it was on the soil of Pennsylvania that its language was first heard. While the country was in the throes of the revolution, in 1780, seven years before the passage of the great northwestern ordinance, it was Pennsylvania — a name "already dear throughout the world as a symbol of free- dom " — which, first of the thirteen, " led the way towards intro- ducing freedom for all," by passing the act of emancipation, which restored and established within it the rights of human na- ture— giving as reasons therefore thankfulness for escape from danger and a desire to give a substantial proof of gratitude, the duty of proving the sincerity of their professions in favor of freedom and the peculiar pleasure of adding "one more step to universal civilization." When independence was won, and the convention of 1787 pro- duced, within its chief city, the Constitution of the United States, "the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man," Pennsylvania, in its deep yearn- ing for nationality, was one of the first two states, and the first of the large states, to greet and ratify it; and from that august moment to this it has, without default or stint, given to the safety of that constitution and to the growth of that union the sturdy service of its strong hands and the measureless wealth of its rich heart. It must, therefore, be regarded as a supreme historic felicity that upon a territory so dedicated, among a people so molded Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 59 and so trained, aud iu a state so distinguished, in which over eighty years before, had been struck the first ringing- blow for human freedom, was here struck the decisive blow, in the fulness of time and in a Titanic struggle, for the salvation of our consti- tution, the maintenance of our union, and the rescue of the im- perilled rights of human nature; aud that, in this mighty con- test, it was from out these peaceful and beautiful hills, for years the silent watchers and the shielding friends of fleeing bondmen, bondwomen andbondchildren, when, suddenly, as in the twinkling of an eye, transformed by the subtle alchemy of battle, into quak- ing, smoking, cloud-capped, blood-drenched mounts, there issued in clear and resolute voice, amid the lightning flashes of artillery and the thunderous roar of musketry, the thrilling but just sen- tence that, as the expiation for all this suffering and as the pun- ishment for all this wrong, both our Union and our constitution shall remain inviolate, and our country shall no longer contain a slave. Then, and therein, had Gettysburg its consecration. Honored Governor of our illustrious commonwealth ! I accept from your hands, by direction of the Battle-field Memorial Asso- ciation, the gifts which are the embodiment of the people's grati- tude; and, fully realizing what they represent and what our duty is and will be towards them, jjromise you to devote ourselves to their care as to a religious duty of liighest obligation. (60) Pennsylvania Reserve day GETTYSBURG, September 2d, 1890. (fii) Pennsylvania Reserve Day, Tuesday, September 2, 1890, 1.30 p. m. Ceremonies at the Rostrum of the National Cemeh kry, Gettysburg, Pa. Hon. Andrew G. Curtin, Presiding, War Governor of the Commonwealth, 1 861—1866. Music, Frankford Band, of Philadelphia. Prayer, Chaplain J. Hervey Beale. Choir, "Dropping from the Ranks." "The Organization of the Reserves," Hon. Andrew G. Curtin. "The Commanders of the Reserves," Colonel John H. Taggart. Music, Frankford Band. "The First Brigade at Gettysburg," Brevet Brigadier-General Robert A. McCoy. "The Third Brigade at Gettysburg," Lieutenant W. Hayes Grier. Poem, "Major and Surgeon G. B. Hotchkins, Read by First Lieutenant and Adjutant W. P. Lloyd. Presentation of Monuments to Battle-field Association, Hon. James A. Beaver, Governor of the Conwiomvealth. Acceptance on behalf of Battle-field Association, Brevet Major Chill. W. Hazzard. Music, Frankford Band. (62) THE FIRST BRIGADE AT GETTYSBURG. Brevet Brigadier-General Robert A. McCoy. ON the 3d of June, 1863, Brigadier-General S. W. Crawford, of the regular army, an able and gallant Pennsylvanian, who had won distinction at Fort Sumter, in 1861, and later, as an officer on General Rosecrans' staff, and also as a brigade commander in Banks' army, was assigned to the division and proceeded to prepare it for active service in its camps, near Washington, D. C, to which it had been withdrawn at the ur- gent solicitation of Governor Curtin, who always vigilantly looked after the welfare of Pennsylvania troops, in order that its ranks might be repleted after the many hard-fought battles in which it had participated. All then existing vacancies in field and line officers were filled. With some recruits, and the return of many from the hospitals who had been absent, wounded or sick, the division was soon in good condition for the field; and both Reynolds, of the First Corps, and Meade, of the Fifth, applied to the War Department to have it assigned to his individual command. After four mouths of monotonous picket duty experienced on the outposts of the defenses of Washington, it became irksome to the spirit of the corps, accustomed, as it had been, to most active and se- vere service at the front, and when rumors of a threatened inva- sion into Maryland and Pennsylvania followed close upon the battle of Chancellorsville, fought on the 3d of May, 1863, which were made significant by a call for the militia of the state by Governor Curtin, on the 12th of June, for her defense, the old veterans became restive and petitioned the general government to return them to the Army of the Potomac. On the 12 th of June, coincident with the state proclamation, though no danger was then apprehended at Washington of any invasion, Lee, flushed and emboldened by his past successes, which he believed augured well for the success of other plans that were far-reach- ing in their effect, left his position south of the Rappahannock, and started on a cautious movement toward the Shenandoah Val- (63) 64 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ley tendmg- towards the north. By the next day Hooker was also on the move, closely watchino- the unfolding of the enemy's plan. After capturing- Winchester, on the night of the llth, the advance rebel cavalry, under Jenkins, crossed the Potomac and pushed rapidly through to Chambersburg, Pa., followed by Sw- ell's Corps, on the 16th, that raided by division, north upon Chambersbui-g, York and Carlisle, and also westward up the Po- tomac to Cumberland, Md. By these several movements Lee had hoped to draw the Army of the Potomac into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and then with the balance of his army he would move by Snicker's and Ashby's gaps, in the Blue Kidge, upon Washington, and strike from the south side. But the plan not having the desired effect upon Hooker, he suddenly pushed for- ward his whole army into Maryland on the 24th and 25th, and rapidly advanced into Pennsylvania with the purpose to plunder and destroy, if he could not succeed in transferring the battle- ground from Virginia. Hooker, who had advanced according to the movements of Lee, then started in pursuit, and on the 25th crossed the Potomac at Berlin and Edwards' Ferry, and proceeded to Frederick, Md., thus keeping between Washington and the enemy, who had crossed at Williamsport and Falling Waters. On the 23d, orders were issued from the War Department for the Pennsylvania Reserves to join the main army at Frederick, though the Second Brigade was detained for defense at Wash- ington. The regiments of the First and Third Brigades were withdrawn from their various out-posts, and by five o'clock that afternoon were on the move. On the 27th, the Potomac was crossed at Edwards' Ferry, and on Sunday, the 28th, the division reached the army at Frederick, and was assigned as the Third Division, Fifth Army Corps, the same position it held through the Peninsular campaign. To their surprise they found General Sykes taking command as successor to General Meade, who, that morning, had received the appointment of commander of the Army of the Potomac, in place of Hooker, suddenly relieved at his own request. The same breath that heralded to the aston- ished troops the retirement of the one, through his own farewell order to the army, announced the appointment of the other, and his acceptance of the command. And whatever may have been the private individual judgment, not a murmur of discontent arose from that well-disciplined and loyal body of men to ques- tion the wisdom that decided the rise and fall of its command- ers. Space will not permit going into the details of this sudden change on the eve of a great battle, nor the cause that inspired Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 65 it; suffice it to say that they were neither just nor g-enerous to "fighting- Joe Hooker," nor creditable to General-in-Chief Hal- leck. As a part of the secret and unwritten history of the selection of a successor to Hooker, when it had been determined to relieve him, it is worthy of record that from the long list of able gen- erals in the Army of the Potomac, the only names voted upon by the Cabinet for the position were Reynolds and Meade, both of whom had risen into fame as commanders of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. No greater compliment could have been paid to the corps than this, and the fact, that in considera- tion of its two great chieftains, a single vote alone decided which should wear the highest honors. From Frederick the division moved at noon on the 29th, as rear guard to the long artillery and ammunition trains, which at times greatly impeded progress, but, after long delays, it moved so rapidly forward that lost time was recovered in very severe marches, reaching Uniontown, Mary- land, on the evening- of the 30th, where it encamped for the night. On the afternoon of July 1st, the division was halted at the state line to hear a most patriotic and stirring address from General Crawford. Looking over into their own loved state with all the pride of their patriotic hearts, the enthusiasm of the men became almost unbounded, and as they crossed the line with cheer after cheer there was determination to fight as they had never fought before to drive the invader from the soil of their native state. The march from the state line to Gettysburg, via Hanover and McSherrystown, was almost continuous and very fatiguing, and, as but little time could be allowed for either sleep or rest, sorely tried the physical endurance of the men. But they were in most excellent spirits, and but little straggling took place. Perhaps never was greater effort made to keep up, and as they approached Gettysburg, knowing that the battle had already been forced and that General Reynolds had fallen, it proved a stimulus to more than ordinary power to overcome fatigue, and helped the sick and the weak to force their waning strength. The death of Gen- eral Reynolds was received with demonstrations of sincere sor- row by the old Reserves. He was the only one of the original quartette of her commanders that death had summoned, and from the battle-field. Brave, generous and true, his courage never failed where duty called. It was while conspicuously prominent in posting his troops, July 1st, — a target for the enemy's fire, that the fatal bullet pierced his neck and he fell— dying almost instantly. His remains were taken to Lancaster, the city of his 5 66 Peimsylvania at Gettysburg. birth, where, on July 4th, midst tolling- bells and muffled drums, and solemn requiems sadly chanted — all that was mortal was laid away in quiet rest until that day when carnal strife is lost in everlasting- peace. The division arrived on the field of battle on the morning- of Thursday, the 2d of July, and joined the Fifth Corps at a point where the Baltimore pike crosses Rock creek, and was posted in the rear of the rig-ht of the line of the army as a support, that position being- then threatened by the enemy. About three o'clock the Fifth Corps was moved from its position near the extreme right to the left of the line where Gen- eral Crawford was ordered to mass the division near the east slope of Little Round Top, where g-uns and ammunition was inspected. The men were impatient to eng-ag-e in the terrible conflict rag-iug in their front, and into which they knew they would soon be or- dered, but for the time being the topography hid from them the panorama of bloody war taking- place in their front. The line of battle for the second day lay along- Cemetery Ridg-e from Culp's Hill, on the rig-ht, to Round Top, on the left, and the disposition of the troops was as follows: On the extreme right, on Culp's Hill, with its rig-ht flank extending- to Rock creek and the Baltimore pike, lay the Twelfth Corps, with Wadsworth's di- vision of the First on its left ; connecting- on the left flank of this division, and along Cemetery Ridg-e, lay the Eleventh Corps, with the First, Second, Third and Fifth Corps prolonging- the line to Round Top, or rather such appears to have been the plan of the original line. But in taking position that afternoon the Third Corps, General Sickles, advanced to a ridge about three-quarters of a mile to the front, along and beyond the Emmitsburg road, into the presence of a large body of the rebel army, with his line on the right stretching along the front of a part of the Second Corps, and the left down through the peach orchard, wheat-field and woods to the Devil's Den, in the ravine in front of Round Top. The j)osition was one of extreme peril, and troops less brave and disciplined than the gallant old Third Corps would not have battled as they did against such odds until relief came. General Hancock placed his First Division to cover its right flank, and sent Caldwell's division to strengthen the line on the left. Fortunately the Fifth Coi-ps had just arrived, and Griffin's division, commanded by Barnes, and Ayres' division, regulars, were also thown in on the left, where the most desperate struggle ensued for the possession of Round Top. While this contest was raging, and the Union forces battled and held their ground as a wall of iron. General Sykes ordered General Crawford to the Pennsylvania at Geityshur^'^ Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 93 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. THE committee, recognizing- the importance of the trust con- fided to them, the many years that had elapsed since tlie bat- tle, and that the best memory is apt to be covered with the dust of time, at once determined to exhaust all sources of informa- tion within their reach, and that, while getting- at the facts as near as possible, to admit no statement that could not be clearly estab- lished. For this purpose a portion of the committee met on Little Round Top on the following- 2d of July, and, accompanied by General Crawford, Major Chill Hazzard, and others, they had no trouble in locating- the position of the First Brig-ade, from which it started upon its charge twenty-three years before, or in tracing its steps through all its movements on the field. A por- tion of the committee remained upon the ground several days, and others of it have since examined the field, in company with many comrades gathered there during the encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, and reported the information gained to the chairman. It was also deemed of importance that a meas- urement of the distances of the charges made and other impor- tant parts of the field should be made, for which purpose one of the committee, during the winter, visited the field, and, with chain and compass, accomplished the work, the results of which have been embodied in the report. In regard to the misstatements that have appeared in print from time to time, and the injustice done our division, the com- mittee deem it unnecessary to refer, believing the true history of that great battle is yet to be written, and trusting with full con- fidence to the ultimate prevailment of truth. They, however, deem it proper to refer, to some extent, to the articles published in the Philadelphia Press of August 4, 1886, entitled "The Fed- eral Disaster on the Left," and on October 20, 1886, entitled " McLaws' Division and the Pennsylvania Reserves on the Second Day at Gettysburg," by "Lafayette McLaws, Major-General com- manding McLaws' Division, Longstreet's Corps." The first article was a reply to Major-General Sickles' Gettysburg address, de- livered in that town July 2, 1886. In it Sickles says, "When the battle of the 2d ended * * * Crawford's division of Pennsyl- vania Reserves held the advanced ground I had occupied as far 94 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. as the stone fence beyond the wheat-field (italics the com.) ; and this ground, so g-allantly won by Crawford and his splendid divi- sion, he held all nig-ht and next day, and until the retreat of Lee." (Crawford's official report). One of the maps, prepared by Brevet Major-Geueral Charles K. Graham, accompanying Sickles' speech, as printed in the National Tribune July 22, 1886, also places Crawford's Division on the ivest side of the wheat-field, which doubtlessly was an unintentional mistake, as we will show we occupied the stone wall on the east side of the wheat-field. This error must be kept in mind in reading both articles of McLaws'. General McLaws, after quoting the above in his article of August 4, utterly denies the charge of the Reserves and the capture of the stone wall. Quoting from him, he says, " I saw VVofford's Brigade * * * emerge from the woods (evidently Eose's on the west side of the wheat-field) through which it had charged, and I halted it, and asked what was the matter. He said that he had been ordered back by General Longstreet ; that he had driven everything- in his front and was resting- under shelter of a stone wall at foot of Round Top when ordered back ; that there was no necessity for his coming." Further on he says, " Up to 11 p. m. there was no advance made against Semmes' Brigade (evidently at the Devil's Den), and as that command could see all over the ground from which General Wofford retired, they could tell if any Pennsylvania Reserves or any other body of men ad- vanced on that day, the 2d, to re-occupy the ground left vacant by Wofford. I feel warranted in saying that there was no ad- vance on the 2d by the Federals to re-take the positions won from them on that day." This article was ably replied to by General Crawford, in the Press, in which he gave the movements of our division on both days with accuracy. His reply evoked from General McLaws his second article of October 20, in which he substantiates, in his own opinion, his statements in his first article. The general says, " I accordingly formulated a series of questions which would cover the claim made by General Crawford, and sent a copy to General Wofi^ord, whose reply was never received ; to General Humphreys, who commanded the Twenty-first Mississippi, in Barksdale's Brigade ; to General Bryan, who commanded a regi- ment in General Woftbrd's Brigade in the charge of the 2d; * * * to Colonel McGlosking, [McGlashan], colonel in Semmes' Brigade on the 2d, and others." General Humphreys is quoted as saying, " Wofford's Brigade was not driven back, nor did they go back because they were Pennsylvania at (jfettyshurg. 95 afraid to fight. Wofford must have gone back by order from some superior authority. * * * j ^jj^j j^^^^ know of the Penn- sylvania Reserves under Crawford." General Goode Bryan says, "I can and do most positively assert that my command was not driven back, * * * and I further assert that I received the order to fall back from a courier of General Longstreet. * * * j also positively assert that there was no enemy on our right or front to cause us to fall hack." (Italics McLaws'.) Colonel McGlosking, or McGlashan, who evidently was at the Devil's Den, or to their right of it, says, " It was now dark, but we could distinctly hear great confusion on Little Round Top, — the men hastily throwing up rock intrenchments, the officers cursing * * *." He mistook Little for Big Round Top, where he heard the tumult of Fisher's assault. Further on he says, " At no time after the first struggle were our lines attacked by any fresh troops of the enemy. * * * j positively assert that no attack was made by General Crawford's Division on any portion of the line. "I am aware that Wofford, at the extreme line of his advance, received by some mistake (?) an order from General Longstreet to retire. * * * General Crawford may have made such advance, but there was no serious fighting at the stone fence. Wofford's retreat was by order, and executed without fighting or being pur- sued, as far as I could see, and was stopped by General McLaws in person, as soon as the mistake was discovered, * * * but it left me powerless to continue the advance." McLaws says, "On our left was Wofford, but separated from us by the 'wheat-field,' which was thinly covered by straggling men from Wofford and Semmes, and possibly a few of Kershaw's." We have quoted in full to give General McLaws the advantage of his own statements, but the committee can hardly comprehend how honorable gentlemen, who doubtless sincerely believed in the correctness of their statements, could have allowed the dust of time to so completely settle on their memory. The committee recognizes that in weighing the conflicting statements, fair- minded people will consider the evidence of General McLaws as entitled to as much credence as that of General Crawford ; that the Confederate officer's statements equals that of your commit- tee. Therefore, the scales being thus equally balanced in the minds of impartial readers, the committee had to seek other testi- mony to substantiate their position, and they are happy to say that it is of such a nature that the positive assertions of General 96 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. McLaws will be laid out as flat as the Reserves laid out his reg-i- ments and brigades on those memorable days. Captain George W. H. Stouch, Third Regiment, U. S. Infantry, now stationed at Fort Shaw, Montana Territory, who, at Gettys- burg, was Sergeant-Ma j or of the Eleventh U. S. Infantry, writes to the committee : " On the 2d of July our regiment, then be- longing to the Second Brigade, Second Division, Fifth Corps, moved from the northwest slope of Little Round Top nearly to the wheat-field, when it changed direction to the left and was ad- vancing in this new direction, when our right flank was turned by the Confederates. We fell back in great confusion, and were driven to Little Round Top, followed by the enemy that had been in our front, and also by those on our flank. While falling back, I, with Lieutenants Petee and Elder, and others, were captured by Wofford's Brigade and ordered behind a large rock for shelter I could see distinctly over the wheat-field, and am certain there was no organized bodies of Confederates in support of those who had charged past us, nor were there any considerable bodies of stragglers. Some twenty of the enemy were with us behind the rock for some ten minutes, when they were ordered to advance. Some of them said they belonged to the Tenth Georgia, Semmes' Brigade. Some twenty minutes after our capture I heard the cheers of our men as they charged from Little Round Top, and in a few minutes the rebs ran past us, and in such haste as not to take us with them. A sharp-shooter, posted behind a rock, im- mediately opened fire on us, killing one and wounding myself and Sergeant Price. In a few minutes, however, we were recap- tured by the Bucktails. Seeing that this man loaded, aimed and fired as rapidly as possible, and conceding even that it took two minutes for him to fire the three shots mentioned, viz., from the time we were uncovered by the enemy until we were re-captured, it would hardly be conceived that a body of organized troops, falling back in obedience to orders, and in regular formation, would be followed by the enemy at such a close interval of time. General Crawford's forces at this time charged beyond the stone wall and re-occupied the ground from which the Second Division, Fifth Corps, had been driven." Professor M. Jacobs, of the Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, who was within the Confederate lines during the battle, and who published "Notes of the Rebel Invasion," J. B. Lippincott Com- pany, Philadelphia, 1864, p. 47, in speaking of that day, says, on page 37, "To us, however, who were at the time within the rebel lines, the result seemed doubtful. * * * At about 6 p. m.. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 97 it is true, we heard ' cheering" ' different from that which had so often fallen dolefully upon our ears, and some of the rebels said to each other, 'Listen! the Yankees are cheering-/ But whilst this — which we afterwards found to be the cheering- of General Crawford's men, as they charg-ed and drove the rebels down the face of Little Kound Top — afforded us a temporary encourag-e- ment." * * * We will now see what General McLaws says of July 3d. In his article of Aug-ust 4th we find: " As for the assertions that the Pennsylvania Reserves drove Hood's Division back on the 3d, I know that no such things was done, as up to the time the order was g-iven to retire there was no firing, neither by Hood's Division nor by mine, nor was there any infantry firing- from the other side. * * * Hood's Division retired because ordered back, and perhaps receded in more haste than mine did, because the order for it to g-o was not g-iven, so the commander told me> until after my division had g-one ; and, as the positions I abandoned were filled by the enemy (perhaps by the Pennsylvania Reserves), they came in on the flank of Hood, and his left brig-ade had to g-o in double-quick. That the Penn- sylvania Reserves there took after them perhaps is true. * * My division and Hood's most certainly occupied the g-round from which they drove General Sickles' Corps on the 2d of July until after Pickett's charg-e on the 8d, and this was done without any attempt being- made to recover it by any opposing- forces; and the several Confederate commanders Avere resting- quietly in their occupancy when * * * we were ordered back to the main line * * *." In McLaws' article of October 20, he quotes Colonel McGlos- king- [McGlashan] as follows : "On the 3d, about 2 p. m., we were ordered to retire to our orig-inal position, and did so quietly and unmolested by the enemy, leaving- behind us the stacks of arms above mentioned." Further on, the colonel, speaking- of Semmes' and Kershaw's Brigades, then stationed in Rose's woods, says : " They remained unmolested in their positions g-ained on the 2d until ordered to retire on the Cd of July. After they retired, the enemy advanced and occupied the g-rounds vacated, but not entirely. Benning's and Anderson's Brig-ades, on being- notified of the order to with- draw that General McLaws had received, the enemy, coming on the grounds vacated by McLaws' Division, were thus full on the flank of Hood's Division, and the brigades of Benning and An- derson being nearest, had to vacate their grounds hurriedly." 7 98 Pennsylvania at Getty sbimj. General McLaws then says, "From the foregoing statements you will perceive that it would be impossible for me to say that my command was driven back by the advance of General Craw- ford's forces along- any portion of the line held by me on the 2d of July or on the 3d; but, on the contrary, whatever retrograde movement was made was done by order of authority superior to those immediately commanding the troops which retired." In refutation, to all these denials of General McLaws and his officers, the committee states that, in answer to their inquiry, Brigadier-General R. C. Drum, Adjutant-General U. S. A., under date of November 29, 1887, informs them that the flag of the Fifteenth Georgia Infantry was captured at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, by Sergeant James B. Thompson, company " G," First Billes (Bucktails), and was then in custody of his office ; that a medal of honor was awarded to Sergeant Thompson ; and that the records show that over two hundred prisoners and many arms were captured by Crawford's Division on said day. Though this does not seem to confirm the statement of McLaws that " they remained unmolested and in their position," it seems to corroborate his remark that they "had to vacate their ground hurriedly." This rather remarkable statement, taken in connection with what follows it, we also find in General McLaws' article of Octo- ber 20 : "General Longstreet informs me that General Crawford sought an interview with him * * * and asked him 'what troops of his (Longstreet's) he (Crawford) had driven back at Gettysburg,' and that he (Longstreet) replied that he could not tell him, as he was not aware that any one had attacked him at Gettysburg." On the twenty-fifth anniversary of the third day's fight, at Gettysburg, Generals Longstreet, Sickles and Crawford rode in a carriage together over the battle-field. "The carriage drove on to the foot of Little Bound Top, and the talk turned on the attack by the Pennsylvania Beserves, after the failure of Pickett's charge, upon that portion of Longstreet's forces, which were in the woods opposite the Bound Tops. Gene- ral Crawford described, at the request of the others, the move- ment of his force, and recalled a statement that has been made in answer to a published account of his, that all of Longstreet's men had been withdrawn from those woods before the attack by the Pennsylvania Beserves was made. He asked General Longstreet to explain how this could be, when the Pennsylvania Beserves, in recovering the ground lost on the second day, had captured a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 99 large number of prisoners as well as the battle-flag- of the Fif- teenth Georgia. "'I can explain that at once,' replied General Longstreet. 'After Pickett's repulse and the subsequent modification of our lines, it was determined to withdraw McLaws' and Law's Divi- sions from those woods in front of the Round Tops. McLaws understood the order and complied with it, but Law misunder- stood and remained, and you struck Benning's Brigade of his division, which contained the Georgia regiments.'" — Philadelphia Sunday Press, July 8, 1888. The committee, while submitting theii- report, and believing that every man of the Reserves who was in the battle will freely bear testimony to its correctness, know that it must stand the test of criticism of future historians. They have no fear of that criti- cism, but submit it with confidence to the impartial. THE RESERVES AT GETTYSBURG. A BOUT three o'clock on the afternoon of July 1, 1863, the Penn- / \ sylvania Reserves crossed the line, and entering the State 1. A. laid down in a wood. The division was commanded by Brigadier-General S. Wylie Crawford, U. S. Volunteers, Major U. S. Army. His staff consisted of, — Major James P. Speer, Acting Assistant Inspector-General. Captain R. T. Auchmuty, Assistant Adjutant-General. Captain Louis Livingston, Additional Aide-de-Camp. Lieutenant Richard P. Henderson, Aide-de-Camp. Lieutenant William Harding, Ordnance Officer. Captain Philip L. Fox, Assistant Quartermaster. Major Louis W. Read, Surgeon and Medical Director. The brigades were : The First, Colonel William McCandless, Second Reserve, with staff as follows : Captain Joseph R. T. Coates, First Reserve, Acting Assistant Inspector-General. Lieutenant William A. Hoyt, Second Reserve, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General. Lieutenant John Taylor, Second Reserve, Aide-de-Camp. Lieutenant James B. Goodman, Sixth Reserve, Aide-de-Camp. Lieutenant John A. Waggoner, First Reserve, Brigade Quarter- master. 913645A 100 Pennsylvania at Geifyshurg. Lieutenant A. A. Scudder, Sixth Keserve, Brigade Commissary. The regiments were as follows : First Rifles, "Bucktails," Colonel Charles Frederick Taylor. First Infantry, Colonel William Cooper Talley Second Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel George A. Woodward. Sixth Infantry, Colonel Wellington H. Ent. The Third,* Colonel Joseph AY. Fisher, Fifth Reserve, with staff as follows : Captain Hartley Howard, Acting Assistant Inspector-General. Lieutenant John L. Wright, Acting Assistant Adjutant-General. Lieutenant Charles K. Chamberlain, Aide-de-Camp. Lieutenant William H. H. Kern, Aide de-Camp. Captain George Norris, Brigade Quartermaster. Lieutenant Samuel Evans, Brigade Commissary. Major Joseph A. Phillips, Brigade Surgeon. The regiments were as follows : Fifth Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel George Dare. Ninth Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel James McK. Snodgrass Tenth Infantry, Colonel Adoniram J. Warner. Eleventh Infantry, Colonel Samuel M. Jackson. Twelfth Infantry, Colonel Martin D. Hardin, U. S. Army. At dark that night the division was put in motion, and after a rapid and fatigviing march, near daylight were laid to rest, but hardly an eye closed ere the drums of reveille beat. While in motion the news of the defeat of the First Corps and the death of General Reynolds f was received, depressing the spirits of the men, but strengthening their resolutions for the fight. At noon, after marching forty miles with but two hours' sleep, we reached Rock Creek, and, filing to the left from the Baltimore pike, joined our corps, the Fifth, Major-General Sykes, in rear and in support of the right of the line of battle. *Tho Second Brigade, Colonel Horatio G. Sickel, Third Reserve, was de- tained by the authorities within the defenses of Washington. Itpartiiupated with honor in General George Crook's remarkable campaign in West Vir- ginia. Colonel Sickel was promoted Brevet Major-General U. S. V., and was severely wounded near the close of the war. f In the ambulance-wagon of the First Brigade was secretly stored a mag- nificent sword for presentation to General Reynolds. The General had con- sented to receive it upon being assured it was from the enlisted men only of that brigade, and that no ofiicer would be connected with it. A note was addressed asking him, in the lull of the coming battle, to receive the gift direct from the boys, one being chosen from each regiment to await an oi)portuniiy to present it to him on the field. Subsequently'^ it was presented I)}' Sergeant W. Hayes Grier, P^ifth Regiment, to the general's sister, the wife of Captain Henry Landis. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 101 A-bout 4 o'clock, General Crawford, seeing- the First and Second Divisions of our corps moving- to the left, followed through the woods to the cross-road leading to the Emmitsburg road. Here the division was massed in the right rear of Little Round Top, in and near the old brier patch. Soon after General Crawford, by 0)-der, sent the Third Brigade, Colonel Fisher's, with the ex- ception of the Eleventh Reserve, to Big Round Top to succor General Vincent, they marching by the left flank. At the same time the First Brigade, Colonel McCandless, was moved to the western slope of Little Round Top and massed in column of regi- ment, left in front, the Eleventh Reserve being the head of the column. Little Round Top, rising- two hundred and eighty feet above the.g-eneral water-level of the streams which drain the valley at its base, like Big- Round Top, nearly south of it and four hundred feet high, is of volcanic origin, crowned with wood g-rowing amid bowlders of syenite. The two hills, seven hundred yards from crest to crest, are separated by a deep rocky depression, and form perfect forts covering our left flank, they being the key-points of the whole battle-field. The western slope of Little Round Top sinks to a little stream called Plum Run, which drains a swampy meadow. This run g-radually assumes the character of a rivulet as it enters the precincts of the Devil's Den, another chaotic dis- tribution of bowlders. The "Den," in an angle of this and a con- tributory stream that flows from Seminary Ridge, is one hundred and eighty feet above the water-level and five hundred yards due west of Little Round Top. Its eastern slope is steep; its west- ern, prolonged as a, ridge. Its northern extremity is composed of huge rocks and bowlders, forming- innumerable crevices and holes, from the larg-est of which it derives its name. Plum Run Valley, three hundred and fifty yards broad, is marshy but strewed with bowlders, as is also the slopes of the Round Tops. These afford lurking-places for a multitude of sharp-shooters, whom, from the difliculties of the ground, it was impossible to dislodge, so that at the close of the battle these hiding-places, and especiall}'^ the "Den," were filled with dead and wounded men of the contending armies. Extending northward from the "Den," beyond and on the western side of Plum Run Valley and partially between the valley and the wheat-field, is a low ridge terminating in " Houck's Hill." From near the "Den" a stone wall runs over the "hill,' through the level and beyond the "cross-road," it bordering on the then eastern edge of Trostle's woods. This wall, which runs nearly northeast on the wheat-field side, was fringed with heavy 102 Pennsylva/iiia at Gettysburg. timber from the "Den" to the woods at the "cross-road." The distance from the "Den" to the "cross-road" is five hundred and eighty -three yards. This "cross-road," skirting- the northern slope of Little Round Top, extends northwesterly to the Emmitsburg- road, in the southeasterly intersection of which is the peach-orchard, fourteen hundred and fifty yards from Little Round Top. This " cross-road " separates the wheat-field from Trostle's woods. This woods, four hundred yards long-, is separated at its western end by the "cross-road" and a brief interval from Rose's woods, which sweeps to the southerly and to the easterly back to Devil's Den, enclosing- the wheat-field on the westerly and southerly sides. The wheat-field is two hundred and twenty -two yards along the stone wall, three hundred and sixty-one yards next to Trostle's woods, four hundred and forty-four yards along Rose's woods, and five hundred yards on the southwesterly side, containing about twenty- five acres. Into the depression between the Round Tops, Law's Brigade of Alabamians, supported by Robertson's Texans, had forced them- selves, and were advancing to the possession of the Tops, when they were met by Vincent's Brigade of Barnes' Division of our corps, that had been posted there by General Warren, where the struggle became severe and protracted. As before stated, the Third Brigade had gone to the assistance of Vincent, and the First was massed on Little Round Top ; but a very short time after these movements were made the situa- tion in our front changed rapidly. Sickles, who had been severely wounded, and who had been struggling for hours on his line, extending from the Devil's Den around to the wheat-field and be- yond the peach-orchard, was at last overpowered and swept away. Ayres' Division of regulars of our corps, which had been sent to his aid, had gallantly held the stone wall, but was driven from it and forced over the valley. All the Union lines in our front were irrevocably broken. The valley was covered with fugitives from all divisions, who rushed through our lines and along the road to the rear. Fragments of regiments came back in disorder and with- out arms. A section of a German battery, whose horses had all been killed, was abandoned by the gunners immediately in front of the right and left of the Eleventh and Sixth Reserves, and for a time all seemed lost. Close on these fugitives came the enemy, his lines irregular but massed here and there and his colors flying. While this scene was passing before our eyes, the brigade, Mc- Candless', with the Eleventh Reserve of Fisher's Brigade, formed into two lines, the first being composed of the Sixth on the right, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 103 with their left resting- on the " cross-road," the Eleventh in the center, and the First on the left. The second line was massed on the first; the Second Reserve on the right, and the Bucktails on the left. Before this movement could be fully executed, our front was practically uncovered by the fugitives, and the enemy, recog- nizing the unexpected obstacle, came direct for us. The first line opened a destructive fire at short range, the Eleventh using " buck and ball," some of their muskets having the buckshot of several cartridges in them. The brigade was still left in front, facing by the rear ranks. In fact, so sudden had been the change in our front, we had not time to assume our proper formation. There cannot be the least doubt in the minds of those who knew the exact state of affairs upon the field at that time, that a few moments delay in our arrival on Little Round Top, the key of the field Avould have been lost, and very probably the battle of Gettysburg would have closed that night. On the left of the second line. Colonel Taylor, not realizing the position, undertook to countermarch the Bucktails, which movement was also attempted by the Second, but in the confusion of the movement they suddenly found themselves con- fronted and mixed up with the charging enemy. In the short but desperate melee that followed, the greater part of these two regiments charged without firing a shot. So far up the slope were the enemy, that the gunners of Hazlett's Battery on the crest were preparing to spike their guns, but this movement encour- aged them not to do so. The right of the line had fired three or four rounds, when Crawford called on the men, "in the name of Pennsylvania," to charge. A loud cheer broke from the boys as down the slope they moved, and breaking into a double-quick they swept all before them over the valley and up to the stone wall, where a short but desperate struggle ensued. But soon their banners mounted over it and into the wheat-field, where, by orders, they halted. On the slope and in crossing the valley the Buck- tails and Second inclined to the left to meet a heavy fire coming from that direction, thus extending our line to the full brigade front. So heavy was this fire, and so threatening were the enemy on our left, that four companies of the Bucktails, under their major, dropped behind some rocks which afforded some protection to that flank. The other six companies advanced over "Houck's Hill" in line with the brigade, until they took and crossed the stone wall where Colonel Taylor fell, shot through the heart. Colonel Taylor and several officers, with fifteen or twenty men, were on the extreme left at the time, and had just discovered some two 104 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. or three hundred of the enemy but a short distance away. He promptly demanded their surrender, when nearly every man threw down his arms. Just then a Confederate in the rear cried out, with an oath, "I'll never surrender to a corporal's guard." Most of them ag-aiu grasped their arms, and it was by this fire the coin nel was killed. The quick fire of the breech-loading- rifles induced some thirty or forty to surrender, the others retreating to the Devil's Den. Lieutenant-Colonel Niles being severely wounded, Major Harts- horne succeeded to the command of the "Bucktails," and sent Captain Kinsey with his company to the left to throw out skir- mishers at right angles with the regiment. As they approached the "Den" they were met with a heavy fire, and the men taking cover, a lively skirmish ensued. Soon after several shells ex- ploded in their midst, followed by a volley from the enemy. Cap- tain Kinsey was severely wounded by a shell, and several men were killed and wounded. It now being dark the line was with- drawn a considerable distance, and a strong picket established on the left flank and rear. A brisk fire was kept up along the left of the line until about ten o'clock, when it ceased, seemingly by mutual consent. We were then far in advance of our main line, without imme- diate support, with the enemy in force on our left rear, and a heavy wood on our right front, extending up to the enemy's line, affording a covered approach. A strong line of pickets were thrown out into the wheat-field and wood in front, and on both right and left flanks, well to the rear. Colonel Jackson, of the Eleventh, sent Captain Mills with a portion of his company to prevent the enemy removing an abandoned battery through the night. The whole line lay down behind the stone wall and took such rest as they could under the circumstances. General Craw- ford and staff slept that night with the brigade. Lieutenant- Colonel Woodward, on account of wounds received at Glendale, was unable to accompany his regiment from Little Eound Top, but slept that night at the stone wall. The regiment in its charges was led by Major P. McDonough. Nearly one-half our loss during the engagement was from the severity of the enemy's fire before we charged. Lieutenant-Col- onel Porter and Lieutenant Fulton and a number of men were wounded, and Lieutenant John O'Harra Wood and several men of the Eleventh were killed before they delivered their first volley. The same to a less extent occurred in all the regiments. When the section of the battery was abandoned on our right-front the Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 105 officer ill commaiid ordered the g-uns to be spiked. This was pre- vented by Lieutenant John McWilliams, of the Sixth. Early the next mornino: the captain of the battery came over to the stone wall and said, "The Pennsylvania Reserves saved mine pattery, py . I g-ets you fellers all drunk." His good intentions were duly applauded. About the time Fisher was sent to the left, Strong- Vincent, the general commanding at that point, was mortally wounded, and General Stephen H. Weed, commanding a brigade, and Captain Hazlett, the battery on Little Round Top, were killed. Colonel Rice had succeeded to the command. The left of his line Avas resting just at the eastern edg-e of the valley or depression be- tween the Round Tops. Fisher placed the Fifth and Twelfth Reserves immediately in the rear of this line, and the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth across the depression, covering Rice's left flank. The severe fig-hing at this point was over, the enemy repulsed, appearing- to shift to their left, on to Little Round Top. Colonel Fisher, in a communication to the committee, says : " I soon dis- covered that Big Round Top was in possession of the enemy's sharp-shooters, and seeing the annoyance they were to us, and the great importance of the position, as a key of our position, I said to Colonel Rice, ' I will take that hill to-night.' To this propo- sition he assented, and proposed joining in the undertaking. Seeing that three regiments were all that could be conveniently employed, and having but two regiments that I could use without weakening Rice's support. Colonel Rice directed Colonel Cham- berlain, with the Twentieth Maine, to report to me. Learning that this regiment was armed with Springfield rifles, I directed Chamberlain to deploy it as skirmishers, as my regiments, the Fifth, Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, and the Twelfth, Colonel Hardin, were armed with altered Harper's Ferry muskets. In the mean- time I had sent staff officers to report to Generals Sykes and Crawford my proposed movements. General Crawford, however arriving upon the grounds and approving my plan, directed me to ' move up at once.' The line advanced as best it could in the dark, up the rough side, driving the enemy before it and captur- ing over thirty prisoners, from some of whom they learned that 'they were just in time,' as the Confederates had sent them word to hold the hill, as they were organizing a force to occupy it." Colonel Fisher remained in this position until the morning of the 4th, when he was relieved by General Wright, of the Sixth Corps. At the first dawn of light the next morning, the 3d, skirmishing commenced in our front and was continued throughout the day, 106 Pennsylvania at GeUyshurg. we remaining" behind the stone wall and the trees fring-ing its front, whilst the rebs, concealed in the thick f oliag-e of the branches upon their line, annoyed us considerably. On our extreme left, fronting the Devil's Den, thing-s were not so quiet. Captains Bell and Wolff were sent out to develop the enemy's streng-th and when deployed as skirmishers, as they approached the edge of the "Den," the fire became severe, indicating' a heavy force, strongly posted. Takin*.'; cover, a rapid fire was opened in the hope of driving the enemy from his position, or forcing him to come out from his stronghold to drive them off. Armed with breech- loaders and Spencer repeating-rifles, any object that will cover the body is all the protection a man needs, as he is not exposed in loading, and this superiority in the Bucktails' arms soon gave them a decided advantage. The enemy were not long in discov- ering this, and in superior force made a dash from the "Den,'' and forced the boys to make a rapid retreat to prevent the cap- ture of the entire party. In this charge the loss was heavy, and Captain Bell received a wound in the hip which caused the loss of a leg. The enemy, strange to say, did not follow up their ad- vantage. Thrust out, as we were, far in advance of our line of battle, with both flanks exposed, thej^ should, during the night, have attempted to flank us out and drive us down the wall. Whether they would have succeeded or not is problematic, yet it seems strange they should have allowed our little brigade to occupy that advanced position without attempting our dislodge- ment. Lieutenant Kratzer was then sent out with thirty volun- teers. Starting on a run, they pressed up close to the "Den," when a volley killed and wounded one third of them. The enemy called upon them to surrender, but the men took cover and fired at every mark that presented itself, until the brigade moved. The battle-field is not always devoid of amusing incidents. On the right, two men of the Sixth found a horse tied in the ^mood in front of them, which they brought in. A youngster named Dan Cole, to relieve the monotony of picket-firing, mounted the ani- mal and rode down the front of the brigade line, playing "Buck McCandless." He appealed in the most pathetic tones to the boys to remember their "daddies" and "mammies" and "best gal," and never to desert the old flag as long as there was a ration left. He created much amusement until the horse bounced him off and scampered over to the rebels, when the cheers and shouts of both lines caused us to forget for the moment we were enemies. The tumult of a conflict on our extreme right was heard from early dawn until near noon, occasioned by the Union troops re- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 107 gaining their lost ground of the evening- before. This was fol- lowed by a stillness over the whole field — the ominous calm that presages a deadly storm^ — when at one o'clock the signal guns of the enemy fired, and then opened that grand cannonade in Avhich two hundred and twenty -one guns* hurled their missiles through the air. The enemy's front for two miles was soon covered with smoke, through which the flashes Avere incessant, whilst the air seemed filled with bursting shells and their whirling fragments. The Union line blazed like a volcano, and the tiiunder of the guns seemed like one prolonged sound. Suddenly the fire on both sides ceased, and then Pickett's charge was made. From the position we occupied, in advance of our line of battle, we had a full view as they swept by of this the most grand and thrilling sight the eye of man could rest on. That magnificent mass of living valoi', so full of hope and resolution, so soon to be swept back, crushed, torn and bleeding, awakened in us mingled feel- ings of admiration and apprehension, for it seemed like an irre- sistible avalanche. Those gallant lines never faltered, but, lost to view in the smoke of infantry, they melted away, and the glad earth drank their blood. Disorganized stragglers and fragments could only be seen coming back, and they followed by a relentless fire. During this time firing ceased in our front, all eyes awaiting the result that was to decide the fate of the battle. In spite of the watchfulness of the ofiicers, men from every regiment slipped away and soon formed a line of sharp-shooters upon the flank of the charging column. Officers were sent to drive them back, but the boys resorted to ingenious artifices to avoid or deceive them, some throwing themselves upon the ground and imitating the agonies of death. Several of them were wounded, and at least one killed, but they inflicted considerable loss upon the enemy, whom they shot down as they marched so gallantly on or rushed back in flight. The defeat of Pickett was followed by a breathless lull, soon to be broken by a revengeful fire from the battery and sharp-shooters in our front. Major-General Meade, together with Generals Sykes, Warren, Sedgwick, Pleasonton and Crawford, soon gathered on the summit of Little Round Top, and the general-in-chief, becom- ing impatient at this fire, ordered General Crawford to clean out the woods in his front. Crawford rode to the stone wall and gave the necessary orders. During the night a section of a battery * One hundred and fifty Confedei'ate and seventy-one Union guns. Gen- eral H. J. Hunt's article in the Century Magazine, January, 1887, p. 452. 108 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. had been posted near the cross-road in the interval between the Trestle's and Rose's woods on the west side of the wheat-field, four hundred and fifty yards in our immediate front. Throug-h the day our sharp-shooters had severely left it alone, as we did not wish to provoke an unequal contest, and it only occasionally fired at us. This battery it was necessary to silence ; McCandless' brigade leaped over the stone wall and deliberately dressed their lines. The battery opened upon them vigorously, when they lay down. Soon the gunners, becoming tired of firing at the air, ceased. Then the brig-ade rose to its feet and slowly moved to the left some twenty paces. Again the guns opened and we laid ourselves quietly down. This operation of see-sawing- to the right and left was continued, successfully drawing the harmless fire of the guns, while the Sixth Reserve crept up through Trostle's woods to attempt its capture. But the enemy discovered the movement, and, hastily limbering up, fled, the Sixth opening fire to give them a good start. Their infantry support, after a brisk skirmish, was also driven in. Upon hearing and seeing the muskets of the Sixth, McCandless marched the balance of his brigade by the right flank, and filing left, formed line of battle, and deploying skirmishers to the front, right and left, charged diagonally over the wheat field to the southwest, receiving the enemy's fire from three sides. Striking near the south end of Rose's woods, they half-wheeled to the right, opened fire, and charged up and through it to the crest, striking and piercing their line, the enemy, after a sharp resistance, breaking mostly towards the peach-orchard. The ground was strewed with the dead of De Trobriand's command. McCandless, learning the left flank of the Bucktails, which held the left of the line, was being attacked, changed the direction of that regiment by the left flank to the rear, which movement brought its front facing the enemy moving upon them from this direction. At the same time, placing the balance of the brigade in columns of regiments in the rear, he charged with his entire force in this new direction. Down through the low land and up through the rising ground and woods went the brigade, they striking the Fif- teenth Georgia Infantry posted behind a temporary breast-work of rails, the Backtails capturing their flag and many prisoners, scattering the remainder in flight. The Reserves never liked charging in column of regiments, and in this case, as in every similar one, the rear regiments, without orders, pushed to the front, which soon changed into that of bri- gade line of battle. The right being thus extended, the whole line swept upon their flank, doubling up and throwing one regi- Pennsylvania at Gettyshunj. 109 ment upou another, creating utter confusion and demoralization. They fled across a ravine at the corner of a woods and near Slyder's stone house. Here we discovered a brigade drawn up across our front about three hundred yards distant. Our impetuous charge had expended itself, and the men as they came up were quickly got into line, and they were gathering fast, but before forty men were in line, to our surprise, we distinctly heard the orders pass down the line of "Left face, march!" The rear of their line, their front facing westward, had not moved twenty paces before they broke, by order, into a "double-quick," carrying their banners at a trail. Had this brigade resolutely charged, they would have driven the head of our long, scattered column back for some distance, until we could have got ourselves in shape to properly resist them, but such was our sudden appearance, and at such disadvantage to them, that they naturally became de- moralized and supposed we were in much heavier force than we really were. The Comte de Paris gives an account of the "piking out" of this brigade, which he says was Kershaw's, that we cannot re- frain from adding it, gravely surmising, however, it was the ingenious invention of some brilliant Confederate writer who conceived the idea of turning their somewhat laudable exit into a dexterous military manoeuver. "Kershaw finds himself iso- lated in his turn, and believing himself already surrounded, in order to escape from the enemy resorts to a manoeuver Avhich we mention on account of, as the count naively says, " 'its singular- ity.' He sends the color-bearers of his regiments to plant their flags a few hundred yards in the right-rear, across the tributary of Plum Run, subsequently ordering his soldiers to break ranks and reform in this new position." So sudden was the charge that we killed and captured their butchers while engaged in skinning beeves, and also a fatigue party, who Avere burying tlieir dead. We recaptured the greater laart of the battle-field lost by Sickles, with its thousands of dead and wounded, captured the colors of the Fifteenth Georgia, which are Jiow in the Adjutant-General's office at Washington, and over two hundred prisoners, amoug them a lieutenant-colonel of a Georgia regiment, and captured and re- covered three thousand two hundred and fifty-eight muskets, one brass twelve-pounder, and three caissons. With this charge ended the battle of Gettysburg. The movements of both days were made under the personal direction and supervision of General Crawford. The distance charged over the wheat-field was seven hundred and fifty yards, from that point towards Slyder's house six hun- 110 Pennsylvcmia at Gettysburg. dred and sixty-six yards — fourteen hundred and fifteen yards in all. Taking- them, as we did in a measure, by surprise, and on the flank, their rout was no disg-raee to them, nor was their mili- tary honor tarnished. Such occurrences are not unknown in war. Those landless resolutes who had g-allantly performed their part on many hard-fought fields, and who subsequently proved their devotion to the end, cannot be judged as wanting in spirit or courage. Soon after we halted, Captain Coates came with orders from Gen- eral Crawford for us to proceed no farther, and at this point we were rejoined by the Sixth Reserve. After dark we retraced our steps to the southwestern edge of Rose's woods and bivouacked on the ground where we first encountered the enemy and pierced their line. Here we buried our dead, some seven or eight in number, our wounded having been removed on stretchers follow- ing the charge. Some distance in our front was Rose's spring- house, in which lay dead a Confederate officer and two men. From this stream we refilled our canteens, and our pickets, being con- cealed near it, captured a number of prisoners, who came there for the same purpose. All night long the ambulances and stretcher- men Avere collecting the wounded, who had lain there from the afternoon of the 2d. During the night a supply of ammunition was received, Colonel McCandless carrying it on his horse, one hundred and four thousand eight hundred and twenty rounds hav- ing been issued to the division during this battle, and at 2 o'clock the next morning, the 4th, we moved down the eastern side of the woods along the wheat-field to near its northern border, where we entered the woods, and, moving through it, lay down on its west- ern edge fronting the peach-orchard, with our right resting near the cross-road. Soon after daylight, the enemy's pickets called to us to come and get our Avounded who lay between the two lines. Volunteers went out for that purpose, but, being fired upon, returned. Several round-shots were fired from a distant battery, but they ricochetted harmlessly over the field. The fire was re- turned by such of the boys who felt inclined to do so ; a skirmish- line was sent out to develop their position, but the whole affair was spiritless, and after 10 o'clock we saw no more of them on that field. These were the last shots fired at Gettysburg. There Avas an abandoned gun and caisson of a Union battery near Trostle's Avoods. During the morning of the 3d the Con- federates attached a long rope to the gun and tried to pull it over the hill near Trostle's barn-yard, but one of the Sixth, whc was out hunting " grub " from the rebels' haversacks, discovered the Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Ill manoeuvre and, creeping- up, cut the rope, which created quite a surprise to those pulling- on it. Late in the afternoon of that day, when the Sixth attempted the capture of the enemy's battery. Company "I" was sent to the extreme right to cover the house and barn, and when they returned they brought them into our lines. Company K, First Reserves, was from the town and neig-hbor- hood of Gettysburg, many of the men fighting within sight of their homes, and some even to drive the invaders from their own fields. The fathers and young-er brothers of some of the boys ac- companied them to Little Round Top, and one went to the stone wall with us. When we advanced across the wheat-field, Brigadier-General Bartlett, at the request of General Crawford, moved a reg-iment to the stone wall, and threw a force to our rig-ht to protect that flank. About noon, being relieved by a brig-ade of regulars, we moved back to the stone wall, passing an artillery horse seated on his haunches with his front-feet on the g-round and head erect, just as he had been killed. Against the wall was resting thousands of muskets picked up off the field. Soon after other troops came to the wall, and we moved back to Little Round Top, where rations were distributed, and where we remained until the after- noon of the next day, the 5th ; the rain, which commenced about noon of the day before, still continuing. Then we started on our fifth tramp up and down through Yirginia. ITINERARY OF THE UNION FORCES IN THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN. JUNE 5. — The Armj'^ of the Potomac, commanded by Major- General Joseph Hooker, with headquarters near Falmouth, was posted on the north bank of the Rappahannock River, confronting- the Confederate Armj^ of Northern Virginia, under General Robert E. Lee, mainly concentrated about the town of Fredericksburg-, on the south bank of the river. The sev eral commands of the Army of the Potomac were distributed as follows : First Corps (Reynolds') in the vicinity of White Oak Church; Second Corps (Couch's) near Falmouth; Third Corps (Birney's) at Boscobel near Falmouth ; Fifth Corps, (Meade's) in 112 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the vicinity of Banks', United States, and adjacent fords on the Rappahannock ; Sixth Corps (Sedg-wick's) near White Oak Church, with the Second Division (Howe's) thrown forward to Frankhn's Crossing- of the Rappahannock, a httle below Fredericksburg-, near the mouth of Deep Run ; Eleventh Corps (Howard's) near Brooke's Station, on the Aquia Creek railroad; and the Twelfth Corps (Slocum's) near Stafford Court House and Aquia Landing. The Cavalry Corps (Pleasonton's, with headquarters at Manassas Junction) had two divisions (Dufhe's and Gregg-'s) and the Cav. airy Reserve Brigade, all under Buford, in the vicinity of War- renton Junction, and one division (B. F. Davis') in the neighbor- hood of Brooke's Station. The Artillery Reserve (R. O. Tyler's) was near Falmouth. June 6. — Howe's (Second) Division, Sixth Army Corps, crossed the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing-, and, after a skirmish, occupied the enemy's rifle-pits. Wright's (First) and Newton's (Third) Divisions of the same corps moved to the same point from White Oak Church, taking position on the north bank of the river. June 7.- — Wright's (First) Division, Sixth Corps, was sent across the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing-, relieving Howe's (Sec- ond) Division, which returned to the north side. June 8. — The Cavalry Corps (Pleasonton's), consisting- of Bu- ford's (First), D. McM. Gregg's (Third) and Duffle's (Second) Divisions, and the Regular Reserve Brigade, supported by de- tachments of infantry, under Generals Adelbert Ames and David k.. Russell, moved to Kelly's and Beverly Fords preparatory to crossing the Rappahannock on a reconnoissance toward Culpeper. June 9. — Newton's (Third) Division, Sixth Corps, relieved Wright's (First) Division on the south bank of the Rappahannock at Franklin's Crossing. The cavalry corps, supported by Gec- erals Ames' and Russell's infantry, crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's and Beverly Fords, fought the enemy at or near Beverly Ford, Brandy Station, and Stevensburg, and recrossed the river at Rappahannock Station and Beverly Ford. June 10. — The Cavalry Corps took position in the neighborhood of Warrenton Junction. Its infantry supports in the reconnois sance of the day previous rejoined their respective commands. Howe's (Second) Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Franklin's Crossing to Aquia Creek. June 11. — The Third Corps marched from Boscobel, near Fal- mouth, to Hartwood Church. June 1^-. — The First Corps marched from Fitzhugh's plantation Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 113 and White Oak Church to Deep Run ; the Third Corps from Hart- wood Church to Bealeton, with Humphreys' (Third) Division, ad- vanced to the Rappahannock ; the Eleventh Corps from the vicin- ity of Brooke's Station to Hartwood Church; and Headquarters Cavahy Corps from Manassas Junction to Warrenton Junction. The advance of the Confederate Army skirmished with the Union troops at Newtown, Cedarville and Middletown, in the Shenan- doah Valley. June 13. — The First Corps marched from Deep Eun to Bealeton; the Fifth Corps from the vicinity of Banks' Ford, via Grove Church, toward Morrisville ; Wright's (First) and Newton's (Third) divisions. Sixth Corps, from Franklin's Crossing to Potomac Creek; the Eleventh Corps, from Hartwood Church to Catlett's Station ; the Twelfth Corps from near Stafford Court House and Aquia Creek Landing en route to Dumfries; Wyndham's Brigade of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Warrenton Junction to War- renton ; and the Artillery Reserve from near Falmouth to Stafford Court House. McReynolds' (Third) Brigade, of Milroy 's Division, Eighth Army Corps, marched from Berryville to Winchester. Combats : Skirmishes at White Post, Berrj'-ville, Opequon Creek, and at Bunker Hill, and engagement (first day) at Win- chester, Va. June ill.. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from near Falmouth to Dumfries ; the First and Third Corps marched from Bealeton to Manassas Junction ; the Fifth Corps arrived at Mor- risville and marched thence, via Bristersburg, to Catlett's Station ; Wright's (First) and Newton's (Third) divisions. Sixth Corps, moved from Potomac Creek to Stafford Court House ; the Eleventh Corps from Catlett's Station to Manassas Junction, and thence toward Centreville; the Twelfth Corps reached Dumfries; and the Artillery Reserve moved from Stafford Court House to Wolf Run Shoals. Daniel Tyler's command, of the Eighth Army Corps, fell back from Martinsburg to Maryland Heights. Combats : Skirmishes at Martinsburg and Berryville, and en- gagement (second day) at Winchester, Va. June 15. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Dumfries to Fairfax Station ; the Second Corps (Hancock's*) moved from Falmouth to near Aquia ; the Fifth Corps from Cat- lett's Station, via Bristoe Station, to Manassas Junction; the Sixth Corps from Aquia Creek and Stafford Court House to Dum- ^" General Hancock assumed command of the Second Corps June 9, 1863, succeeding General Couch, who was assigned to the command of the De- partment of the Susquehanna. 8 114 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. fries; the Twelfth Corps from Dumfries to Fairfax Court House; the Cavalry Corps * (except Wyndham's Brigade, which marched from Warrenton to Manassas Junction, and thence on the 16th to Union Mills) from Warrenton Junction to Union Mills and Bris- toe Station; the Artillery Reserve from Wolf Run Shoals to Fair- fax Court House ; and the Eleventh Corps arrived at Centreville. Milroy's (Second) Division of the Eighth Army Corps, evacuated Winchester, and fell back to Maryland Heights and Hancock, Md. Combats: Skirmish near Williamsport, Md., and engagement (third day) at Winchester, Va. June 16 — The Second Corps marched from near Aquia, via Dumfries, to Wolf Run Shoals, on the Occoquan ; the Sixth Corps from Dumfries to Fairfax Station ; and the Cavalry Corps from Union Mills and Bristoe Station to Manassas Junction and Bull Run. June 17. — The First Corps marched from Manassas Junction to Herndon Station ; the Second Corps from Wolf Run Shoals to Sangster's Station ; the Third Corps from Manassas Junction to Centreville; the Fifth Corps from Manassas Junction to Gum Springs ; the Eleventh Corps from Centreville to Cow-Horn Ford, or Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek ; and the Twelfth Corps from Fairfax Court House to near Dranesville. The Cavalry Corps moved from Manassas Junction and Bull Run to Aldie. Combats: Action at Aldie, Va., and skirmishes at Catoctin Creek and Point of Rocks, Md., and at Thoroughfare Gap and Middleburg, Va. June 18. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Fairfax Station to Fairfax Court House ; the Sixth Corps from Fairfax Station to Germantown; and the Twelfth Corps from near Dranesville to Leesburg. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade advanced from Aldie to Middleburg, and returned to a point midway be- tween the two places. Combats : Skirmishes at Middleburg and Aldie, Va. June 19. — The First Corps marched from Herndon Station to Guilford Station; the Third Corps from Centreville to Gum Springs; and the Fifth Corps from Gum Springs to Aldie. Gregg's Cavalry Division, except Mcintosh's (late Wyndham's) Brigade, advanced to Middleburg. Mcintosh's Brigade moved from Aldie to Hay Market. Combats : Action at Middleburg, Va. June 20. — The Second Corps moved from Sangster's Station to *By orders of June 13, 1863, this corps was reduced from three to two di- visions, commanded by Brig. Gens. John Buford and D. McM. Gregg. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 115 Centreville, and thence toward Thoroughfare Gap ; the Second Dmsion (Howe's), Sixth Corps, from Germantown to Bristoe Station. Combats: Skirmish at Middletown, Md. June '21. — The Second Corps arrived at Gainesville and Thor- oughfare Gap. The Cavalry Corps (except Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Division), supported by Barnes' (First) Division, Fifth Corps, marched from Aldie and Middleburg to Upperville. Mc- intosh's Cavalry Brigade marched from Hay Market to Aldie, and thence to Upperville. Stahel's Division of Cavalry, from the De- fenses of Washington, moved from Fairfax Court House, via Cen- treville and Gainesville, to Buckland Mills. Combats: Skirmishes at Gainesville, Thoroughfare Gap, and Hay Market, Va., Frederick, Md., and engagement at Upper- ville, Va. June 22. — The Cavahy Corps and Barnes' (First) Division, of the Fifth Corps, returned from Upperville to Aldie. Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Buckland Mills, via New Baltimore, to Warren ton. Combats : Skirmishes near Dover and Aldie, Va., and at Green- castle, Pa. June 23. — Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Warrenton, via Gainesville, to Fairfax Court House. June 2I4.. — Newton's (Third) Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Germantown to Centreville, and the Eleventh Corps from Cow- Horn Ford, or Trappe Rock, on Goose Creek, to the south bank of the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. Stahel's Cavalry Division moved from Fairfax Court House to near Dranesville. Combats: Skirmish at Sharpsburg, Md. June 25. — The First Corps marched from Guilford Station, Va., to Barnesville, Md. ; the Third Corps from Gum Springs, Va., to the north side of the Potomac at Edwards Ferry and the mouth of the Monocacy ; the Eleventh Corps from Edwards Ferry, Va., to Jefferson, Md. ; and the Artillery Reserve from Fairfax Court House, Va., to near Poolesville, Md. These commands crossed the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. The Second Corps marched from Thoroughfare Gap and Gainesville to Gum Springs. Howe's (Second) Division, Sixth Corps, moved from Bristoe Station to Centreville ; Crawford's Division (two brigades) of Pennsylvania Reserves, from the Defenses of Washington, marched from Fair- fax Station and Upton's Hill to Vienna. Stannard's Vermont Brigade, from the Defenses of Washington, left the mouth of the Occoquan en route to join the Army of the Potomac. Stahel's 116 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Cavalry Division moved from near Dranesville, Va., via Yomig-'s Island Ford, on the Potomac, en route to Frederick, Md. Combats: Skirmishes at Thoroughfare Gap and Hay Market, Va., and near McConnellsburg, Pa. June 26. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Fairfax Court House, Va., via Dranesville and Edwards Ferry, to Poolesville, Md. ; the First Corps from Barnesville to Jefferson, Md. ; the Second Corps from Gum Springs, Va., to the north side of the Potomac at Edwards Ferry; the Third Corps from the mouth of the Monocacy to Point of Rocks, Md. ; the Fifth Corps from Aldie, Va., via Carter's Mills, Leesburg and Edwards Ferry, to within four miles of the mouth of the Monocacy, Md. ; the Sixth Corps from Germantown and Centreville to Dranesville, Va. ; the Eleventh Corps from Jefferson to Middletown, Md. ; the Twelfth Corps from Leesburg, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to the mouth of the Monocacy, Md. ; and the Cavalry Corps (Buford's and Gregg's Division) from Aldie to Leesburg, Va. Stahel's Cavalry Division was en route between the Potomac and Fred- erick, Md. Crawford's Pennsylyania Reserves moved from Vienna to Goose Creek, Va. Combats : Skirmish near Gettysburg, Pa. June ,?7.— Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Poolesville to Frederick, Md. ; the First Corps from Jefferson to Middletown, Md. ; the Second Corps from near Edwards Ferry, via Poolesville to Barnesville, Md. ; the Third Corps from Point of Rocks via Jefferson, to Middletown, Md.; the Fifth Corps from a point between Edwards Ferry and the mouth of the Monocacy to Ballinger's Creek, near Frederick, Md. ; the Sixth Corps from Dranesville, Va., via Edwards Ferry, to near Poolesville, Md. ; the Twelfth Corps from near the mouth of the Monocacy, via Point of Rocks to Knoxville, Md. ; Buford's Cavalry Division from Lees- burg, Va., via Edwards Ferry to near Jefferson, Md.; Gregg's Cavalry Division from Leesburg, Va., via Edwards Ferry toward Frederick, Md. ; and the Artillery Reserve from Poolesville to Frederick, Md. Stahel's Cavalry Division reached Frederick, Md. Crawford's Pennsylvania Reserves moved from Goose Creek, Va.,' via Edwards Ferry, to the mouth of the Monocacy, Md. Combats : Skirmish near Fairfax Court House, Va. June 28. — The First Corps marched from Middletown to Fred- erick ; the Second Corps from Barnesville to Monocacy Junction ; the Third Corps* from Middletown to near Woodsborough ; the *Major-General D. E. Sickles resumed command of the Third Corps, re- lieving Major-General D. B. Birney, whohad been temporarily in command. Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. 117 Sixth Corps from near Poolesville to Hyattstown ; the Eleventh Corps from Middletown to near Frederick, and the Twelfth Corps from Knoxville to Frederick. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from near Jefferson to Middletown; Greg-g-'s Cavalry Division reached Frederick and marched thence to New Market and Ridge- ville. Crawford's Pennsylvania Reserves marched from the mouth of the Monocacy and joined the Fifth Corps* at Balling-er's Creek. Stahel's Cavalry Division was assigned to the Cavalry Corps, as the Third Division, under Brig-adier-General Judson Kilpatrick, with Brig-adier-General Elon J. Famsworth commanding- the First Brigade and Brigadier-General Georg-e A. Custer commanding- the Second Brigade. Combats : Skirmishes between Offutt's Cross-Roads and Seneca, and near Rockville, Md., and at Fountain Dale, Wrig-htsville, and near Oyster Point, Pa. June 29. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Frederick to Middleburg- ; the First and Eleventh Corps from Frederick to Emmitsburg-; the Second Corps from Monocacy Junction via Liberty and Johnsville, to Uniontown ; the Third Corps from near Woodsborough to Taneytown; the Fifth Corps from Ballinger's Creek, via Frederick and Mount Pleasant, to Liberty ; the Sixth Corps from Hyattstown, via New Market and Ridgeville, to New Windsor ; the Twelfth Corps from Frederick to Taneytown and Bruceville; Gamble's (First) and Devin's (Second) Brig-ades, of Buford's (First) Cavalry Division, from Middletown, via Boonsborough, Cavetown and Monterey Spring-s, to near Fairfield ; Merritt's Reserve Cavalry Brigade, of the same division, from Middletown to Mechanicstown ; Gregg's (Second) Cavalry Division from New Market and Ridg-eville to New Wind- sor; Kilpatrick's (Third) Cavalry Division from Frederick to Littlestown, and the Artillerj'' Reserve from Frederick to Bruce- ville Combats : Skirmishes at Muddy Branch and Westminster, Md., and at McConnellsburg and near Oyster Point, Pa. June 30. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Middleburg to Taneytown ; the First Corps from Emmitsburg- to Marsh Run; the Third Corps from Taneytown to Bridgeport; the Fifth Corps from Liberty, via Johnsville, Union Bridg-e and Union, to Union Mills ; the Sixth Corps from New Windsor to Manchester; the Twelfth Corps from Taneytown and Bruce- *Major-General George G. Meade relinquished command of the Fifth Corps to Major-General George Sykes, and assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, relieving Major-General Joseph Hooker. 118 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ville to Littlestown ; Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, from near Fairfield, via Emmitsburg-, to Gettys- burg ; Gregg's Cavalry Division from New Windsor to Westmin- ster, and thence to Manchester; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Littlestown to Hanover, and the Artillery Reserve from Bruceville to Taneytown; Kenly's and Morris' Brigades, of French's Division, left Maryland Heights for Frederick, and El- liott's and Smith's Brigades, of the same division, moved from the Heights, by way of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, for Wash- ington. Combats : Action at Hanover, Pa., and skirmishes at Westmin- ster, Md., and at Fairfield and Sporting Hill, near Harrisburg, Pa. July 1. — The First Corps moved from Marsh Run and the Elev- enth Corps from Emmitsburg to Gettysburg; the Second Corps from Uniontown, via Taneytown, to near Gettysburg; the Third Corps from Bridgeport, via Emmitsburg, to the field of Gettys- burg ; the Fifth Corps from Union Mills, via Hanover and McSherrytown, to Bonaughtown; the Sixth Corps from Man- chester en route to Gettysburg, and the Twelfth Corps from Lit. tlestown, via Two Taverns, to the field of Gettysburg. Gregg's Cavalry Division marched from Manchester to Hanover Junction, whence Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades proceeded to Han- over, while Huey's Brigade returned to Manchester. Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division moved from Hanover, via Abbottsville, to Ber- lin, and the Artillery Reserve (Ransom's and Fitzhugh's Brigades) from Taneytown to near Gettysburg. Stannard's Vermont Bri- gade from the Defenses of Washington, joined the First Corps on the field of Gettysburg. W. F. Smith's (First) Division of the Department of the Susquehanna, marched from the vicinity of Harrisburg to Carlisle. Kenly's and Morris' Brigades of French's Division reached Frederick. Combats: Battle of Gettysburg (first day), and skirmish at Carlisle, Pa. July 2, — The Second, Fifth and Sixth Corps, Lockwood's Bri- gade, from the Middle Department, Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division, and the Artillery Reserve reached the field of Gettysburg. Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cav- alry Division, marched from Gettysburg to Taneytown, and Mer- ritt's Reserve Brigade from Mechanicstown to Emmitsburg. Combats : Battle of Gettysburg (second day), and skirmishes at Hunterstown and near Chambersburg, Pa. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 119 July 3. — Gamble's aud Devin's Brig-ades, of Buford's Cavalry- Division, moved from Taneytown to Westminster; Merritt's Re- serve Brigade from Emmitsburg- to the field of Gettysburg, and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg-'s Cavalry Division, from Manchester to Westminster. Combats : Battle of Gettysburg (third day), and action at Fair- field, Pa. July Jf.. — Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, marched from Westminster, and Merritt's Reserve Bri- gade from Gettysburg, en route to Frederick ; Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Westminster, via Emmitsburg, to Monterey; J. I. Gregg"'s Cavalry Brigade from Gettysburg to Hunterstown, and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Gettysburg, via Emmitsburg, to Monterey. Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Carlisle, via Mount Holly, to Pine Grove, and the remainder of Couch's troops from the vicinity of Harris- burg toward Shippensburg and Chambersburg. Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, arrived at Washington from Maryland Heights, and moved to Tennallytown. Morris* Brigade, of French's Division, marched from Frederick to Tur- ner's Gap, in South Mountain. Combats : Action at Monterey Gap, Pa., and skirmishes at Fair- field Gap, Pa., and near Emmitsburg, Md. July 5. — Leaving Gettysburg, the Second Corps marched to Two Taverns ; the Fifth Corps to Marsh Bun ; the Sixth Corps to Fairfield; the Eleventh Corps to Rock Creek; the Twelfth Corps to Littlestown; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division to Emmitsburg, and the Artillery Reserve to Littles- town. Buford's Cavalry Division reached Frederick. J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade moved from Hunterstown to Greenwood. Kil- patrick's Cavalry Division and Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cav- alry Division, marched from Monterey, via Smithsburg, to Boons- borough. Combats: Skirmishes at or near Smithsburg, Md., and Green Oak, Mercersburg, Fairfield, Greencastle, Cunningham's Cross Roads, and Stevens' Furnace (or Caledonia Iron Works), Pa. July 6. — The First Corps marched from Gettysburg to Emmits- burg; the Fifth Corps from Marsh Run to Moritz's Cross Roads; the Sixth Corps from Fairfield to Emmitsburg, except Neill's (Third) Brigade, of Howe's (Second) Division, which, in conjunc- tion with Mcintosh's Brigade of Cavalry, was left at Fairfield to pursue the enemy; the Eleventh Corps from Rock Creek to Em- mitsburg ; Buford's Cavalry Division from Frederick to Williams- 120 Pennsylvania' at Gettysburg. port and thence back to Jones' Cross Beads ; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division and Huey's Brigade, of Greg-g-'s Cavalry Division, from Boonsborough, via Hagerstown * and Williamsport, to Jones' Cross Boads; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Emmitsburg to Fairfield; and J. I. Gregg's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Greenwood to Marion ; Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Pine Grove to Newman's Pass ; Kenly's Brigade, of French's Division, marched from Frederick en route to Maryland Heights ; Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, left Tenuallytown, via Washington and the Bal- timore and Ohio railroad, en route to Frederick. Combats : Actions at Hagerstown and Williamsport, Md. July 7. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Gettys- burg to Frederick; the First Corps from Emmitsburg to Ham- burg; the Second Corps from Two Taverns to Taneytown; the Third Corps from Gettysburg, via Emmitsburg, to Mechanics- town; the Fifth Corps from Moritz's Cross Boads, via Emmits- burg, to Utica; the Sixth Corps from Emmitsburg to Mountain Pass, near Hamburg; the Eleventh Corps from Emmitsburg to Middletown ; the Twelfth Corps from Littlestown to Walkersvile ; and the Artillery Beserve from Littlestown to Woodsborough ; Buford's and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Divisions a.nd Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Jones' Cross Boads to Boonsborough ; J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade was moving en route from Chambersburg to Middletown ; Mcintosh's Brigade of Cav- alry and Neill's Brigade of the Sixth Corps, moved from Fair- field to Waynesborough ; Smith's Division, of Couch's command, marched from Newman's Pass to Altodale; Kenly's Brigade, of French's Division, with other troops forwarded by Schenck from Baltimore, reoccupied Maryland Heights; Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, reached Frederick from Washing- ton. Combats: Skirmishes at Downsville and Funkstown, Md., and at Harper's Ferry, W. Va. July 8. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Fred- erick to Middletown ; the First Corps from Hamburg to Turner's Gap, in South Mountain; the Second Corps from Taneytown to Frederick ; the Third Corps from Mechanicstown to a point three miles southwest of Frederick ; the Fifth Corps from Utica to Mid- dletown; the Sixth Corps from near Hamburg to Middletown; the Eleventh Corps from Middletown to Turner's Gap, in South * Richmond's Brigade of Kilpatrick's Division, remained at Hagerstown, whence it retired toward Boonsborough. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 121 Mountain, Schurz's (Third) Division being- advanced to Boons- boroug-h ; the Twelfth Corps from Walkersville to Jefferson ; and the Artillery Reserve from Woodsborough to Frederick; J. I. Gregg-'s Cavalry Brigade was moving e7i routeirora Chambersburg toMiddletown; Smith's Division, of Couch's command, moved from Altodale to Waynesborough ; Campbell's and Mulligan's Brigades, of Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, were concen- trated at Hancock, whence they moved to Fairview, on North Mountain. Combats : Action at Boonsborough and skirmish near Williams- port, Md. July 9. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Mid- dletown to Turner's Gap; the Second Corps from Frederick to Bohrersville ; the Third Corps from near Frederick to Fox's Gap, in South Mountain; the Fifth Corps from Middletown, via Fox's Gap, to near Boonsborough ; the Sixth Corps from Middletown to Boonsborough; the Twelfth Corps from Jefferson to Bohrers- ville ; and the Artillery Reserve from Frederick to Boonsborough ; J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade reached Middletown from Cham- bersburg; Elliott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, marched from Frederick to Middletown. Combats : Skirmish at Benevola (or Beaver Creek), Md. July 10. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Turn- er's Gap to Beaver Creek, beyond Boonsborough ; the First Corps from Turner's Gap to Beaver Creek, where it was joined by Ken- ly's Brigade, of French's Division, from Maryland Heights ; the Second Corps from Bohrersville to near Tilghmanton ; the Third Corps from Fox's Gap, through Boonsborough, to Antietam Creek, in the vicinity of Jones' Cross Boads, where it was joined by El- liott's and Smith's Brigades, of French's Division, which marched from Middletown, and Morris' Brigade, of the same Division, which marched from Turner's Gap ; the Fifth Corps from near Boonsbor- ough to Delaware Mills, on Antietam Creek ; the Sixth Corps from Boonsborough to Beaver Creek ; the Eleventh Corps from Turner's Gap to Beaver Creek ; and the Twelfth Corps from Bohrersville to Bakersville ; Buford's and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Divisions moved from Boonsborough to Funkstown ; Huey's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Boonsborough to Jones' Cross Boads, and Mcintosh's Cavalry Brigade from Waynesborough via Smiths- burg and Leitersburg, to Old Antietam Forge, and back to Waynes- borough. Combats : Skirmishes at or near Old Antietam Forge (near Lei- tersburg), Clear Spring, Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Boads (near Williamsport), and Funkstown, Md. 122 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. July 11. — The Second Corps moved from near Tilghmanton to the neighborhood of Jones' Cross Roads ; the Twelfth Corps from Bakersville to Fair Play and Jones' Cross Roads ; Gamble's and Devin's Brigades, of Buford's Cavalry Division, from Funkstown to Bakersville; J. I. Gregg's Cavalry Brigade from Middletown to Boonsborough ; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Funkstown to near Hagerstown ; the Artillery Reserve from Boonsborough to Benevola; Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, and Smith's Division, of Couch's command, from Waynesborough to Leiters- burg. Combats : Skirmishes at or near Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads (near Williamsport) and Funkstown, Md. July I'B. — The First, Sixth and Eleventh Corps moved from Beaver Creek to Funkstown ; Mcintosh's Cavalry Brigade from Waynesborough, via Leitersburg, to Boonsborough ; Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division and Ames' (First) Division, Eleventh Corps, oc- cupied Hagerstovm ; Neill's Brigade, of the Sixth Corps, moved from Leitersburg to Funkstown, where it rejoined its corps; Smith's Division (except one brigade, left at Waynesborough) from Leitersburg to Cavetown; Dana's (Second) Division, of Couch's command, from Chambersburg to Greencasfcle; and Averell's Cavalry Brigade, Department of West Virginia, from Cumberland en route to Fairview. Combats : Skirmishes at or near Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads (near Williamsport) and Funkstown, Md., and Ashby's Gap, Ya. July 13. — The Sixth Corps moved from Funkstown to the vicinity of Hagerstown; the Artillery Reserve from Benevola to Jones' Cross Roads, two brigades remaining at the latter place and the others returning to Benevola; Smith's Division, of Couch's command, from Waynesborough and Cavetown to Hag- erstown and Beaver Creek. Averell's Cavalry Brigade joined Kelley's infantry at Fairview. Combats : Skirmishes at Hagerstown, Jones' Cross Roads and Funkstown, Md. July 14- — The First Corps marched from Funkstown to Wil- liamsport ; the Second Corps from near Jones' Cross Roads to near Falling Waters ; the Third Corps from Antietam Creek, near Jones' Cross Roads, across Marsh Creek ; the Fifth Corps from the vicinity of Roxbury Mills, on Antietam Creek, to near Williamsport ; the Sixth Corps from the neighborhood of Hag- erstown to Williamsport ; the Eleventh Corps from Funkstown, via Hagerstown to Williamsport ; and Williams' (First) Division Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 123 of the Twelfth Corps from Jones' Cross Roads to near Falling Waters, and thence to near Williamsport. Buford's Cavalry Di- vision moved from Bakersville to Falling- Waters; Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg-'s Brigades of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division from Boonsborough to Harper's Ferry ; Huey's Brigade of same division, from Jones' Cross Roads, via Williamsport to Falling Waters ; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Hagerstown, via Williamsport to Falling Waters. Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, marched from Fairview to Williamsport. Combats : Action at Falling Waters, Md., and skirmishes near Williamsport, Md., and Harper's Ferry, W. Va. July 15. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Beaver Creek to Berlin ; the First Corps from Williamsport to Rohrersville ; the Second Corps from near Falling Waters to near Sandy Hook ; the Third Corps from Marsh Creek to near Burn- side's Bridge, on the Antietam ; the Fifth Corps from near Wil- liamsport to Burkittsville ; the Sixth Corps from Williamsport to Boonsborough ; the Eleventh Corps from Williamsport, via Hag- erstown to Middletown ; and the Twelfth Corps from Fair Play and near Williamsport to Sandy Hook. Two Brigades of the Artillery Reserve moved from Jones' Cross Roads, and joining the remainder of the reserve at Benevola, the whole command marched thence, via Middletown to Berlin. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Falling Waters to Berlin ; Mcintosh's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Harper's Ferry, via HalltoM^n to Shepherdstown ; Huey's Brigade of same division from Falling Waters to Boonsborough; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Falling Waters, via Wil- liamsport and Hagerstown to Boonsborough. Kelley's command, Department of West Virginia, marched from Williamsport to Indian Springs. Combats : Skirmishes at Halltown and Shepherdstown, W. Va. July 16. — The First Corps marched from Rohrersville to near Berlin ; the Third Corps from Burnside's Bridge to Pleasant Val- ley, near Sandy Hook ; the Ffth Corps from Burkittsville, via Petersville to near Berlin ; the Sixth Corps from Boonsborough to near Berlin ; the Eleventh Corps from Middletown, via Jeffer- son to Berlin ; and the Twelfth Corps from Sandy Hook to Pleas- ant Valley. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Berlin to Petersville; Huey's Brigade of Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Boonsborough, via Harper's Ferry to Shepherdstown ; and Kilpat- rick's Division from Boonsborough to Berlin, whence De Forest's (First) Brigade proceeded to Harper's Ferry. 124 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, Combats : Action at Shepherdstown and skirmish at Shanghai, W. Va. July 17. — The Third Corps moved from near Sandy Hook, crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and proceeded to a point three miles south of the Ferry ; the Fifth Corps moved from near Berhn to Lovettsville, crossing- the Potomac at Berlin. Gregg's Cavalry Division marched from Shepherdstown to Harper's Ferry, Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Berlin and Harper's Ferry to Purcellville ; Custer's Brigade crossing the Potomac at Berlin and De Forest's Brigade the Shenandoah at Harper's Ferry. Kelley's command, Department of West Virginia, moved from Indian Springs, Md., to Hedgesville, W. Va., crossing the Potomac at Cherry Bun. Combats : Skirmishes near North Mountain Station, W. Va., and near Snicker's Gap, Va. July 18. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Ber- lin, Md., to Lovettsville, Va. ; the First Corps from near Berlin to Waterford, crossing the Potomac at Berlin ; the Second Corps from near Sandy Hook to Hillsborough, crossing the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers at Harper's Ferry ; the Third Corps from near Harper's Ferry to Hillsborough ; the Fifth Corps from Lov- ettsville to near Purcellville ; the Artillery Reserve from Berlin to Wheatland ; and Buford's Cavalry Division from Petersville to Purcellville, crossing the Potomac at Berlin. Combats : Skirmishes at and near Hedgesville and Martins- burg, W. Va. July 19. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Lov- ettsville to Wheatland ; the First Corps from Waterford to Ham- ilton ; the Second and Third Corps from Hillsborough to Wood Grove; the Fifth Corps from near Purcellville to a point on the road to Philomont ; the Sixth Corps from near Berlin to Wheat- land, and the Eleventh Corps from Berlin to near Hamilton, both corps crossing the Potomac at Berlin ; the Artillery Reserve from Wheatland to Purcellville ; and the Twelfth Corps from Pleasant Valley to near Hillsborough, crossing the Potomac and Shenan- doah Rivers at Harper's Ferry. Buford's Cavalry Division moved from Purcellville, via Philomont, to near Rector's Cross Roads. Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Harper's Ferry toward Hillsborough and Huey's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades of the same division, from Harper's Ferry to Lovettsville. Kilpatrick's Division of Cavalry marched from Purcellville to Upperville. Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, fell back from Hedgesville to the Maryland side of the Potomac at Cherry Run. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 125 Combats : Skirmishes at and near Hedgesville and Martinsburg, W. Va. July 20. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Wheatland to Union ; the First Corps from Hamilton to Middle- burg-; the Second and Third Corps from Wood Grove, the former going- to Bloomfield and the latter to Upperville ; the Fifth Corps from a point on the Purcellville and Philomont road, via Union, to Panther Skin Creek ; the Sixth Corps from Wheatland to near Beaver Dam; the Eleventh Corps from near Hamilton, via Mt. Gilead, to Mountville ; the Twelfth Corps from near Hillsborough, via Wood Grove, to Snickersville ; and the Artillery Reserve from Purcellville to Union ; Buford's Cavalry Division moved from near Rector's Cross Roads to Rectortowu, Gamble's Brigade going thence to Chester Gap, Devin's Brigade to Salem and Merritt's Brigade to Manassas Gap; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cav- alry Division, reached Hillsborough and marched thence toward Pm'cellville ; Huey's and J. I. Gregg's brigades, of same Division, moved from Lovettsville to Goose Creek. Combats : Skirmishes near Berry's Ferry and at Ashby's Gap, Virginia. July 21. — Huey's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Goose Creek to Bull Run ; Mcin- tosh's Brigade returned to Hillsborough ; Kelley's command, De- partment of West Virginia, recrossed the Potomac from Mary- land into Virginia at Cherry Run. Combats : Skirmishes at Manassas and Chester Gaps, Va. July 22. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Union to Upperville ; the First Corps from Middleburg to White Plains ; the Second Corps from Bloomfield to Paris ; the Third Corps from Upperville, via Piedmont, to Linden ; the Fifth Corps from Panther Skin Creek to Rectortown ; and the Sixth Corps from near Beaver Dam to Rectortown ; Devin's Brigade, of Buford's Cavalry Divi- sion, moved from Salem to Barbee's Cross Roads ; Huey's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, from Bull Run to Broad Run ; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Upperville to Piedmont. Combats: Shirmishes at Manassas and Chester Gaps, Va. July 23. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Up- perville to Linden ; the First Corps from White Plains to Warren, ton; the Second Corps from Paris to Linden; the Third Corps from Linden to Manassas Gap ; the Fifth Corps from Rectortown, via Markham Station, Farrowsville and Linden, to Manassas Gap ; the Sixth Corps from Rectortown to White Plains and Barbee's 126 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Cross Eoads; the Eleventh Crops from Mountville to New Balti- more ; the Twelfth Corps from Snickersville to Ashby's Gap and thence to Markham Station; and the Artillery Reserve from Union to near Eock Creek ; Buf ord's Cavalry Division concentrated at Barbee's Cross Roads ; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Hillsborough to Snickersville; and Kil- patrick's Cavalry Division from Piedmont to Amissville. Combats : Action at Wapping Heights, Manassas Gap, and skir- mishes near Gaines' Cross Roads, Snicker's Gap and Chester Gap, Virginia. July 24. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Lin- den to Salem ; the Second Corps from Linden to Markham Station ; the First Division (Wright's), Sixth Corps, from White Plains to New Baltimore ; the Second Division (Howe's), Sixth Corps, from Barbee's Cross Roads to Markham Station and thence to Orleans ; the Third Division (Bartlett's), Sixth Corps, from Barbee's Cross Roads to Thumb Run; and the Twelfth Corps from Markham Station to Linden, countermarching, via Markham Station to Pied- mont; Huey's and J. I. Gregg's Brigades, of D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved from Broad Run to Warrenton Junction ; Kelley's command. Department of West Virginia, advanced from Cherry Run to Hedgesville. Combats: Skirmish at Battle Mountain, near Newby's Cross Roads, Va. July 25. — Headquarters Army of the Potomac moved from Salem to Warrenton; the First Corps from Warrenton to Warrenton Junction, the Second Division (Robinson's) going on to Bealeton ; the Second Corps from Markham Station to White Plains; the Third Corps from Manassas Gap to near Salem ; the Fifth Corps from Manassas Gap, via Farrowsvill6 and Barbee's Cross Roads to Thumb Run ; the Sixth Corps concentrated at Warrenton, Wright's (First) Division, moving from New Baltimore, Howe's (Second) Division from Orleans, and Bartlett's (Third) Di^dsion from Thumb Run ; the Eleventh Corps moved from New Baltimore to Warrenton Junction ; and the Twelfth Corps from Piedmont, via Rectortown and White Plains, to Thoroughfare Gap ; the Artillery Reserve reached Warrenton ; Kelley's command. Department of West Vir- ginia, occupied Martinsburg. Combats : Skirmish at Barbee's Cross Roads, Va. July 26. — The Second Corps marched from White Plains to near Germantown ; the Third Corps from near Salem to vicinity of War- renton; the Fifth Corps from Thumb Run to vicinity of Warren- ton, Crawford's (Third) Division taking position at Fayetteville; Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 127 and the Twelfth Corps from Thoroughfare Gap, via Greenwich and Catlett's Station, to Warrenton Junction; Buford's Cavahy Division took position at Warrenton and Fayetteville ; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, marched from Snickersville, via Upperville, to Middleburg ; Kelley's command, Department of West Virginia, occupied Winchester. July '27. — The Fifth Corps encamped between Warrenton and Fayetteville; Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, marched from Middleburg, via White Plains, New Baltimore, and Warrenton, toward Warrenton Junction. July 28. — Mcintosh's Brigade, of Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved via Warrenton Junction, to Catlett's Station. July 29. — D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry's Division moved from War- renton Junction and Catlett's Station to Warrenton. July 30. — Kenly's (Third) Division, First Corps, moved from Warrenton Junction to Bappahannock Station ; the Second Corps from near Germantown to Elk Run; D. McM. Gregg's Cavalry Division from Warrenton to Amissville ; and ffilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Amissville to Warrenton. July St. — The Second Corps marched from Elk Bun to Morris- ville ; Howe's (Second) Division, Sixth Corps, from Warrenton to near Waterloo; the Twelfth Corps from Warrenton Junction to Kelly's Ford; and Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division from Warren- ton to WaiTenton Junction, 128 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, COM- MANDED BY MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE G. MEADE, U. S. ARMY, AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, JULY 1-3, 1863. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. COMMAND OP THE PROVOST-MARSHAL-GENERAIi. Brig. Gen. Marsena R. Patrick. 98d New York,* Col. John S. Crocker. 8th United States (eight companies),* Capt. Edwin W. H. Read. 2d Pennsylvania Cavalrj', Col. R. Butler Price. 6th Pennslvania Cavalry, Companies E and I, Capt. James Starr. Regular cavalry (detachments from 1st, 2d, 5th and 6th Regiments). signal, corps. Capt. Lemuel B. Norton. GUARDS AND ORDERLIES. Oneida (New York) Cavalry, Capt. Daniel P. Mann. ARTILLERY.t Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt. ENGINEER BRIGADE.t Brig. Gen. Henry W. Benham. 15th New York (three companies), Maj. Walter L. Cassin. 50th New York, Col. William H. Pettes. United States Battalion, Capt. George H. Mendell. FIRST ARMY CORPS.§ Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. Maj Gen. John Newton. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st Maine Cavalry, Company L, Capt. Constantine Taylor. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James S. Wadsworth. First Brigade. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Solomojt Meredith. Col. William W. Robinson. 19th Indiana, Col. Sam'l. J. Williams. 24th Michigan : Col. Henry A. Morrow. Capt. Albert M. Edwards. 2d Wisconsin : Col. Lucius Fairchild. Maj. John Mansfield. Capt. George H. Otis. 6th Wisconsin, Lieut. Col. Rufus R. Dawes. 7th Wisconsin : Col. William W. Robinson. Maj. Mark Finnicum. Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler. 7th Indiana, Col. Ira G. Grover. 76th New York : Maj. Andrew J. Grover. Capt. John E. Cook. 84th New York (14th Militia), Col. Edward B. Fowler. 95th New^ York : Col. George H. Biddle. Maj. Edward Pye. 147th New York : Lieut. Col. Francis C. Miller. Maj . George Harney. 56th Pennsylvania (nine compa- nies), Col. J. Wm. Hofmann. * Not engaged. tSee artillery brigades attached to army corps and the reserve. X Not engaged. With exception of the regular battalion, it was, July 1 , and while at Beaver Dam Creek, Md., ordered to Washington, D. C, where it arrived July 3. §Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds, of this corps, was killed July 1, while in command of the left wing of the army ; General Doubleday commanded the corps July I. and General Newton, who was assigned to that command on the 1st, superseded him July 2. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 129 SECOND DIVISION Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Gabriel R. Paul. Col. Samuel H. Leonard. Col. Adrian R. Root. Col. Richard Coulter. CoL Peter Lyle. Col. Richard Coulter. 16th Maine : Col. Charles W. Tilden. Maj. Archibald D. Leavitt. 13th Massachusetts : Col. Samuel H. Leonard. Lieut. Col. N. Walter Batch- elder. 94th New York : Col. Adrian R. Root. Maj. Samuel A. Moffett. 104th New York, Col. Gilbert G. Prey. 107th Pennsylvania : Lieut. Col. James MacThoni- son. Capt. Emanuel D. Roath. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter. 12th Massachusetts : Col. James L. Bates. Lieut. Col. David Allen, Jr. 83d New York (9th Militia), Lieut. Col. Joseph A. Moesch. 97th New York : Col. Charles Wheelock. Maj. Charles Northrup. 11th Pennsylvania :* Col. Richard Coulter. Capt. Benjamin F. Haines. Capt. John B. Overmyer. 88th Pennsylvania: Maj. Benezet F. Foust. Capt. Henry Whiteside. 90th Pennsylvania : Col. Peter Lyle. Maj. Alfred J. Sellers. Col. Peter Lyle. third division. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. First Brigade. Col. Chapman Biddle. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. Col. Chapman Biddle. 80th JNew York (20th Militia), Col. Theodore B. Gates. 121st Pennsylvania : Maj. Alexander Biddle. Col. Chapman Biddle. Maj. Alexander Biddle. 142d Pennsylvania : Col. Robert P. Cummins. Lieut. Col. Alfred B. McCal- mont. 151st Pennsylvania : Lieut. Col. George F. McFar- land. Capt. Walter L. Owens. Col. Harrison Allen. Secoyid Brigade. Col. Roy Stone. Col. Langhorne Wister. Col. Edmund L. Dana. 143d Pennsylvania : Col. Edinund L. Dana. Lieut. Col. John D. Musser. 149th Pennsylvania: Lieut. Col. Walton Dwight. Capt. James Glenn. 150th Pennsylvania : Col. Langhorne Wister. Lieut. Col. Henry S. Huide- koper. Capt. Cornelius Co Widdis. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. George J Stannard. Col. Francis V. Randall. 12th Vermont,! Col. Asa P. Blunt. 13th Vermont : Col. Francis V. Randall. Maj. Joseph J. Boynton. Lieut. Col. William D. Munson. 14th Vermont, Col. William T. Nichols. 15th Vermont,! Col. Redfield Proctor. 16th Vermont, Col. Wheelock G. Veazey. •Transferred in afternoon of July 1 to First Brigade. tGuarding trains and not engaged in ttie battle. 130 Pennsylvania at, Gettyshurcj. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Col. Charles S. Wainwright. Maine Light, 2d Battery (B), Capt. James A. Hall. Maine Light, 5th Battery (E): Capt. QreeiileafT. Stevens. Lieut. Edward N. Whittier. 1st New York Light, Battery L :* Capt. Gilbert H. Keynolds. Lieut. George Breck. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Battery B, Capt. James H. Cooper. 4th United States, Battery B, Lieut. James Stewart. SECOND ARMY CORPS. \ Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 6th New York Cavalry, Companies D and K, Capt. Riley Johnson. first division. Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell. First Brigade. Col. Edward E. Cross. Col. H. Boyd McKeen. 5th Col. New Hampshire, Lieut. Charles E. Hapgood. 61st New York, Lieut. Col. K. Oscar Broady. 81st Pennsylvania : Col. H. Boyd McKeen. Lieut. Col. Amos Stroh. 148th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Rob't McFarlane. Second Brigade. Col. Patrick Kelly. 28th Massachusetts, Col. Richard Byrnes. 63d New York (two companies): Lieut. Col. Ricli'dC. Bentley. Capt. Thomas Touhy. 69th New York (two companies): Capt. Richard Moroney. Lieut. James J. Smith. 88th New York (two companies), Capt. Denis F. Burke. 116th Pennsylvania (four companies), Maj. St. Clair A. MulhoUand. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Samuel K. Zook. Lieut. Col. John Eraser. 52d New York : Lieut. Col. C. G. Freudenberg. Capt. William Scherrer. 57th New York, Lieut. Col. A l.ford B. Chapman. 66th New York : Col. Oi'lando H. Morris. Lieut. Col. John S. Hammell. Maj. Peter Nelson. 140th Pennsylvania: Col. Richard P. Roberts. Lieut. Col. John Eraser. Fourth Brigade. Col. John R. Brooke. 27th Connecticut (two companies): Lieut. Col. Henry C. Merwin. Maj. James H. Coburn. 2d Delaware : Col. William P. Baily. Capt. Charles H. Christ man. 64th New York : Col. Daniel G. Bingham. Maj. Leman W. Bradley. 53d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Rich- ards McMichael. 145th Pennsylvania (seven com- panies): Col. Hiram L. Brown. Capt. Jolin W. Reynolds. Capt. Moses W. Oliver. ♦Battery E, 1st New York Light Artillery, attached. t After the death of General Reynolds, General Hancock was assigned to the command of all the troops on the held of battle, relieving General Howard, who had succeeded General Rey- nolds. (ieneralGibbon, of the Second Division, assumed command of thecorps. These assign- ments terminated on the evening of .1 uly 1 . Similar changes in commanders occurred during the battle of the 2d, when General Hancock was put in command of the Third Corps, in addition to that of his own. He was wounded on the 3d, and Brig. Gen. William Hays was assigned to the command of the corps. Pennsylvania at Gettyshurcj. 131 SECOND DIVIStON. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. F'irst Brigade. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. Col. Francis E. Heath. 19th Maine : Col. Francis E. Heath. Lieut. Col. Henry W. Cun- ningham. 15th Massachusetts : Col. George H. Ward. Lieut. Col. George C. Joslin. 1st Minnesota:* Col. William Colvill, jr. Capt. Nathan S. Messick. Capt. Henry C. Coates. 82d New York (2d Militia): Lieut. Col. James Huston. Capt. John Darrow. Seco7id Brigade, Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb. 69th Pennsylvania : Col. Dennis O'Kane. Capt. William Davis. 71st Pennsylvania, Col. Richard Penn Smith. 72d Pennsylvania: Col. De Witt C. Baxter. Lieut. Col. Theodore Hesser. 106th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Wm. L. Curry. Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 19th Massachusetts, Col. Arthur F. Devereux. 20th Massachusetts : Col. Paul J. Revere. Lieut. Col. George N. Macy. Capt. Henry L. Abbott. 7th Michigan : Lieut. Col. Amos E. Steele, jr. Maj. Sylvanus W. Curtis. 42d New York, Col. Jas. E. Mallon. 59th New York (four companies); Lieut. Col. Max A. Thoman. Capt. William McFadden. Vnattached. Massachusetts Sharpshooters, 1st company : Capt. William Plumer. Lieut. Emerson L. BicknelL THIRD division. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 14th Indiana, Col. John Coons. 4th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Leonard W. Carpenter. 8th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Franklin Saw- yer. 7th West Virginia, Lieut. Col. Jona- than H. Lock wood. Second Brigade. Col. Thomas A. Smyth. * Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. 14th Connecticut, Maj. Theodore G. Ellis. 1st Delaware : Lieut. Col. Edward P. Harris. Capt. Thomas B. Hizar. Lieut. William Smith. Lieut. John T. Dent. 12th New Jersey, Maj. John T. Hill. 10th New York (battalion) Maj. George F. Hopper. 108th New York, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. ' 2d Company Minnesota Sharpshooters attached. 132 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Col. George L. Willakd. Col. ElilAKIM Shbrrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. 39th New York (four companies), Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt. 111th New York : Col. Clinton D. MacDougall. Lieut. Col. Isaac M. Lusk. Capt. Aaron P. Seeley. 125th New York : Lieut. Col. Levin Crandell. 126th New York : Col. Eliakim Sherrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. John G. Hazard. Ist New York Light, Battery B:* Lieut. Albert S. Sheldon. Captain James McKay Rorty. Lieut. Robert E. Rogers. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A, Capt. William A. Arnold. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B : LievTt. T. Fred. Brown. Lieut. Walter S. Perrin. 1st United States, Battery I : Lieut. George A. Woodruff. Lieut. TuUy McCrea. 4th United States, Battery A : Lieut. Alonzo H. Gushing. Sergt. Frederick Fuger. THIRD ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Maj. Gen. David B. Birnby. FIRST division. Maj. Gen. David B. Birnby. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. First Brigade. I Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham. Col. Andrew H. Tippin. 57th Pennsylvania (eight com- panies) : Col. Peter Sides. Capt. Alanson H. Nelson. 63d Pennsylvania, Maj. John A. Danks. 68th Pennsylvania: Col. Andrew H. Tippen. Capt. Milton S. Davis [?]. 105th Pennsylvania, Col. Calvin A. Craig. 114th Pennsylvania : Lieut. Col. Frederick F. Ca- vada. Capt. Edward R. Bowen. 141st Pennsylvania, Col. Henry J. Madill. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. Col. Hiram Bbrdan. 20th Indiana : Col. John Wheeler. Lieut. Col. William C. L. Taylor. 3d Maine, Col. Moses B. Lakeman. 4th Maine : Col. Elijah Walker. Cajit. Edwin Libby. 86th New York, Lieut. Col. Benja- min L. Higgins. 124th New York : Col. A. Van Home Ellis. Lieut. Col. Francis M. Cum- mins. 99th Pennsylvania, Major John W. Moore. 1st United States Sharpshooters : Col. Hiram Berdan. Lieut. Col. Casper Trepp. 2d United States Sharpshooters (eight companies), Maj. Ho- mer R. Stoughton. * Transferred from Artillery Reserve, July 1 ; 14th New York Battery attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 133 Third Brigade. Col. P. Regis de Trobriand. 17th Maine, Lieut. Col. Charles B. Merrill. 3d Michigan : Col. Byron R. Pierce. Lieut. Col. Edwin S. Pierce. 5th Michigan, Lieut. Col. John Pulford. 40th New York, Col. Thomas W. Egan. 110th Pennsylvania (six companies) : Lieut. Col. David M. Jones. Maj. Isaac Rogers. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Carr. 1st Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Clark B. Baldwin. 11th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Porter D. Tripp. 16th Massachusetts : Lieut. Col. Waldo Merriam. Capt. Matthew Donovan. 12th New Hampshire, Capt. John F. Langley. 11th New Jersey : Col. Robert McAllister. Capt. Luther Martin. Lieut. John Schoonover. Capt. William H. Lloyd. Capt Samuel T. Sleeper. Lieut. John Schoonover. 26th Pennsylvania, Maj. Robert L. Bod in e. 84th Pennsylvania,* Lieut. Col. Mil- ton 0pp. Second Brigade, Col. William R. Brewster. 70th New York, Col. J. Egbert Farnum. 71st New York, Col. Henry L. Potter. 72d New York : Col. John S. Austin. Lieut. Col. John Leonard. 73d New York, Maj. Michael W. Burns. 74th New York, Lieut. Col. Thomas Holt. 120th New York : Lieut. Col. Cornelius D. West- brook. Major John R. Tappen. Third Brigade. Col. George C. Burling. 2d New Hampshire, Col. Edward L. Bailey. 5th New Jersey : Col. William J. Sewell. Capt. Thomas C. Godfrey. Capt. Henry H. Woolsey. 6th New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Stephen R. Gilkyson. 7th New Jersey : Col. Louis R. Francine. Maj. Frederick Cooper. 8th New Jersey : Col. John Ramsey. Capt. John G. Langston. 115th Pennsylvania, Maj. John P. Dunne. ' Guarding corps trains, and not engaged in the battle. 134 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. George E. Randolph. Capt. A. JuDSON Clark. New Jersey Light, 2d Battery : Capt. A. Judson Clark.' Lieut. Robert Sims. 1st Ne\\' York Light, Battery D, Capt. George B. Winslow. New York Light, 4th Battery, Capt. James E. Smith. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E : Lieut. John K. Bucklyn. Lieutenant Benjamin Freeborn. 4th United States, Battery K : Lieut. Francis W. Seeley. Lieut Robert James. FIFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. George Sykes. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 12th New York Infantry, Companies D and E, Capt. Henry W. Rider. 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companies D and H, Capt. William Thompson. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James Barnes. First Brif/ade. Ool. William S. Tilton. 18th Massachusetts, Col. Jos. Hayes. 22d Massachusetts, Lieut. CoLThos. Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan : Col. Ira C. Abbott. Lieut. Col. William A. Throop. 118th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Jas. Gwyn. Third Brigade. Second Brigade. Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer. 9th Massachusetts, Col. Patrick R. Guiney. 32d Massachusetts, Col. G. L. Pres- cott. 4th Michigan : Col. Harrison H. Jeffords. Lieut. Col. Geo. W. Lumbard. 62d Pennsvlvania, Lieut. Col. James C. Hull. Col. Strong Vincent. Col. James C. Rice. 20th Maine, Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain. 16th Michigan, Lieut. Col. Norval E. Welch. 44th New York : Col. James C. Rice. Lieut. Col. Kreeman Conner. 83d Pennsylvania, Capt. Orpheus S. Woodward. second division. Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres. First Brigade. Second Brigade. Col. Hannibal Day. 3d United States (six companies): Capt. Henry W. Freedley. Capt. Richard G. Lay. 4th United States (four companies), Captain Julius W. Adams. Jr. 6th United States (five companies), Capt. Levi C. Bootes. 12th United States (eight companies), Capt. Thomas S. Dunn. 14th United States (eight companies), Maj. Grotius R. Giddings. Col. Sidney Burbank. 2d United States (six companies): Maj. Arthur T. Lee. Capt. Samuel A. McKee. 7th United States (four companies), Capt. David P. Hancock. 10th United States (three companies), Captain William Clinton. 11th United States (six companies), Maj. DeLancey Floyd-Jones. 17th United States (seven companies), Lieut. Col. J. Durell Greene. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 135 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed. Col. Kenner Garrard. 140th New York : Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke. Lieut. Col. Louis Ernst. 146th New York : Col. Kenner Garrard. Lieut. Col. David T. Jenkins. 91st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Joseph H. Sinex. 155th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John H. Cain. THIRD DIVISION.* Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. First Brigade. Col. William McCandless. 1st Reserves (nine Col. William C. 2d Pennsylvania companies), Talley. Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. George A. Woodward. 6th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut, Col. Wellington H. Ent. 13th Pennsylvania Reserves : Col. Charles F. Taylor, Maj. William R. Hartshorne. Third Brigade. Col. Joseph W. Fisher. 5th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. George Dare. 9th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. • Col. James McK. Snodgrass. 10th Pennsylvania Reserves, Col. Adoniram J. Warner. 11th Pennsylvania Reserves, Col. Samuel M. Jackson. 12th Pennsylvania Reserves (nine companies), Col. Martin D. Hardin. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. Augustus P. Martin. Massachusetts Light, 3d Battery (C), Lieut. Aaron F. Walcott 1st New York Light, Battery C, Capt. Almont Barnes. 1st Ohio Light, Battery L, Captain Frank C. Gibbs. 5th United States, Batteiy D : Lieut. Charles E. Hazlett. Lieut. Benj. F. Rittenhouse. 5th United States, Battery! : Lieut. Mai bone F. Watson. Lieut. Charles C. MacConnell. SIXTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. SK„^;fSi^S!Sy?°Corp7„,Vk, \ C'-Pt- Willi™ S. craft. FIRST division. Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright. Provost Guard. 4th New Jersey (three companies), Capt. William R. Maxwell. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. A. T. A. Torbert. Ist New Jersey, Lieut. Col. William Henry, Jr. 2d New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Charles Wiebecke. 3d New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Edward L. Campbell. 15th New Jersey, Col. William H. Penrose. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. BARTLETX.f 5th Maine, Col. Clark S. Edwards. 121st New York, Col. Emory Upton. 95th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Ed- ward Carroll. 96th Pennsylvania, Maj. William H. Lessig. ♦Joined corps June 28 The Second Brigade left In the Department of Wasbingtoa. t Also in command of the Third Brigade, Third Division, on July 3. 136 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. David A. Russell. 6th Maine, Col. Hiram Burnham. 49tli Pennsylvania (four companies), Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Hulings. 119th Pennsylvania, Col. Peter C. Ellmaker. 5th Wisconsin, Col. Thomas S. Allen. SECOND DIVISION.* Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Col. Lewis A. Grant. 2d Vermont, Col. James H. Wal- bridge. 3d Vermont, Col. Thomas O. Seaver. 4th Vermont, Col. Charles B. Stough- ton. 5th Vermont, Lieut. Col. John R. Lewis, etla Vermont, Col. Elisha L. Barney. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 7th Maine (six companies), Lieut. Col. Selden Connor. 33d New York (detachment), Capt. Henry J. Gifford. 43d New York, Lieut. Col. John Wilson. 49th New York, Col. Daniel D. Bid- well. 77th New York, Lieut. Col. Winsor B. French. 61st Pennsylvania, Lieut Col. Geo. F. Smith. third division. Maj. Gen. John Newton. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler. 65th New York, Col. Joseph E. Hamblin. 67th New York, Col. Nelson Cross. 122d New York, Col. Silas Titus. 23d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John F. Glenn, 82d Pennsylvania, Col. Isaac C. Bassett. Second Brigade. Col. Henry L. Eustis. Col. 7th Massachusetts, Lieut. Franklin P. Harlow. 10th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Jos. B. Parsons. 37th Massachusetts, Col. Oliver Ed- wards. 2d Rhode Island, Col. Horatio Rogers, Jr. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. Col. David J. Nevin. 62d New York : Col. David J. Nevin. Lieut. Col. Theodore B. Hamilton. 93d Pennsylvania, Maj. John I. Nevin. 98th Pennsylvania, Maj. John B. Kohler. 102d Pennsylvania, \ Col. John W. Patterson. 139th Pennsylvania: Col. Frederick H. Collier. Lieut. Col. William H. Moody. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Col. Charles H. Tompkins. Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (A), Capt. William H. McCartney. New York Light, 1st Battery, Capt. Andrew Cowan. New York Light, 3d Battery, Capt. William A. Harn. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery C, Capt. Richard Waterman 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G, Capt. George W. Adams. 2d United States, Battery D, Lieut. Edward B. Williston. 2d United States, Battery G, Lient. John H. Butler. 5th United States, Battery F, Lieut. Leonard Martin. *No First Brigade in division, t Guarding wagon train at Westminster, and not engaged in tlie battle. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 137 ELEVENTH ARMY CORPS.* Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K, Capt. Abram Sliarra. 8th New York Infantry (one company), Lieut. Hermann Foerster FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. First Brif/ade. Col. Leopold von Gilsa. Francis C. Barlow. Adelbbrt Ames. Seco7id Brigade. 41st New York (nine companies)) Lieut. Col. Detleo von Ein" siedel. 54th New York : Maj. Stephen Kovacs. Lieut. Ernest Both [?]. 68tli New York, Col. Gotthilf Bourry. 163d Pennsylvania, Maj. John Frueauff. Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. Col. Andrew L. Harris. 17th Connecticut : Lieut. Col. Douglas Fowler. Maj. Allen G. Brady. 25th Ohio : Lieut. Col. Jeremiah "Wil- liams. Capt. Nathaniel J. Manning. Lieut. William Maloney. Lieut. Israel Wliite. 75th Ohio : Col. Andrew L. Harris. Capt. George B. Fox. 107th Ohio : Col. Seraphim Meyer. Capt. John M. Lutz. Brig. SECOND DIVISION. Gen. Adolph VON Steinwehr. First Brigade. Col. Charles R. Coster. Col. Allan 134th New York, Lieut H. Jackson. 154th New York, liieut. (.^ol. D. Allen. 27th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. renz Cantador. 73d Pennsylvania, Capt. D. Kelley. B. Lo- 33d Second Brigade. Col. Orland Smith. Col. * Adin B. Massachusetts, Underwood. 136th New York,Col. James Wood, Jr. 55th Ohio, Col. Charles B. Gam bee. 73d Ohio, Lieut. Col. Richard Long. third division. Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz. First Brigade. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alex.Schimmelfennig. Col. George von Amsberg. 82d Illinois, Lieut. Col. Edward S. Salomon. 45th New York : Col. George von Amsberg. Lieut. Col. Adoipbus Dobke. 157th New York, Col. Philip P. Brown, Jr. 61st Ohio, Col. Stephen J. Mc- Groarty. 74th Pennsylvania : Col. Adolph von Hartung. Lieut. Col. Alex, von Mitzel. Capt. Gustav Schleiter. Capt. Henry Krauseneck. Col. W. Krzyzanowski. 58th New York : Lieut. Col. August Otto. Capt. Emil Koenig. 119th New York : Col. John T. Loekman. Lieut. Col. Edward F. Lloyd. 82d Ohio : Col. James S. Robinson. Lieut. Col. David Thomson. 75th Pennsj'lvania : Col. Francis Mahler. Maj. August Ledig. 26th Wisconsin : Lieut. Col. Hans Boebel. Capt. John W. P'uchs. * During the interval between the^death of General Reynolds and the arrival of General Han- cock, on the afternoon of July 1, all the troops on the Held of battle were commanded by Gen- eral Howard, General Schurz taking command of the Eleventh Corps and General Schimmel- fennig of the Third Division. 138 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Maj. Thomas W, Osborn. 1st New York Light, Battery I, Capt. Michael Wiedrich. New York Light, 13th Battery, Lieut. William Wheeler. 1st Ohio Light, Battery I, Capt. Hubert Dilger. 1st Ohio Light, Battery K, Capt. Lewis Heckman. 4th United States, Battery G : Lieut Bayard Wilkeson. Lieut. Eugene A. Bancroft. TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum.* Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. PROVOST GUARD. 10th Maine (four companies), Capt. John D. Beardsley. first division. Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. Second Brigade. \ Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood. 1st Maryland, Potomac, Home Brigade, Col. William P. Maulsby. 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore, Col. James Wallace. . 150th New York, Col. John H. Ketcham. First Brigade. Col. Archibald L. McDougadl. 5th Connecticut, Col. Warren W. Packer. 20th Connecticut, Lieut. Col. Wil- liam B. Wooster. 3d Maryland, Col. Joseph M. Suds- burg. 123d New York: Lieut. Col. James C. Rogers. Capt. Adolphus H. Tanner. 145th New York, Col. E. Livingston Price. 46th Pennsylvania, Col. James L. Selfridge. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. Col. Silas Colgrove. 27th Indiana : Col. Silas Colgrove. Lieut. Col. John R. Fesler. 2d Massachusetts : Lieut. Col. Charles R. Mudge. Maj. Charles F. Morse. 13th New Jersey, Col. Ezra A. Carman. 107th New York, Col. Nirom M. Crane. 3d Wisconsin, Col. William Hawley. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John W. Geary. First Brigade. Col. Charles Candy. 5th Ohio, Col. John H. Patrick. 7th Ohio, Col. William R. Creighton. 29th Ohio : Capt. Wilbur F. Stevens. Capt. Edward Hayes. 66th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Eugene Powell. 28th Pennsylvania, Capt. John Flynn. 147th Pennsylvania (eight compa- nies), Lieut. Col. Ario Par- dee, jr. Second Brigade. Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Kane. Col. George A. Cobham, Jr. 29th Pennsylvania, Col. William Rickards, jr. 109th Pennsylvania, Capt. F. L. Gimber. lUth Pennsylvania : Lieut. Col. Thos. M. Walker. Col. George A. Cobham, jr. Lieut. Col. Thos. M. Walker. * Exercised command of the right wing of the army during a part of the battle. t Unassigned during progress of battle; afterward attached to First Division as Second Bri- gade. The command theretofore known as the Second (or Jackson's) Brigade had previously been consolidated with the First Brigade. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 139 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. eoth New York, Col. Abel Godard. 78th New York, Lieut. Col. Herbert von Hainnierstein. 102d New York : Col. James C. Lane. Capt. Lewis R. Stegnian. 137th New York, Col. David Ireland. 149th New York : Col. Henry A. Barniim. Lieut. Col. Charles B. Randall. artillery brigade. Lieut. Edward D. Muhlenberg. 1st New York Light, Battery M, Lieut. Charles E. Winegar. Pennsylvania Light, Battery E, Lieut. Charles A. Atwell. 4th United States, Battery F, Lieut. Sylvanus T. Rugg. 5th United States, Battery K, Lieut. David H. Kinzie. CAVALRY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. FIRST DIVISION. Brig First Brigade. Col. William Gamble. 8th Illinois, Maj. John L. Beveridge. 12th Illinois (four cos.), > Col. Geo. H. 3d Indiana (six COS. ), \ Chapman. 8th New York, Lieut. Col. William L. Markell. Gen. John Buford. Second Brigade, Col. Thomas C. Devin. 6th New York, Maj. W. E.Beardsley. 9th New York, Col. William Sackett 17th Pennsylvania, Col. J. H. Kel- logg. 3d West Virginia (two companies), Capt. Seymour B. Conger. Reserve Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt. 6th Pennsylvania, Maj. James H. Haseltine. 1st United States, Capt. Richard S. C. Ijord. 2d United States, Capt. T. F. Rodenbough. 5th United States, Capt. Julius W. Mason. 6th United States : Maj. Samuel H. Starr. Lieut. Louis H. Carpenter. Lieut. Nicholas Nolan. Capt. Ira W. Claflin. second division. Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio, Company A, Capt. Noah Jones. First Brigade. Col. John B. McIntosh. Ist Maryland (eleven companies), Lieut. Col. Jas. M. Deems. Purnell (Maryland) Legion, Com- pany A, Capt. Robert E. Duvall. 1st Massachusetts,* Lieut. Col. Greely S. Curtis. 1st New Jersey, Maj. M. H. Beau- mont. 1st Pennsylvania, Col. John P.Taylor. 3d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. E. S. Jones. 3d Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery, Section Battery H,f Capt. VV. D. Rank. Second Brigade.^ Col. Pennock Huey. 2d New York, liieut. CoL Otto Harhaus. 4th New York, Lieut. Col, Augustus Pruyn. 6th Ohio (ten companies), Maj. William Stedman. 8th Pennsylvania, Capt. William A. Corrle. ■•Served with the Sixth Army Corps and on the right flank. t Serving as light artillery iAt Westminster, etc.. and not engaged in the battle. 140 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Col. J. Irvin Grego. 1st Maine (ten companies), Lieut. Col. Charles H. Smith. 10th New York, Major M. Henry Avery. 4th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. vVm. E. Doster. 16th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John K. Robison. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio, Company C, Capt. Samuel N. Stanford. First Brigade. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth. Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. 5th New York, Maj. John Ham- mond. 18th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Wil- liam P. Brinton. 1st Vermont, Lieut. Col. Addison W. Preston. 1st West Virginia (ten companies): Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. Maj. Charles E. Capehart. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer. 1st Michigan, Col. Charles H. Town. 5th Michigan, Col. Russell A. Alger. 6th Michigan, Col. George Gray. 7th Michigan (ten companies), Col. William D. Mann. HORSE artillery. First Brigade. Capt. James M. Robertson. 9th Michigan Battery, Capt. Jabez J. Daniels. 6tli New York Battery, Capt. Joseph W. Martin. 2d United States, Batteries B and L, Lieut. Edward Heaton. 2d United States, Battery M, Lieut. A. C. M. Pennington, jr. 4th United States, Battery E, Lieut. Samuel S. Elder. Second Brigade. Capt. John C. Tidball. 1st United States, Batteries E and G, Capt. Alanson M. Randol. 1st United States, Battery K, Capt. William M. Graham. 2d United States, Battery A, Lieut. John H. Calef. 3d United States, Battery C,* Lieut. William D. Fuller. ARTILLERY RESERVE. Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler. Capt. James M. Robertson. Headquarters Guard. 82;a iviassachusetts Infantry, Company C, Capt. Josiah C. Fuller. First Regular Brigade. First Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. 1st United States, Battery H : Lieut. Chandler P. Eakin. Lieut. Philip D. Mason. 3d United States, Batteries F and K, Lieut. John G. Turnbull. 4th United States, Battery C, Lieut. Evan Thomas. 5th United States, Battery C, Lieut. Gulian V. Weir. Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery. Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E),t Capt. Charles A. Phillips. Massachusetts Light, 9th Battery: Capt. John Bigelow. Lieut. Richard S. Milton. New York Light, 15th Battery, Capt. Patrick Hart. Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F, Capt. James Thompson. *With Ilueys Cavalry Brigade, and not engaged in battle tlOth New York battery attached Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 141 Second Volunteer Brigade. Capt, Elijah D. Taft. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B,* Capt. Albert F. Brooker. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M,* Capt. Franklin A. Pratt. Connecticut Light. 2d Battery, Capt. John W. Sterling. New York Light, 5th Batterj% Capt. Elijah D. Taft. Third Volunteer Brigade. Capt. James F. Huntington. New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery, Capt. Frederick M. Edgell. 1st Ohio Light, Battery H, Lieut. George W. Norton. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G, Capt. R. Bruce Ricketts. West Virginia Light, Battery C, Capt. Wallace Hill. Fourtk Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh. Maine Light, 6th Battery (F), Lieut. Edwin B. Dow. Maryland Light Battery A, Capt. James H. Rigby. New Jersey Light, 1st Battery, Lieut. Augustin N. Parsons. 1st New York Light, Battery G, Capt. Nelson Ames. 1st New York Light, Battery K,t Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh. Train Gioard. 4th New Jersey Infantry (seven companies), Maj. Charles Ewing. ♦Not engaged. t Eleventh New York Battery attached. 142 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, COMMANDED BY MAJ. GEN. GEORGE G. MEADE, U. S. ARMY, AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENNSYL- VANIA, JULY 1-3, 1863.* f Killed. Wounded. Captured OB Missing. Command. e 0 a a ■a 1 0 2 0 B 0 a a a 0 0 a a •0 1 a i 1 Us < GENERAL HBADQnARTBRS. Staff 2 2 4 FIRST ARMY CORPS. MaJ. Gen. John F. Reynolds. Maj. Gen. AbnkkDoubleday Maj. Gen. John Newton. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1 * ' '1' 1 2 Ist Maine Cavalry, Company L 2 . . . i FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James S. Wardsworth First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith. Col. William W. Robinson. Staff 1 12 13 11 7 10 1 19th Indiana 2 8 1 2 25 59 25 28 21 121 197 144 109 95 4 3 5 ' ' 1 ■ ■ 46 83 47 22 51 210 24th Michigan 363 233 6th Wisconsin 168 178 Total First Brigade 13 158 54 666 13 249 1,153 SeconA Brigade. Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler. 2 30 13 7 57 13 '16 6 8 9 5 5 116 99 54 1.S5 56 ' 1' ' 1' 3 70 99 45 92 54 10 76th New York 84th New York (Uth Militia) 2 234 217 95th New York 115 I47th New York 3 1 296 130 6 19 122 44 465 2 363 1,002 Total First Division 280 98 1,131 15 612 2,155 second division. Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson. Staff 1 1 ' Also includes losses in skirmishes, July i. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 143 Killed. WOUNDED. Captured orMissing. Command. a o e o B 0) a ■c 2 n e o Enlisted men. o o Q o d a ■a 0) c i Ml < First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Gabriel R. Paul. Col. Samuel H. Leonard. Col. ADRIAN R. Root. Col. RICHARD Coulter. Col. Peter LYLE. Col. RICHARD Coulter. Staff . 1 6 4 6 10 2 8 1 54 73 52 81 12 48 0 11 3 8 10 1 153 98 167 82 5 2 7 7 12 11 1 11 232 185 94th New York 245 104tb New York 194 15 6 92 165 Total First Brigade 2 49 3(i 321 40 593 1,041 Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter. Staff 1 3 ' '3 ' 4 1 ■ ■ 59 58 75 60 47 39 1 2 2 2 3 4 10 5 4 3 9 6 3 3 45 15 27 46 52 42 119 83d New York (9th Militia) 97th New York 82 126 117 110 1 93 Total Second Brigade 7 33 31 227 12 338 648 Total Second Division 9 82 68 548 52 931 1,690 THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. Staff 1 1 First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. Staff . . 1 15 5 11 9 1 80th New York (20th Militia) 3 32 12 10 49 96 101 117 202 1 1 2 4 23 60 68 71 170 179 3 211 337 Total First Brigade 8 103 41 616 8 222 898 Second Brigade. Col. ROY Stone. Col. Langhorne Wister. Col. Edmund L. Dana. 1 1 2 20 52 33 11 14 10 130 158 142 ' 4 4 91 107 73 253 336 264 Total Second Brigade 4 . 106 35 430 8 271 863 * Transferred on afternoon of July 1 from the Second to the First Brigade. July 1 are reported with the latter brigade. Its losses after 144 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured or MISSING. Command. o a o a a QO a u a o c 0) a ■a 1 c s o g a 1 a <1 Tliird Brigade. Brig. Gen. Geokge J. Stannard. Col. Francis V. Kandall. Staff 2 4 1 5 2 13th Vermont 10 18 16 99 66 97 10 21 1 123 I4th Vermont 1 107 16th Vermont 119 Total Third Brigade 1 44 12 262 32 351 Total Third Division 13 252 89 1.208 16 525 2,103 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Col. Charles S. Wainwright. Maine Light, 2d Battery (B) 18 11 14 8 29 18 Maine Light, 5th Battery ;B)j 3 1 3 2 2 I 1 2 1 23 1st New York Light Battery L * 17 12 4th United States, Battery B -^^ 3 11 36 Total Artillery Brigade . . . 9 6 80 106 Total First Army Corps 42 624 262 2,969 83 2,079 6,059 SECOND ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. Staff 3 3 6th New York Cavalry, Companies D and K 1 3 4 FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell First Brigade. Col. EDWARD E. Cross. Col. H. Boyd McKeen. Staff 1 4 6 5 6 1 5th New Hampshire 1 26 6 5 18 49 50 44 95 80 61st New York 62 81st Pennsylvania 8 5 62 148th Pennsylvania 1 125 Total First Brigade . 2 55 22 238 13 330 Second Bririade. Col. Patrick Kelly. 28th Massachusetts 8 5 5 6 2 56 9 13 16 11 ■ ' l' 35 6 4 8 100 63d New York 23 69th New York 25 88th New York 1 28 116th Pennsylvania 22 Total Second Brigade 1 1 26 105 i 2 1 60 198 * Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery, attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 145 Killed. Wounded. Captured or Missing. Command. O a I 73 1 a s o c g 1 hi SB o a 1 ■a a 6 a ex a; & < Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Samuel K. Zook. Lieut. Col. John Fraser. Staff . . 1 1 { 52(1 New Yorli 1 4 3 ?4 3 2 5 8 23 26 24 136 ' l' 3 10 2 9 57 .38 34 66tii New Yorli 2 3 140tli Pennsylvania 241 Total Third Brigade 7 42 18 209 4 78 358 Fourth Brigade. Col. JOHX R. Bhooke. 2 2 4 8 9 11 7 11 4 7 7 11 9 19 54 57 56 60 4 12 19 6 10 37 84 ()4th New York 98 80 Total fourth Brigade 8 46 38 246 51 389 Total First Division 18 169 82 798 6 202 1,275 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. Brig. Gen. WILLIAM HARROW. Staff 3 3 First Brigade. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. Stair 1 11 8 14 12 1 19th Maine . . 1 3 28 20 47 42 159 89 159 120 ■ ■ 1 4 28 1 14 203 148 3 3 224 82d New Yorlt (2d Militia) 192 Total First Brigade 10 4 2 137 46 527 1 47 768 Second Briyade. Brig. Gen. Alexanders. Webb. ■ 36 19 8 3 72 55 139 45 2 3 15 16 2 1 137 98 1 42 r 8 9 192 64 Total Second Brigade 9 105 27 311 6 34 491 Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 2 2 2 7 9 62 86 41 49 25 253 7 77 28 1 8 19 : 3 15 1 6 6 I 3 127 65 42d Niw York 4 74 59th New York 34 e Total Third Brigade 14 6 75 29 377 •2d Company Minnesota Sharpshooters attached 10 146 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured OR Missing. Comma Nn. i 1 0 a 1 a 0) Enlisted men. o B o Enlisted men. i St < Unattached . 1st Company Massachusetts Sharpshooters 2 6 8 Total Second Division 25 319 105 1.097 6 95 1.647 THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 6 7 ir 5 3 1 10 1 22 16 73 40 31 4th Ohio 2 1 5 1 1 31 8th Ohio 102 7th West Virginia 47 Total First Brigade 3 36 15 151 7 211 Second Brigade. Col. Thomas A. Smyth. Lieut. Col. FRANCIS E. Pierce. 10 9 21 2 13 10 10 4 ■ 'lO 42 44 79 4 76 ' 1 4 12 9 (i6 1 12th New Jersey 10th New York (battalion ) 115 108th New York 3 102 Total Second Brigade 6 65 34 245 1 25 366 Third Brigade. Col. GEORGE Ij. WILLARD. Col. EUAKIM SHBKRILL. Lieut. Col. JAMES M. Bull. 39th New York 1 3 2 5 14 55 24 35 128 3 8 6 9 26 77 169 98 172 95 nith New York 14 9 10 249 125th New York 139 126th New York 231 Total Third Brigade 11 616 33 714 Total Third Division 20 218 75 912 1 65 1,291 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. JOHN G. Hazard. 1st New York Light, Battery B* 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery A .... 1 9 3 6 1 5 15 27 18 23 31 26 1 2 32 1st United States, Battery I 1 28 25 1 38 Total Artillery Brigade 3 24 5 114 3 149 Total Second Army Corps .... 66 731 270 2,924 13 365 4,369 ►Transferred from Artillery Reserve, July 1, 14th New York Battery attached Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 147 Killed. Wounded. Captured OB Missing. Command. o Enlisted men. 2 § B O i ■0 a a B C a 1 n 6 ■§ I ex THIRD ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. Staff 2 2 FIRST DIVISION. Maj. Gen. DAvm B. Birney. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham. Col. Andrew h. Tippin. Staff 3 9 3 9 14 1 6 3 115 34 152 132 155 2 9 1 10 7 9 25 37 26 117 101 85 97 3 '3 55 4 13 9 57 21 63d Pennsylvania 68th Pennsylvania 3 1 105th Pennsylvania '..... 114th Pennsylvania 141st Pennsylvania 149 Total First Brigade 6 61 45 463 6 159 740 Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. Col. Hiram Berdan. Staff 1 9 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 20th Indiana 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 30 17 9 10 24 17 5 5 105 57 56 48 54 77 33 19 ' 4' 1 ' 1' 10 45 70 3 5 11 6 14 156 122 144 66 90 110 3d Maine 86th New York 99th Pennsylvania 1st United States Sharpshooters 2d United States Sharp-shooters 49 Total Second Brigade 12 IIT _J3 7 3 8 4 6 449 6 164 781 Third Brigade. Col. P. Regis de Trobriand. nth Maine 1 17 7 17 22 8 105 28 78 116 39 3 7 4 7 133 3d Michigan 2 1 40th New York 150 llOth Pennsylvania 53 Total Third Brigade 4 71 28 366 21 490 Total First Division 22 249 106 1.278 12 344 2.011 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS. staff 2 2 7 11 148 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Care. Staff 1st Massachusetts . lltb Massachusetts . Ifith Massachusetts . )2th New Hampshire 11th New Jersey . . . 26th Pennsylvania . Total First Brigade Second Brigade. Col. WILLIAM R Brewster. Staff 70th New York 71st New York 72d New York 78d New York 74th New York J20th New York Total Second Brigade Third Brigade. Col. George C. Burling. 2d New Hampshire . 5th New Jersey . . 6th New Jersey . . 7th New Jersey . . 8th New Jersey . . 116th Pennsylvania . . Total Third Brigade .... Total Second Division artillery brigade. Capt. George E. Randolph. Capt. A. JiTDSON Clark. New Jersey Light, 2d Battery . . 1st New York Light, Battery D . . New York Light, 4th Battery . . . Ist Rhode Island Light. Battery B 4th United States, Battery K . . . Total Artillery Brigade . . . Total Third Army Corps 120 43 140 49 66 115 166 119 60 29 76 31 18 333 1,422 Captured okMissixg 16 10 10 24 18 78_ 2.778 78 214 575 Pennsylvania at Geftysburg. 149 Killed. Wounded. Captured OR Missing. Command. a a ■a i> a a a) S ■d a> a o a ■a 1 a 6 09 SS 2 28 99 156 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. KiLLKD. Wounded. Captured or Missing. Co.MMAXn. B o a a 0 •c 1 n fa e o a a Hi i 0 a e ■c c I St Second Brigade. Col. Thomas C. Devin. 1 2 8 4 4 9 nth New York 2 11 4 4 Total Second Brigade, 2 3 23 28 Reserve Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wesley Mekkitt. 3 1 3 ■ ' i' 9 6 4 23 ' 1' ■ '5 2 5 6 1 203 12 1st United States, 15 2" United States, 17 5 6th United States.* 6 5 242 Total Reserve Brigade 13 6 49 6 217 291 Total First Division 1 27 12 104 6 268 418 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. David McM. GREGG. First Brigade. Col. John B. McIntosh. Ist Maryland 1 3 2 9 2 6 2 5 10 21 Total First Brigade 7 19 9 ■So- Third Brigade. Col. J. IRVIN Gregg. 1 2 1 2 4 4 5 10th New York 1 2 9 4th Pennsylvania 1 4 fi Total Third Brigade, 6 12 1 2 21 Total Second Division 6 7 31 1 11 56 third division. Brig. -Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth. Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. Staff, 1 1 1 2 13 2 ' '3 3 1 4 22 1 " 1' 4 8 27 3 6 14 65 1st West Virginia 2 12 Total First Brigade 3 18 6_ 28 1 42 98 » Losses occurred at Fairfield, Pa. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 157 Killed. WOUNDED. Captured OR Missing. Command. 2 S B O p B ■a V a o d a) a •o £ o B o a i> B ■e B 1 Scainil lirioade. Brig. Gen. Geokqe A. ("fSTER. 10 7 1 13 6 1 2 4 37 29 24 44 20 18 1 39 73 5th Michigan 1 56 28 7th Michigan 100 Total Second Brigade 1 31 13 134 78 257 Total Third Division, 4 49 19 162 1 120 355 HORSE ARTILLERY. First Brigade. Capt. James M. Robertson. 9th Michigan 1 4 1 5 »ith New York, 1 2d United States, Battery M 1 1 4th United States, Batterv E 1 1 Total First Brigade, a 1 5 8 Second Brigade. Capt. JOHN C. TIDBALL. Ist United States, Battery K 1 12 3 2d United States, Battery A, 12 2 Total Second Brigade 13 15 5 86 39 315 8 399 852 ARTILLERY RESERVE. Brig. Gen. ROBERTO. TYLER. Capt. James M. Robertson. First Regular Brirjade. Capt. DUNBAR R. Ransom. 1st United States, Battery H 1 8 1 2 1 ■ ' 1 2 7 14 16 12 1 1 10 3d United States, Batteries F and K, . . . 4th United States, Battery C 1 24 18 6th United States, Battery C 16 Total First Regular Brigade 1 12 4 49 2 68 .First Volunteer Brigade. Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery. Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E),* . . 4 3 2 1 2 2 5 16 16 11 21 Massachusetts Light, 'Jth Battery New York Light, 15th Battery 1 " 28 16 Pennsylvania Light, Batteries C and F, . . 8 A 28 1 16 10 61 1 . . 5 93 * 10th New York Battery attached, whose loss, here included, was 2 men killed and 3 wounded. 158 Pennsylvania at Getty shurg. Killed. Wounded. Captured OR Missing. Command. 1 a a 1 CO 0 d a ■a a a s ■a a> a 1 be < Second VolunUer Brigade. Capt. Elijah D. Taft. 3 2 2 5 New York Light, 5th Battery 1 3 Total Second Volunteer Brigade, . . 1 5 2 . 8 Third Volunteer Brigade. Capt. JAMES F. Huntington. New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery, . . ,3 3 1st Ohio Light, Battery H 2 6 2 ' l' 5 13 2 7 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G, West Virginia Light, Battery C . . . 3 23 4 Total Third Volunteer Brigade, . . 10 1 23 3 3T Fourth Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh. Maine Light. Gth Battery {F) 13 7 13 New Jersey Light. 1st Battery, 2 9 7 1st New York Light, Battery K,* Total Fourth Volunteer Brigade, . . 2 34 36 Total Artillery Reserve, 2 41 15 172 12 242 RECAPITULATION. General headquarters, iMrst Army Corps, . . . Second Army Corps, . Third Army Corps, . . Fifth Army Corps, . . Sixth Army Corps. . . Eleventh Array Corps, Tweltth Army Corps, . Cavalry Corps Artillery Reserve, . . Total Army of the Potomac, 2 262 2 2,969 42 624 83 2,079 66 731 270 2.924 13 365 fiO 543 251 2,778 14 575 28 337 129 1,482 1 210 2 25 14 171 30 33 336 120 1,802 62 1,448 18 186 43 769 2 64 6 86 89 316 8 399 2 41 15 172 12 248 2,909 1,146 l:i,384 183 5, 182 4 6,059 4,369 4,211 2,187 242 3,801 1,082 852 242 23.049 •11th New York Battery attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 159 GENERAL SUMMARY OF CASUALTIES IN THE UNION FORCES DURING THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN, JUNE 3-AUGUST 1, 1863. Killed. WOUNDED. Captured OB Missing. Location. a) . •0 3) . ■s a ■3a ■0 01 . ._ 0) 73 < Near FavetteviUe. Va., June 3 1 3 35 3 Franklin's Crossing or Deep Run, Va. . June 5-13, » 67 4 45 356 12 2 15 33 336 1 8 Brandy Station (Fleetwood) and Beverly Ford, Va. , June 9 10 13 356 13 2 837 Stevensburg, Va. , June 9, 29 Berryvllle. Va., June 13 2 6 88 ' 2 12 17 Bunker Hill, W. Va., Junel3 1 7 1 144 ' ' 6 54 3, 856 2 140 2 118 26 225 37 66 9 41 2 97 Winchester, Va . June 13-15 Berrvville, Va., June 14 4,443 g 4 1 1.59 1 4 3 Aldie, Va. , June 17, 46 1 3 12 12 9 ' 5 4 13 122 3 24 42 117 6 ']2 305 Catoctin Creek and Point of Rocks, Md. , Middleburg, Va., June lT-18, 1 4 270 Middleburg, Va. , June 19, 99 209 Near Gainesville, Va., June 21 9 Thoroughfare Gap and Hay Market, Va. , 1 1 1 2 48 Near Aldie, Va., June 22, 5 Greencastle, Pa., June 22, 1 McConnellsburg, Pa., June 25 10 170 52 16 11 10 Near Gettysburg, Pa. , June 26 176 Near Fairfax Court House, Va. , June 27, . . 3 1 14 3 12 7 8 67 12 13,384 4 9 3 73 Near Rockville, Md., June 28, 19 Wrightsville. Pa., June 28, 23 Muddy Branch, Md., June 29, 7 Westminster, Md., June 29 2 17 H 2 3 5 36 118 49 Hanover, Pa. , June 30, ' 2 215 Sporting Hill, nearHarrisburg. Pa., June 30, 9 12 Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-4 246 1 2,909 1 1 1,145 2 3 183 ' ' 1 1 5,182 13 29 67 1 18 23,049 Fairfield Gap, Pa., July 4 Monterey Gap, Pa., July 4 21 43 Emmitsburg, Md., July 4 68 Cunningham's Cross Roads, Pa., July 5. . . 2 3 Near Greencastle, Pa. , July 5 1 5 5 45 34 1 8 49 4 17 70 27 7 6 2 56 19 Near Fairfield, Pa., July 5 2 ' 1 5 3 ' ' 1 5 7 Smithsburg, Md., July 5 ' 10 3 4 184 66 10 3 1 16 13 1 6 8 2(;3 120 2 50 18 66 Boonsborough, Md., July 8 80 Near Williamsport, Md.. JulyS, 4 3 14 5 2 2 4 ' 1' 1 ' '2 ' '2 1 5 6 12 2 7 5 30 24 2 24 1 ' ' '3 3 8 16 ■ ■ '5 3 14 20 226 25 Funkstown, Md., July 10-13, ... 97 49 Jones' Cross Roads, Md., July 10-13 11 17 Near Williamsport, Md. , July 14, Falling Waters. Md.. July 14 3 28 2 121 25 Halltown, W. Va. , July 15 1 2 1 264 337 211 19 176 Pennsylvania at Oettyshurg. 161 STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS AT GETTYSBURG—CONTINUED. a Dead. Wounded. Capttked AND Missing. Regiments. i o s 1 3) s o o (Cavalry. First 418 2 1 6 21 Second, 1 Third 394 304 466 391 411 448 599 114 144 *105 139 1 1 3 5 9 21 Fourth 1 Sixth Eighth 7 2 12 Sixteenth 2 i (; Seventeenth 8^ Eighteenth 2 3 7 1 .... 4 1 1 8 ArtiUery. B, First 12 F, First ( G, First ( C, Independent, E, Independent, 1 3 12 7 3 9 3 .... 2:t 14 F, Independent 1 3 1 14 H, Third 62 1 ' Effective force of Battery i-' included. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE UNION LOSSES AT GETTYSBURG BY STATES, ETC. Connecticut, . . . Delaware, . . . . Illinois Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts, Michigan. . . Minnesota, . . . . New Hampshire. . New .Jersey, . . . New York, . . . . Pennsvlvania, . . Ohio. " Rliode Island, . . Vermont West Virginia, . . Wisconsin, . . . . Staff Ambulance Corps. C. 8. Regulars, . U. S. Volunteers. Total, 41 18 9 91 112 25 182 182 47 1)2 72 902 692 124 13 57 9 100 18 17 5 33 36 4 79 57 14 27 43 294 293 60 246 2,909 29 351 570 103 939 596 159 236 448 3,713 3,469 709 74 285 43 473 11 1 8fiO 52 13, ,384 Missing, c 9 C ■o a a ® S 2 110 1 24 4 92 4 68 15 287 4 8 311 4 254 1 38 63 69 1,692 45 1,339 12 351 5 59 1 8 8 180 3 1 6 275 1 20 1 183 5,182 340 161 139 552 1,027 140 1.537 l.Ul 224 368 634 6.746 5,891 1,271 97 415 67 806 56 1 1,374 92 23.049 11 CEREMONIES AT THE DEDICATION OF THE REGIMENTAL MONUMENTS (163) ,'-.V. -;;,o^-:--r\ , ). .^■y^ PHOTO. By W. M. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT : THE F. GUTEKUNST CO.. PHILA. M Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 165 DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 11™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September 3, 1890 ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN H. B. PIPER Y Comrades : — To have taken part on the side of the Union in the late civil war is of much importance, and to have participated as a member of that grand old regiment, the Eleventh Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, may be counted an honorable distinction. The part it played in the most sanguinary national tragedy of the century, was both important and conspicuous. Entering the service at the beginning, and continuing to the end, participating in the first and last battles of the war, its very name became the synonym of patriotism and bravery. Early in April, 1861, the old Eleventh was organized as a three months' regi- ment under the first call for troops by the President, and saw some practical campaigning during that period, participating in the battle of Falling "Waters, Va., which was the first infantry fight of the war. It was the first Pennsylvania regiment to reorganize for three years' service. On July 25th, 1861, by official order of the Secretary of War, its services as a regimental organization were formally accepted, and it again entered on a career as one of the most faithful of all faithful military organizations placed in the field by our native State in those dark and bloody days. Passing overall its subsequent campaigns preceding the summer of 1863, the old Eleventh, then a part of Baxter's Brigade, Second Division, First Army Corps, left Falmouth, Va., on the 12th of June, reached the .state line, by way of Warrentown Junction, Herndon and Guilford Stations, Barnesville and Em- mitsburg, camping at Wolford's farm on the evening of June 80th, reaching the vicinity of Gettysburg at 11 o'clock in the forenoon of the next day, and were saluted by the sound of cannonading in the direction of Chambersburg. For the first time a northern army seeking a hostile foe stood inside the bound- aries of our grand old Commonwealth, and the harvest-gilded valleys of the Keystone state were reverberating the deep-throated echoes of a foeman's cannon. The sons of hardy New England, of the Empire state and the west, were thrilled with intense and consuming interest of the hour, as much so as if the contest about to be waged was on the threshold of their own homes. But the old Eleventh, the heroes of a score of bloody conflicts, breathed their native air, trod their native vales, stretched their line of living valor along the crests of their native hills and battled for the homes of their childhood. Never did men more eagerly seek the field of carnage. The summer sun poured down its tropic heat. The distant i-idges were filled with a brave and desperate foe, and whether Virginia or Pennsylvania was to be the seat of war was an open question to be decided by the bloody arbitra- ment of arms. Never had two great armies been so matched. It was a field which, like Marathon and Hastings and Waterloo, bound up in its issues the destinies of a 166 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. thousand years of national life. Like Marmont's race with the English across the Spanish peninsula, the two opposing hosts had bent every collective energy to the task of reaching an advantageous position for a northern casm- paign. But across the path of the rebel chieftain, Meade had swung his mag- nificent army. Lee, careful, sleepless, tireless in his patient vigilance, mus- tering the pride of the Confederate hosts under his banner, strove to transplant from the bleeding bosom of his native state to the hills and valleys of Pennsyl- vania, the eating canker of civil war. Every man comprehended with more or less clearness the importance of the hour, and the veterans of our own gallant regiment fought only as brave and determined men can fight in defense of their homes and their country. As they neared the position to which they were subsequently to be assigned, crossing the field and the meadow, they heard for the first time of the death of the gallant Reynolds. Having gone forward in advance of the troops to se- lect position for the impending conflict, he was killed by a rebel bullet before the fight began. No braver, truer man ever fell in the line of duty on the brink of a great battle. Had it been his to lead the brave men, whom he had so often led, in that bloody fray that followed, those who knew him best knew full well how to the laurels already gathered he would have added imperishable fame. By noon the regiment had taken its position on Seminary Ridge, south of the railroad cut. Scarcely had it halted in this position when General Baxter re- ceived an order from General Robinson to send forward two regiments to check the enemy who was advancing on the north side of the railroad cut. The Eleventh Pennsylvania and Ninety-seventh New York, Colonel Coulter in com- mand, were selected for that purpose. Crossing the railroad and moving for- ward and to the right about a quarter of a mile, they met the advancing foe. held him in check, and prevented him from occupying the position he was so eager to obtain. It was at this point that the old Eleventh Pennsylvania and the Ninety-sev- enth New York charged and captured part of a brigade of North Carolinians. But the work so well done on this part of the field, and which was so essential to the final success of the Union arms in this great contest, was not accom- ' plished without sacrifice. A list of the casualties will give .some idea of the fierceness of the conflict. About 3 o'clock your .speaker was wounded and retired to the hospital in the town of Gettysburg. Soon after this our troops fell back to Cemetery Hill, south of the town, where they participated, with the main body of the army, in the contest of the second and third days. Those of you who were present and took part in the first day's conflict will pardon me when I mention the per- sonal bravery of that grand old man. Colonel Wheelock, of the Ninety-seventh New York. He was taken prisoner on the afternoon of the first day, but made his escape a few days later. Surviving the perils of the battle-field, he has since joined the innumerable hosts who have pitched their tents upon the eternal plains on the other side. While occupying a hotly-contested position on Cemetery Hill, Colonel Coulter was ordered to the command of the First Brigade. Not wishing to be separated from his regiment, he secured its transfer also, and during the remaining part of the battle, the old Eleventh was temporarily a part of the First Brigade. The shifting changes of battle found our regiment near the Emmitsburg road supporting the Union batteries in the evening. About noon the next day. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 167 July 2d, it was relieved by the division of General Hays and fell back to re- plenish its exhausted cartridge boxes. In the evening the brigade was thrown farther to the left and suffered heavily from the enemy's guns. About 10 o'clock at night it was engaged, in conjunction with a part of the Eleventh Corps, in frontof Cemetery Ridge, and was only relieved at day -break on the morning of the 3d. In the afternoon the regiment gallantly supported the celebrated battery of Captain Ricketts on Cemetery Hill. Here Colonel Coulter was severely wounded, but remained in command. Though decimated and fa- tigued by the constant vigil of a three days' engagement, the old Eleventh, in support of the Second Corps, participated in the desperate struggle in which the Confederate chieftain was finally overthrown in his last despairing effort to win the ensanguined field. Immediately after the failure of Pickett, in his last tremendous charge, Lee began to withdraw his forces and the field of Gettys- burg was won. Years have elapsed since these hills reverberated to the thunder of the enemy's cannon. The soil, once red with patriot blood, grows rank with tangled grasses, or is starred with summer flowers. The eternal hills, lifting them- selves toward the heavens, silent as though the spirit of solitude sat enthroned upon their changeless summits, give no sign of the red current of battle that, twenty-seven years ago. rolled around their rocky bases. But the level light of the western sun touches with softened ray the granite slabs and monumental shafts that mark the final resting places of the ashes into which has mouldered the brave hot hearts who fought, who fell, who died that the Union might be preserved. They were willing to wash out the footprints of the rebel foe with their blood, and count it a joy to die. But, ah ! Not here alone lie our fallen comrades of the old Eleventh. Along the bloody trail of war, at Bull Run, whose dual disaster twice made the nation tremble, on Antietam's historic field, on Fredericksburg's luckless plains, in the Wilderness, at Petersburg, on Virginia's hills and plains, wherever raged the deadly fight — there may be found the graves of our brave and honored dead. It would be a grateful task to recall the instances of personal heroism and bravery in which the histoi-y ol the regiment abounds, but time would fail to speak of it all, and it would seem invidious to speak of some. I may be, I know I shall be, pardoned if I tarry here, in passing, to say, that while the records of this Commonwealth endure, Pennsylvania will do well to honor the name of General Richard Coulter. Wounded again and again, with in- domitable courage and endurance, he led the old Eleventh gallantly in all its fa- mous fights. Cool, brave, even-nerved, well-balanced, self-poised, he posses.sed the highest instincts of a true soldier, united with the manliest attributes of a true man. Long may he live to meet and mingle with the survivors of that gallant band he so often led to victory and never deserted in defeat. But I cannot if I would, I would not if I could, forget the uncrowned and unsung hero of the knapsack and the musket. History furnishes no parallel to the gallantry of our citizen soldiery, the courage and grit of the American volunteer. The perils and hardships of war were his. His were the lonely vigils of the picket beat, and the dangers by flood and field. Upon his brave heart and conscience lay the political destiny of this great republic. The na- tion placed her life in his hands. And on a hundred blood j^ battle-fields he proved himself sublimely worthy of the trust. Among this unselfish host of brave, true men, none were more brave and true than the soldiers of the old 168 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Eleventh. Their boues lie on every great battle-tield of the east, and the re- cords of southern prisons show the names of some of our gallant boys, not per- mitted to share a soldier's death on the field of battle, but dying like some ancient martyr in love with his God and his country. To him, to the common soldier, to our dead comrades, whether here beneath his native soil he sleeps, or under the softer skies of the sunny south-land, we turn in grateful, tearful remem- brance. We rear these monuments to their honor and in their memory. But in the unborn ages yet to come, long after we too shall have passed away, a saved and grateful republic will rear in history an everlasting memorial to their devotion and their valor, more changeless than brass and more enduring than marble, and that shall exist as long as these voiceless hills bear testimony to Gettysburg's fateful day ; and among the immortal names preserved as those the nation delights to honor in all the future, a high and honored place shall be forever held by the old "Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers." And now, to the memory of our fallen companions of the old "Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers," the heroic dead who lost their lives in the service of their country, and to the regiment in whose ranks they fell, this monument is .solemnly dedicated by their surviving comrades. May its silent presence teach more eloquently than language can express, the lessons of patriotism and self-sacrificiug devotion to country. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 23° REGIMENT INFANTRY September 12, 1889 ADDRESS OF COLONEL JOHN F. GLENN /'COMRADES: — We assemble here to-day to unveil a statue that sur- 1 mounts our monument, that we had the honor to dedicate some two \ ; years ago, and it is with feelings of gratification that I extend con- gratulations to the Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers and com- rades of Shaler's Brigade, for such a large attendance of their survivors on this hallowed ground- -and in their name I most heartily thank our friends who have honored the occasion by their presence. To the State of Pennsylvania we extend our grateful thanks for the gift which I now unveil, that of a Birney Zouave — and in saying this I assure the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of the gratitude of all the survivors of the Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer In- fantry. ADDRESS OF WILLIAM J. WRAY R. Secretary and Members of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial As- sociation : — On August 6, 1886, the Survivors' Association of the Twenty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and their friends, had the honor to dedicate and turn over to the keeping of your Asso- ciation this tablet, that marks the position of the Twenty -third during the action of July 3, 1863. On that occasion, General Alexander Shaler, as orator of the day, after reviewing the action of Gettysburg, and history of the regi- M mmm igr-: **'^-' ■rm'^^M E F. GUTEKUW^T CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Getti/shurg. 169 ment, in most elocjHcnt words, generonslj' paid tribute to the command as its brigade commander. Since that time the State ol" Pennsylvania has appropriated for the erection of monuments the sum of .f!l,500 to each Pennsylvania command that par- ticipated iu the action. Our association appointed the required committee — selected a design of a statue to surmount their tablet. The Pennsylvania State Commission on Gettysburg Monuments having approved of our selection, the work was ordered done, and we are here to-day to transfer to the keeping of the Battle-field Memorial Association, this granite work of art, just unveiled — a statue ol a "Birney Zouave." You will observe the figure represents a youthful soldier, who, advancing up the slope at trail arms, grasps his musket impulsively as lie suddenly receives the fire of the enemy. It is quite a de- parture from the dress parade figure usually cut in granite, and while not regu- lation as to the position of the musket, it is realistic — thus showing the soldier under fire— and one more appropriate on a battle-field. The surroundings be- ing woodland — the figure is supported by a broken tree, apparently struck by a piece of shell — all details as to uniform and accoutrements have been brought artisticallj' out, and in placing this work of art in the keeping of your Asso- ciation, we deem it a pleasant duty we owe to thank you for the faithful man- ner in which you have labored for the preservation of this field — and in the name of the survivors ol the Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, we gratefully acknowledge the gift of the State of Pennsylvania, who so gen- erously appropriated the funds for its erection. ORATION OF GENERAL SHALER COMRADES : — We meet to-day upon historic grounds. Some of us have met here before. Twenty-five years ago, within a few days, two great armies confronted each other iu this vicinity. One in defense of state rights, the other iu defeu.se of United States rights. One assaulted the I'nion, the other defended it. I shall not attempt to describe in full the great battle which ensued, relate the causes which led to it, nor discu.ss the effect upon the country of the result- ing victory of the Union army, but content myself with a brief .synopsis of the part taken in this and other battles by that portion of the Sixth Corps in which we had the honor of serving. Let us go back to the autumn of 1861. The " tocsin of war had sounded." The cry to arms had reverberated throughout the land. Fathers, husbands, brothers and sons turned their backs upon their children, their wives, their parents and all that was dearest to them on earth, and rushed impulsively to the defense of the Union. To show how spontaneous and how general this out- burst of patriotism was, it may be stated that between July 27, 18G1, and October 27 (a period of three months), there were added to the army then or- ganizing, about 120.000 men ; and that in December following there were in the vicinity of Washington and in the Shenandoah Valley over 200,000 men in battle arraj'. Washington and its suburbs was one grand encampment. Troops from every loyal state were being marshalled and prepared for active service. General George B. McClellan. whom we familiarly called " Little Mac," owing to his success in West Virginia, in the summer of 1861, had been called to Washing- 170 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ton to organize and command an army for the doable purpose of defending the Capitol and of taking the field. As regiment after regiment arrived, they were organized into brigades and divisions without much reference to the states from which they came, and were encamped contiguous to each other. At Queen's Farm, on the Bladensburg road, just on the outskirts of the city, the Twenty- third Pennsylvania, Colonel Birney ; the Thirty-first Pennsylvania, which after- wards became the Eighty-second Pennsylvania, Colonel Williams ; the Sixty- fifth New York, Colonel Cochrane, and the Sixty-seventh New York, Colonel Adams, vrere encamped, and formed what was known as Graham's Brigade, under the command of Brigadier-General Pike Graham, an officer formerly of the United States cavalry service. This brigade formed part of the division com- manded by General Don Carlos Buell. As early as October, 1861, the organization of the army was practically com- pleted, and from that time until April, 1862, when the Peninsular campaign was begun, were drilled and schooled in the practices of war. The monotonous routine of camp life was varied only by an occasional wild rumor of approach- ing rebels, and a reconnaissance of the surrounding country. With the exception of a skirmish at Lewinsville, Virginia, just bej^ond Chain bridge, in which a part of the brigade (the Chasseur Regiment) was engaged, the troops had so far experienced only the drudgery and the jollities of camp life. But this was ended in the spring of 1862, by the cry of " On to Richmond," when our brigade, with the rest of the army, took transports at Alexandria for Fortress Monroe. In the meantime the Sixty-first Pennsylvania, Colonel Rip- pey, had joined as. The campaign was begun with three corps of the army, to wit : — the Second, commanded by General Sumner ; the Third, commanded by General Heiutzel- man,and the Fourth, commanded by General Keyes. Couch's Division, to which we were attached, belonged to Keyes' Corps. Our advance up the Peninsula was slow and tedious, although no enemy was seen until we reached Yorktown. Pending the siege of that place we were occupied in watching Warwick river. The battle of Williamsburg followed the evacuation of Yorktown, and our bri- gade, after marching all day through a drizzling rain and mud ankle -deep, reached the battle-field in time to support some of Hooker's troops in making their final charge. Before we had advanced far enough from Fortress Monroe to see the enemy. General Graham was relieved from duty and General Wessells, also of the regu- lar army, put in command of the brigade. General Wessells was in a short time succeeded by another regular officer, General Abercrombie, who was with us at Fair Oaks, and retained the command until after the second battle of Bull Run, fought by General Pope. We crossed the Chickahominy at Bottom's bridge about the 25th of May, and advanced within five miles of Richmond, where, at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, on the 31st of May. was fought the first important and severe battle of the cam- paign. In this battle the regiments of our brigade were separated. We were encamped along the Nine Mile road, extending from Seven Pines, on the Williamsburg pike, to Fair Oaks Station, on the Richmond and York River railroad. Owing to the suddenness of the enemy's attack, the Twenty-third Pennsyl- vania and the Sixty-seventh New York were thrown forward, while marching towards Fair Oaks on the Nine Mile road, into a dense pine grove on the left, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 171 through which the enemy were advancing. They succeeded, with the Thirty- first Pennsylvania and Sixty-first Pennsylvania, already in line, in checliing that advance, but were subsequently forced to retire with very heavy losses. In this onslaught the Sixty-first Pennsylvania lost its colonel (Rippey) and was badly cut up. Their resolute stand, however, enabled the rest of the bri- gade to reach Fair Oaks Station, where, after holding position a short time, the Thirty-first Pennsylvania and Sixty-first Pennsylvania having previously taken position in advance of their camps near the railroad station, they were with- drawn under the personal supervision of General Couch, the division com- mander, with a section of Brady's Battery, the Sixty-second New York, Colonel Riker, and the Seventh Massachusetts, Colonel Russell, along the road leading to the Grape Vine bridge, so far as the Adams House. The Thirty-first Pennsylvania, the Sixty-fifth New York and two companies of the Sixty-first Pennsylvania, which had been on the picket line, were posted in the order named on the right of the road facing and on the edge of a dense woods, while the Sixty-second New York, Brady's guns and the Seventh Mas- sachusetts were posted in the order named on the left of the road, on a knoll overlooking an open field and flanking the woods along which the first-named regiments had been formed. The enemy's advance through the piece of woods was resolute and persistent. Regiment after regiment was brought forward to drive us back and get on the flank of Brady's guns, but without avail. The dogged tenacity with which the men of the Thirty-fii-st Pennsylvania, the Chasseurs and the Sixty-first Pennsyl- vania clung to their position, outmatched the fierceness of the enemy's assault. Despairing of success in their efforts to flank the artillery, the enemy essayed a direct attack, but with no better success, although a few dead rebels were found within twenty yards of the muzzles of the guns. This attack was made about two o'clock in the afternoon, and so sudden that the brigade commander. General Abercrombie, was caught in the woods between the lines and received a slight wound in the face. Between four and five o'clock the leading brigade of Sedgwick's Division and Kirby's Battery of twelve-pounders, which had crossed the Chickahominy on the Grape Vine bridge, arrived on the field. The infantry were posted on the right and in the rear of our line, and the artillery on the knoll beside Brady's two guns. Other infantry were put in position on the left of the artillery, and connection made with the troops which had been forced back by the impetuosity of the assault. Fresh troops were ad- vanced by the enemy and the battle raged until dark, but not an inch of ground was yielded. The conduct of our men in this battle furni.shes an example of the benefits derived from proper instruction and rigid discipline. Under guid- ance of their officers, they reserved their fire until the enemy could be seen through the thicket in front of them. As a result, a large proportion of the shots were effective. The Chasseur Regiment captured a battle flag and the next morning buried over one hundred rebels found in their front. The following day the brigade was again united and moved to an advanced position. On the 26th of June the extreme right of our army at Mechanicsville was attacked bj' the rebels in force, and from that time until July 1st, when the battle of Malvern Hill was fought, we experienced all the trials and suf- ferings incident to a forced march of six days, without sleep, shelter or regular food. At Malvern Hill, our division, having been among the first to arrive, was naturally assigned the most important position. Three several times it 172 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. was assailed by the rebels, who were repulsed with fearful loss. On the right of the line, held by Couch's Division, the Chasseur Regiment was at one time compelled to change front under fire, and did it with such wonderful coolness and precision as to command the admiration and the compliments of the bri- gade commander. The six weeks encampment ot the Army of the Potomac at Harrison's Land- ing, on the James river, its transfer to the city of Washington, the part it took in supporting Pope's army in the second battle of Bull Run, and its subsequent reorganization by General McClellan, furnish nothing of special note in refer- ence to our brigade, except that Brigadier-General John Cochrane, who had been promoted from the colonelcy of the Chasseur Regiment after the battle of Fair Oaks, was put in command of our brigade in the place of General Abercrombie, who had been assigned to duty at Centerville, after Pope's campaign, and Couch's Division was transferred to the Sixth Corps, commanded by General Franklin. In the reorganization of the army, early in September, while on the march, the One Hundred and twenty-second New York regiment. Colonel Silas Titus, was added to our brigade, and we became the First Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps. After the defeat of Pope at Manassas, Lee boldly .struck out northward, in the direction of Leesburg, necessitating great caution on the part of McClellan. who had been again verball;/ placed in command of the troops about Washing- ton, embracing those designated as the Army of Virginia. The battle-field of Antietam was reached by our brigade earlj' in the after- noon of the 17th of September, after a tramp through Pleasant Valley and up to the top of Maryland Heights, in search of the rebel General McLaws, on one of the hottest days and over the dustiest road we had ever marched. At Antietam we relieved that part of the line to the right of a corn-field and im- mediately in front of Dunker Church. This line we occupied until the morn- ing of the 19th, when our division was put in pursuit of the fleeing rebels, the rear guard of which we had a fight with, and drove across the river at Williamsport. McClellan's tardiness after the battle of Antietam caused much uneasiness and great dissatisfaction with the authorities at Washiugton. and resulted in his being relieved at Warrenton, and General Burnside being placed in com- mand of the Army of the Potomac on the 9th of November, 1862. Upon the reorganization of the army which followed, General Couch was assigned to the command of the Second Corps and General John Newton to the command of the Third Division, Sixth Corjjs. In the calamitous failure of Burnside's attack on Fredericksburg, December 13th to 15th, the Sixth Corps, then in command of General W. F. Smith, popularly known as "Baldy Smith," formed a part of the Left Grand Division, commanded })y General Franklin. We cros.sed the Rappahannock about three miles below the city, near the Bernard House, and supported General Meade in his attack upon the enemy's right, without serious loss, although constantly under a heavy artillery fire. On the 20th of January following. General Burnside considered that "the aus- picious moment had arrived" and issued his orders for recrossing the Rappa- hannock at Banks' Ford. No sooner had the troops broken camp than the rain commenced to fall in torrents, and, after floundering around a whole day, they Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 173 returned to camp at night, having added nothing to our prestige or that of the commanding general, and nothing to history, except the record of a " mud march." General Burnside's retirement from the command of the army soon followed, and General Hooker, already known as "Fighting Joe" for his gallant and persistent assaults upon the rebel earthworks at Williamsburg, on the Penin- sula, and at South Mountain and Antietam, .superseded him. Then followed another reorganization of the army, in which the Sixty-first Pennsylvania was taken from our brigade and made a part of the Light Brigade, organized for .special purposes. The resignation of General Cochrane, on the 1st of March, 1863, placed the speaker in command of the brigade. General Hooker's first field operation was an effort to crush the Army of Northern Virginia at Chancellorsville. It was a part of his plan to have Sedgwick, who now commanded the Sixth Corps, assault and carry the Heights of Fredericksburg, move out on the road to Chancellorsville, and strike the rear of Lee's army while he. Hooker, en- gaged it in front. For that purpose the Sixth Corps crossed the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg, near the old Franklin crossing, on April 29th, and on the night of Saturday, May 2d, at 1 a. m., commenced a flank march into Fredericksburg. Our brigade was honored with the advance and instructed to let nothing im- pede the march through the town, over the heights and out on the Chancellors- ville road ; an easy order for a general to give, but not easy of execution, in the presence of a wide-awake enemy, holding earthworks across your path, an effort to take -which had already cost fifteen thousand lives. After driving in the outposts, in which the Chasseur Ilegiment, under the lamented Hamblin, showed conspicuous gallantry, losing many men and leaving Major Healy on the ground mortally wounded, as was supposed, we continued our march until the enemy's line of defenses at the foot of Marye's Heights was encountered, when, by order of the division commander, the head of the column entered the city, leaving one of our regiments, the Twenty-third Pennsylvania, deployed in the open field facing the never-to-be-forgotten stone wall. When daylight ap- peared the men of the Twenty-third found themselves exposed to the enemy's fire, and for five long hours, without an opportunity to even make a cup of coffee, they maintained this harrassing position. About 10 o'clock Sunday morning the columns and deployed lines were formed by General Newton for storming the heights. The column on the extreme right was composed of the Sixty-first Pennsylvania and Forty-third New York, of the Light Brigade, under the command of Colonel Spear, and was supported by the Eighty-second Pennsylvania and the Sixty-seventh New York, of our brigade, under command of the speaker. The Twenty-third Pennsylvania formed a part of the deployed line on the left of the second column of attack. The Chas-seur Regiment and the One hundred and twenty-second New York were directed to follow with the rest of our division and join the brigade after the heights had been carried. Upon the opening of Newton's batteries both columns debouched from under cover, and the deployed lines advanced to the assault. Spear's column on the right was enfiladed by batteries stationed in the road at the top of the hill and in the works on each side of the road ; rifle-jiits at the base of the hill also confronted him. The column moved out on the double-quick, but the road was narrow and before the column had passed over half the distance it was 174 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. literally swept away by the iron hail showered upon it. Colonel S^iear fell mortally wounded. Major Bassett, with the Eighty-second Pennsylvania, found himself at the head of the column, and struggled manfully to carry his men forward, and finally, encouraged by the presence of their brigade commander with his two aides, Lieutenants Armstrong and Johnson, rushed forward with the Sixty-seventh New York and carried the heights, capturing two pieces of the Washington battery of artillery, one officer and a number of men. The Twenty-third Pennsylvania, in deployed line, with the Fifth Wisconsin, Sixth Maine and Thirty-first New York, moved gallantly to the charge. An eye-wit- ness belonging to the Second Division, in speaking of this line, says, "Four more gallant regiments could not be found in the service. Leaving everything but guns and ammunition they started forward, encountering a shower of bullets, grape and caunister as soon as they rose above a slight knoll. It was a noble sijectacle and filled our hearts with pride for our brave comrades." The brigade was subsequently united and marched out on the road to Chan- cellorsville. The enemy's occupation of Salem Heights stopped our advance, and in the battle which ensued we took position in an open field to the right of the road, which was held until the evening of the 4th, when the whole corps recrossed the Rappahannock at Banks' Ford and returned to our old camps. Throughout this short campaign the conduct of the officers and men of our brigade was everything that could be desired ; and it was through no fault of theirs or any other part of the Sixth Corps, that Hooker's first cam- paign came to such an inglorious end. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville had so improved the morale of the rebel army which had been reinforced by two of Longstreet's divisions from the James river and a large number of conscripts from Richmond, that Lee deter, mined upon an invasion of the North. This threw the Army of the Potomac on the defensive. So, on the 13th of June, Hooker broke up his camp on the Rappahannock and moved northward. The Sixth Corps had, on the 6th of that month, again crossed the river at the Bernard House, and for a week observed the movements of the rebels who occupied the defenses of Fredericksburg Heights, but recrossed and followed the main army on the 14th by forced marches until the vicinity of Washington was reached. The Potomac river was cro-ssed at Edwards' Ferry on the 26th of June, and the march of the army directed on Frederick City. About this same time differences arose between General Halleck at Washington and General Hooker, in relation chiefly to the disposition of the forces at Harper's Ferry, and General Hooker asked to be re- lieved. General George G. Meade, then commanding the Fifth Corps, was im- mediately placed in command of the army. From Frederick City our corps marched to Manchester, which would have been the extreme right of the army if Meade's line of battle had been formed along Pipe creek, as some suppose he had intended. But events occurred which determined Gettysburg to be the ground upon which was to be fought the mightiest and most sanguinary battle of modern times. The operations of the First and Eleventh Corps on Seminary Ridge, where Reynolds lost his life, on the 1st of July, were important, in that they prevented the rebels from oc- cupying the favorable ground upon which our army was subsequently formed for battle. On the night of the 1st of July our corps was at Manchester thirty-six miles away. At 9 o'clock in the evening we started for Gettysburg and did not halt Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 175 for any length of time until we reached Rock creek which crosses the Baltimore pike about a mile from here. There we rested and made coffee. Resuming the march we moved to the base of Little Round Top, where the Fifth Corps was stemming the rebel current which liad forced back portions of the Third Corps. Two of our brigades were immediately thrown forward to the relief of the Fifth Corps, while the rest were placed in a line of reserve. Before leaving Man- chester, our division commander, General Newton, took leave of us and went immediately to the front to a.ssume command of the First Corps in the place of General Reynolds, who had been killed that morning, and General Wheaton, by virtue of his rank assumed command of this division. This march of the Sixth Corps, of thirty-six miles in seventeen hours on a sultry summer night and morning, is probably the most memorable one of the war. When we consider the load which a soldier carries on the march, even in light marching order, the absence in the field of all comforts which he en- joyed at home, and the peril to life and limb which constantly surrounds him, we cannot but admire the pluck and courage with which he undertakes the most difficult and perilous tasks and honor him for the sacrifices he makes. About sunrise on the morning of the 3d, our brigade was ordered to Gulp's Hill to aid General Geary of the Twelfth Corps, in retaking the works on the extreme right, occupied by the enemy during the previous night. The serious- ness of Longstreet's attack upon our left induced General Meade to order rein- forcements from General Slocum, commanding on this part of the field, which necessitated the evacuation of a part of the line before established. These works were seized by the wily enemy, and at daylight our troops undertook to dislodge him and drive him back. Upon reporting to General Geary, our brigade was formed in the open field, just in rear of the line of defenses, in a column of battalions deployed. After a personal reconnaissance by General Geary and the brigade commander, the One Hundred and twenty -second New York, Colonel Titus commanding, was directed to relieve the One Hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, then occu- pying a position in the front line. This position they held for two hours and a half under a very severe fire, losing many in killed and wounded, and were then relieved by the Eighty-second I'ennsylvania, Colonel Bassett. At 9.20 a. m., the Twenty-third Pennsylvania, Lieutenant-Colonel Glenn commanding, was placed in position to support the front line. Three hours later, five companies of this regiment, under a galling fire of musketry, were advanced into the breastworks and, after silencing the enemy's fire, sent out a line of skirmishers, which, however, were promptly recalled, the enemy still being in line of battle in close proximity to our works. At 11 a. m. the Sixty- seventh New York, Colonel Cross, marched into the breastworks from which the enemy were then fleeing, and succeeded in capturing about twenty prison- ers. At 11.15 a. m., the Chasseur Regiment (Sixty-fifth New York), Colonel Hamblin, occupied a position in support of the Twenty -third Pennsylvania. About 3 p. m. all of our regiments were relieved by others belonging to the Twelfth Corps. Longstreet's attack upon our left, and Ewell's attack upon our right had both failed ; and now a desperate attempt to pierce our center was to be made. As a prelude to the grand assault of Pickett's Division, one hundred and fif- teen pieces of artillery opened their murderous fire upon our lines, and "were responded to by about eighty of our own guns. With the order and steadiness 176 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. of troops on parade, Pickett's lines moved out in view and commenced to ad- vance across the open field to a point just south of the Cemetery grounds marked by a clump of trees. No sooner was the point of his attack made manifest, than every available Union battery was trained upon his columns. The carnage which ensued was terrible ; but on they came, alternately waver- ing, staggering, rallying and pressing forward, until the rebel General Armi- stead found himself pierced by a rifle shot within our own lines, followed by a few hundred of the most fortunate and courageous of his men who became prisoners of war. It was while this was being enacted, that our brigade was called from this position on the right, to traverse the field and report to Gen. eral Newton, commanding the First Corps, at the left center, near the point of Pickett's assault. After the repulse of this infantry charge, the rebel batteries kept up a tantalizing but irregular fire ; and one of the last shots fired lost to the Twenty-third Regiment one of its most promising young officers. Lieuten- ant Garsed. A solid shot literally tore him to pieces. Before darkness had shrouded the field, the roar of artillery and the rattling of musketry had ceased. The great battle of the war had been fonght. The stillness of the night was broken only by the groans of the wounded and dying, and the rumbling of ammunition and commissary wagons. The losses in both armies amounted to about 50,000 men, equal to one-third of all the number engaged. The rebel army was now compelled to abandon all the hopes which its scheme of invasion had inspired ; and bitter as the alternative was, its retreat was im- perative. So, after spending the fourth "day in burying the dead and caring for the wounded, it silently and sullenly retired from our front on the morn- ing of the fifth, and the Sixth Corps was sent out on the Fairfield road in pur- suit. Lee's rear guard was overtaken in a pass of the South Mountain range, but was not pursued beyond it, General Meade having determined to keeiJ his army on the east side of that range. It crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and Berlin, July 17th and 18th, and moved along the east of Blue Ridge, while Lee retreated up the Shenandoah Valley, west of Blue Ridge, and finall3' encamped in the vicinity of Culpeper Court House. The Army of the Potomac went into camp about Warrenton, Virginia. In an address which I had the honor of delivering upon these grounds two years ago, on the occasion of the unveiling of the monument of the Twenty- third Pennsylvania Regiment, I took occasion to refer to an injustice which had been unintentionally done us in the report of the battle by the army com- mander. As the remarks I then made in reference to the Twenty-third Regi- ment are applicable to each and all the regiments of our brigade, I quote them verbatim. After speaking a word of praise in behalf of General Doubleday, of the First Corps, and General Sickles, of the Third Corps, for the services they rendered on the first and second days respectively, I say, "And while claiming this special recognition for them, I have a less pleasing, but to you a more im- portant duty, to perform, and that is, to demand an official recognition of the services, in this battle, of the brigade to which you were attached. The stu- dent who in future years peruses the official reports and records in the War De- partment, will there find recorded, over the signature of the commander of the Army of the Potomac, that in the battle of Gettysburg Wheaton's Brigade was ordered to the right, to aid in driving back the enemy and in retaking the works. In other words, the troops of Wheatou's Brigade were credited, in the official report of the battle, with the service performed by your brigade. Upon Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 177 learning of this error, I spoke to General Meade about it, at an army reunion, held in Boston nine years after the battle, and he promised to have his report corrected. I spoke also to General Wheaton of the credit he had received at another's expense, and of the injustice done the regiments of the First Brigade. He promised that he would write to General Meade upon the subject, but I am not informed that either of the promises were fulfilled. As our great lamented President (Lincoln) said, in commenting upon the battle, 'There was glory enough for all.' No excuse, therefore, can be given for withholding from any of the troops engaged the full measure of credit due them, much less should one organization be glorified at the expense of another. In justice to the memory of those brave men whose heroic services you this day commemorate, and in justice to you who have been permitted to survive them, and to perform this act of soldierly love and friendship, I protest against the wrong which has been done. I may be answered that it matters little, so far as the brigade is concerned, since the survivors have erected tablets upon one of the grounds they occupied in this battle. Is it of no. consequence to the relatives and friends of those who have died for their country, to their comrades who have survived them, to the officers who commanded them, that the official reports are silent as to the services of the organization with which they fought and died? Nay, more ; that such reports should actually give to another organiza- tion credit for services which cost them so many lives? For years and perhaps ages to come, the archives of the war will be perused and studied by historians and military students in search of material with which to compile history or solve military problems ; and must it be said to them, that the records are un- reliable— that to ascertain the services of any particular organization of the army, a visit must be made to the battle-fields, and the monuments and tablets consulted? Such a confession would be humiliating, but it must be made, so far as its relates to the services of the First Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps, in the battle of Gettysburg. And, if I am correctly informed, in refer- ence to other organizations also. A greater value attaches, therefore, to the testimonials you this day dedicate, than you probably anticipated, for it cor- rects the record ; more than that, it stands alone as the only record accessible to all, that our brigade fought and sufiered in this part of the field in the great- est battle of the war. ' ' On the 7th of November following, an advance movement was ordered, and the right wing of the army, composed of the Fifth and Sixth Corps under the command of General Sedgwick, was moved to a point on the river called Rappahannock Station, at which point the enemy occupied a series of earth- works on the north side of the river, consisting of two or three redoubts and a long line of rifie-pits or trenches. The approach to these works was over an open field, which could be swept by the enemy's guns for a considerable dis- tance in every direction, and as the head of our columns debouched from the woods to deploy in line of battle, they furnished a splendid target for the rebel gunners' practice. The scene was grand beyond description. When the speaker entered the open field, the Fifth and part of the Sixth Corps were al- ready in line of battle, with flags flying and bayonets glistening in the sunlight of a beautiful autumn day, having the appearance of troops on dress parade rather than formed for deadly conflict. Like Humphreys' tactical movements of his division on the field of Gettysburg, our brigade was closed up and, with- out halting, advanced and deployed in the position assigned it, having only the 12 178 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. sound of the enemy's guns to keep step with. Without delay our brigade was ordered to drive in the rebel sharpshooters and secure the possession of a knoll in the right and front for the occupation of a battery. This was quickly done, and soon after the battery was established, a column of attack was formed from the Sixth Corps and put in command of General Russell. Colonel Upton led the column with his regiment, and made one of the most brilliant and success- ful charges ever made upon any field. He not only captured the whole line of works, but with it some sixteen hundred prisoners, six battle-flags and many pieces of artillery and small arms. His attacking column numbered only fifteen hundred. The services of our brigade as well as those of Upton's troops, were made the subject of a complimentary order from corps headquarters. The next move of importance was Meade's efibrt to interpose his army be- tween the two wings of Lee's army, and for that purpose directed the various corps to cross the Rapidan at difierent points, the Sixth at Jacobs' Mill Ford, which they did on the 27th of November. Our division was ordered to report to General Warren, to aid him in outflanking, if possible, the enemy's right. Sunday, November 29th, found us in what was then considered a favorable position from which to attack, and orders were issued for Warren to do so at 8 o'clock next morning. But when morning came things were changed. Lee had entrenched himself in our front and planted batteries on our left. The flankers were outflanked, and Warren's heart failed him. As he told the speaker afterwards ''he had not the courage to attack." But he had the courage to sacrifice himself rather than his men. He assumed the responsibility of suspending the attack, and General Meade subsequently justified him. Thus ended the brief winter campaign of Mine Run and we returned to our old camps. During December, 1863, while in camp at Brandy Station, the Government called upon the three-years' men, two years of service having expired, to re-en- list for three years from that date or the war. This call was responded to by the men of our regiments, with remarkable unanimity and promptitude, nearly two-thirds in the aggregate voluntarily offering to continue their services until the last rebel laid down his arms. In January, 1864, our brigade was ordered to Sandusky, Ohio, to prevent an anticipated attempt to liberate the rebel ofiicers confined on Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, and remained there until the 12th of April, 1864, when brigade headquarters and three regiments (the Sixty-fifth, Sixty-seventh and One Hundred and twenty-second New York) proceeded to rejoin the army at Brandy Station. During our absence from the army, the old Third Division was disbanded, and we were assigned to the First Division commanded by General H. G. Wright, constituting the Fourth Brigade of that division. Grant's overland campaign to Richmond began at midnight, the 3d of May. Our brigade, or rather the three regiments of it in camp, crossed the Rapidan on the 4th in charge of an ammunition train which was parked a short distance in rear of the line of battle formed by the Fifth and Sixth Corps in the Wilder- ness, and at midnight on the 5th, moved forward and reported to our division com- mander. He assigned us to a position on the extreme right in support of General Seymour, who commanded the troops at that point. An advance of the liae about 8 o'clock in the morning of the 6th, so shortened it that in order to retain possession of a prominence on our flank, our regiments had to be placed in the front line, thus presenting to the enemy a single attenuated line where a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 179 strong, well-supported one should have been. Early in the day we were called upon to send a regiment a little to the left, to the aid of General Neill's Brigade which was being hard pressed. The Sixty-seventh New York was sent in, and returned in about an hour, having lost about one hundred men in that short time. Much anxiety was felt throughout the day for the safety of this flank which was practically in the air, guarded only by a skirmish line thrown around the rear, and subsequent events justified that anxiety. The attention of corps headquarters was repeatedly called to its weakness, but for reasons unknown to the speaker no troops were sent to us, and it was an easy matter, therefore, when a brigade of Ewell's Corps, under General Gordon, about 6 o'clock in the evening, drove in our skirmishers, to also double up our single line of infantry. A few officers and men of each of our three regiments were captured, and many killed and wounded. The able- bodied who escaped capture, reformed a line along the wood road which crossed onr line of battle perpendicularly, a few yards to the left. The brigade commander in reconnoitering on the borders of this road, with more zeal than caution rode into the enemy's lines and was captured. This terminated his services with the brigade in which he had served since the or- ganization of the army, and to which he had become dearly attached. The command of the brigade devolved upon Colonel Nelson Cross, of the Sixty- seventh New York. In the successful assaults at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor, and the defense of North Anna, which followed the battle of the Wilderness, its reputation was fully sustained. Throughout the trials encountered in the change of base to the south side of the James, and the besieging of Petersburg, it« patience and its power of endurance was manifest ; and when a detached column under General Early, early in July again threatened the National Capitol, the confi- dence of the army commander in its prowess, and its devotion to the cause, secured the transfer of the Sixth Corps to the point of danger. The old resi- dents of Washington will never forget with what celerity the rebel general was made to retire from the front of the Capitol and subsequently beat an inglorious retreat up the Shenandoah Valley, before the war-scarred veterans of the Sixth Corps, which, by the celerity of its movements, had become known as Sedg- wick's Cavalry. After this short campaign we find the brigade back again among its veteran comrades of the army, hammering away at the defenses of Petersburg, until on Sunday morning, April 2d, the final charge upon the works is made. The signal success of the Sixth Corps in this charge, not only carrying the line of defense in their front, but sweeping to the left and capturing a long line, thou- sands of prisoners and many guns, and subsequently turning to the right again, driving everything before it, until the enemy were encircled within their last cordon of defenses, was the first of the series of staggering blows which ulti- mately determined the fate of the Confederacy. The parallel race Avith Lee's army, which soon followed, gave another proof of its marching qualities. But it was at Sailor's creek, a few days later, where the fortunes of war gave to the Sixth Corps the final opportunity to make still more brilliant its record by crushing forever and utterly destroying its ancient antagonist. It is not a little remarkable, but the fact is without dispute, that the Sixth Corps was con- fronted, in its four years of battling, oftener by Ewell's Corps than by any other in the rebel army. There seemed, therefore, a providential dispensation 180 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. in the circumstances which placed it in tlie power of the Sixth Corps, at Sailor's creek, Virginia, on the 6th of April, 1865, to compel General Ewell and all that remained of his corps, to lay down their arms and become prisoners of war. The crowning glory of a brilliant record. During the period of its services, the integrity of our brigade was preserved from beginning to end. While, by reorganizations of the army, and the neces- sities of the service, whole corps and divisions were broken up and disbanded, our brigade organization continued intact. Regiments were added to it and taken from it, indeed, to such an extent that but one of the original regiments retained its identity in the brigade until the disbandment of the corps and final muster out. The Twenty-third Pennsylvania was mustered out at the close of the Valley campaign, its re-enlisted men being transferred to the Eighty-second Regiment. The Thirty-first Pennsylvania became the Eighty- second Pennsylvania. The Sixty-seventh New York was mustered out at the «nd of three years, and the re-enlisted men were transferred to the Sixty-fifth New York. The One Hundred and twenty-second New York was not an original member, but joined in the summer of 1862, and was transferred to Bidwell's Brigade of the Second Division, Sixth Corps, in the summer of 1864. The Sixty -first Pennsylvania was taken to make up a Light Brigade, and never returned to us. The Sixty-fifth New York (First United States Chasseurs, as it was called), was, therefore, the only one of all of the original members, which retained its identity through four long years of war, and until the final ■disbandment of the army and muster out. It is said that this was the last regiment of the Army of the Potomac mustered out. Upon the muster out of the Sixty-seventh New York, Colonel Cross retired from the service, and the command of the brigade devolved upon Colonel Joe E. Hamblin, of the Sixty -fifth New York, than whom a more gallant and faith- ful oflicer could not be tound in the service. In this hastily prepared and imperfect record of the services of our brigade, it may be considered not improper to speak of the qualities of some of the colonels of the regiments which composed it. It is a matter of historical re- cord, which may be alluded to here, without disparagement to others. Most of them showed a capacity and talent for military service which sooner or later secured for them deserved promotion. Colonel David B. Birney, of the Twenty- third Pennsylvania, was made brigadier-general and major-general of volun- teers. Colonel Thomas H. Neill, of the same regiment, was made brigadier- general and brevet major-general. Colonel John Ely, also of the same regi- ment, was made a brevet brigadier-general and brevet major-general. Colonel Nelson Cross, of the Sixty-seventh New York, was made brevet brigadier- general and brevet major-general. Colonel John Cochrane, of the Sixty-fifth New York, was made brigadier-general. Colonel Alexander Shaler and Colonel Joe E. Hamblin, of the same regiment, were made brigadier-generals and brevet major-generals of volunteers. Having through the fortunes of war been separated from the brigade during the last year of its service, a period in which promotions would be most likely to occur, I have referred to those only of which I have personal knowledge. No brigade in the army was more fortunate in the quality of its officers ; and, very many, too many to refer to here by name, were, for their superior talent and ability, for their gallant conduct, and for long and faithful services, promoted to higher grades, detailed to staff duty, and assigned to other special and honor- able services. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 181 The case of Lieutenant-Colonel Dwight, of the One Hundred and twenty- second New York, was one of unrewarded merit. He gallantly commanded the regiment in nearly all its battles, and until it was reduced below the number for which a colonel could be mustered, and was finally killed in front of Petersburg, without having received the promotion which he had repeatedly earned and was justly entitled to. The brigade was equally fortunate in the composition of its staflf, Captain William P. Roome, assistant adjutant-general ; Captain Samuel Truesdell, assistant inspector -general ; Captain George W. Ford, assistant quartermaster, and Captain Nat. Ellmaker, commissary of subsistence, were all officers of the highest qualities, possessing especial fitness for their respective positions. They served throughout with unsurpassed zeal and faithfulness, and retired honored and respected by all with whom they had intercourse. To commemorate the services of this noble body of men upon this field of battle, and to dedicate memorials to their fallen comrades we have met to-day. In looking back, visions pass before us like a dream. We see the demon of war with haughty mien uplift his arm to assail our national existence. Rebel- lious hordes are marshalled for unholy conquest. With rapid strides and swift approaches the swelling ranks besiege our capital. Indignant loyalty with glaring astonishment nerves herself lor defense. Liberty is fettered and af- frighted peace seeks safety in flight. To arms ! to arms ! the people cry. The danger to our Capital is nigh. With sentiments akin to filial love, the masses with one accord uprise and bid defiance. The conflict rages. Death, devastation and destruction revel. Gloom and sorrow prevail. Portentous clouds of darkness envelop us. Evil spirits, with hellish intent, pursue unchallenged their damnable ways. The angels mourn, and all natui'e in darkness weeps. But see, a silver lining ap- pears. Peering with hopeful aspect, Peace, with olive branch extended, seeks audience. In the distance seething masses of armed men struggle for mastery. With diminished force rebellion aims her blows, and finally sinks to rise no more. Victory perches on Loyalty's crest. Homeward turns the Spartan band, heroes all ! Halos of glory illumine the sky. Loved ones meet in joyous ecstacy. Liberty and peace have resumed their places. The dream has passed, but stern reality bids us inquire, where is father, brother and son? In yonder graves they lie, victims of disloyalty and martyrs for their country. Let us keep their memories green, and each recurring year cover them with immor- telles and sweet-scented flowers. And let us not forget the living heroes. Let us remember that to them we are indebted for the blessings of peace and prosperity which our re-united country now enjoys. Let us remember that the " stars on our banner grew suddenly dim," and that it was the private soldier who restored to them their luster, and palsied the hand which attempted their obliteration. While our children are taught to revere that emblem of unity and strength, let them also be taught the danger of assailing it. Teach them to honor its defenders, and if in after time it should again be threatened, let them emulate the patriotic example set by their fathers on this hallowed spot. 182 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 26™ REGIMENT INFANTRY ADDRESS OF PRIVATE THOMAS V. COOPER, Co. C (COMRADES and survivors of Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers : We are gathered here upon an occasion made doubly patriotic by the / law and the pride of our State to perform a most patriotic work — to dedicate a monument to the valor of our dead comrades and the heroism of a regiment which was the first of the three-year organizations, and which, if patriotism can be measured, first saw that the war for the Union meant con- tinued hardship, sacrifice and bravery. Almost its entire membership came from Philadelphia and the adjoining county of Delaware. The record of its intentions stands out as the grandest, in its example to the other long-term commands which quickly followed. The record of its deeds is synonymous with that of the Army of the Potomac, save at Gettysburg, the greatest battle known to modern history, and here it excelled all other Pennsylvania regiments in its losses in killed and wounded, in proportion to the number engaged, and the losses of the Pennsylvania commands excelled those of any other in the Union Army. You all remember how, during the long march through Virginia and Maryland to the battle-field, at the nightly bivouacs every element of State pride and likewise every feature of National love were summoned to support the universal proposition that there would be no recession upon Northern soil. History records the fact that there was none, and it is within the personal knowledge of all the survivors of the Twenty-sixth that the Third Corps, to the last man, stood its ground, and even refused to fall back, when the fight of the evening of the second day was hottest, to ground suited to the alignment sought by General Meade, and not until the shades of night had fallen and the battle had lulled, and an understanding of the situation had been gathered, did it do so. Gettysburg was the deadliest of the great battles of modern history, and for an organization like our own to stand out as the one losing most in actual battle, is a distinction which the surviving members cannot forget while mem- ory of the struggle lasts. It is understood that those chosen to deliver the orations peculiar to this day, shall confine themselves to a brief description of the part jjlayed by the com- mand immediately before and during the battle — this with a view to enable the Memorial Association to compile detailed historical information. All of our comrades who participated recall the march on June 11th, 1863, to Hartwood Church, over the familiar lines of the Rappahannock ; thence, on the 12th, to Bealeton, with Humphreys' division (Hooker's old and our own), advanced to the river, where we heard by our campfires the stories of skirm- ishes at Newtown, Cedarville and Middletown. On the 14th our march from Bealeton to Manassas is remembered as one of the hottest, many of the division and corps falling from sunstroke, so that when night came the losses, if they had been compiled, Avould have held com- parison with a battle. At Manassas we had to rest until the partially disabled PHOTO. BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT: THE F. GLTTEKUNST CO., PHU ^•.R"Y Pennsylvania at Geityshurg. 183 recovered, and on the 17th we moved quietly to Centerville, over ground made familiar by the battles of Bristoe and Bull Run of the previous year. At Centerville we could hear the clash of arms at Aldie. and the next morning received the news of skirmishes in our front at the Point of Rocks, Thorough- fare Gap and Middleburg. On the 19th we moved to Gum Springs, where we remained until the 25th, then crossed the Potomac ujion pontoons at Edwards' Ferry, and there began the unprecedented forced march over the long tow-path to the mouth of the Monocacy. No man who participated in that march can ever forget the driving rain, the slippery and narrow pathway, with water to the right of us, water to the left of us, water above, water below — without opportunity to halt, or rest, or eat, or drink, until the late hours of night found us at our destination. On the 26th we reached the Point of Rocks, the 27th Middletown, while on the 28th we rested near Woodsboro, with news of skir- mishes near Rockville, Maryland, and at Wrightsville and Oyster Point, Penn- sylvania— where blood was flowing upon the soil regarded as peculiarly our own. The 29th saw us at Taneytown, the .30th at Bridgeport, with ever-com- ing news of skirmishes and actions on front and flank. On July 1st we moved from Bridgeport via Emmitsburg to the field of battle, and while our gallant First Brigade was en route, late in the night, with the Twenty-sixth at the head of the column, we marched into the Confederate lines near the Black Horse Tavern, quietly gathered in the only picket post in sight, about-faced in majestic silence, and resumed the right road to Gettysburg, in time to assume our place upon the second day of the battle. In fact we arrived at the mid- night closing the first and opening the second day, and, after what proved but a nap, our command was awakened, cooked all the coffee and ate the few crackers that remained of our rations, then stacked arms, deployed as unarmed skir- mishers, and tore down the fences between the Baltimore pike and the Em- mitsburg road — a novel proceeding, but a fit precursory to the slaughter which followed. About 3 p. m., our Third Corps moved to the front, with our brigade at the celebrated Peach Orchard, and our regiment covering the right flank of the division, separated from Hancock's Second Corps by a gap which proved inviting to the enemy, for here immediate and repeated attempts were made to pierce our lines by bold dashes and charges. All of them Avere resisted, and but one came near accomplishing its destructive purpose. This was late in the evening, when a large rebel force, covered by smoke of the guns, quickly crossed the Emmitsburg road, and protected by the depression at the right of the little and now demolished stone house which flanked the Peach Orchard, with sudden rush and yell, plunged itself upon our already depleted ranks. Then the Twenty-sixth and the First Massachusetts, our gallant Yankee com- panions upon many battle-fields, obeyed the order of Colonel Blaisdell and Ma- jor Bodine, and changed direction by the right flank, in the very face of over- powering numbers. In this way the charge was checked, and the enemy were kept closely engaged until a division from the Second Corps came to our relief and saved the line. This struggle was the mo.st deadly of the daj' and of the entire battle, and as well of any battle known to the war. Its terrific force is seen in the unprecedented numbers of killed and wounded, and the high cour- age of the Twenty-sixth is shown by the fact that no man ran, and but seven were captured and missing out of two hundred and thirteen lost in a total number of three hundred and sixty-five engaged. In the repeated charges of the second day nearly two out of every three of our regiment engaged, fell 184 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, with a greatly superior number of the enemy close about them — and what few remained held their ground. These frightful losses were largely due to the heroic change of direction made by the two regiments named, while under fire and at close quarters — the most difficult movement known to military tactics, and the one above all others calling for quick intelligence and high courage. Patriotic comparisons are not odious, as every soldier realizes in talks of the war with surviving comrades. Each and every man loves to tell his story of daring, and as fondly loves to hear a better one from his comrade. And none of the seventy-eight commands of Pennsylvania, which this day dedicate monuments in honor of their fallen heroes, will deem odious the comparison which history hands down as to the brave deeds and the unexampled sacrifice of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania in the battle of Gettysburg. Rothermel's great painting selects the charge of Pickett's Division and the stone angle guarded by the Second Corps under Hancock, as the dramatic point of the struggle, and it was upon the third day, but neither this point nor Little Round Top, nor Gulp's Hill, nor Buford's famous dismounted men, stood a shock like that hurled against Humphreys' Division of the Third Corps, and especially against our First Brigade, and even more particularly against the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, which held the right of the line. Only the One hundred and twenty -fourth, One hundred and fortieth and Seventy-second Pennsjlvania, and the One hundred and eleventh and One hundred and twenty-sixth New York in Hancock's Second Corps, approached the losses of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, and a truthful history will show that the valor and sacrifice at and near the Peach Orchard equaled any ever known to the world upon any battle-field. The One hundred and twenty-first, One hundred and forty-second. One hundred and fifty -first, One hundred and forty -third. One hundred and forty- ninth and One hundred and fiftieth Pennsylvania Regiments were all of the First Army Corps, and the losses of these regiments, while very great, were not so great in killed and wounded, in proportion to the number engaged, as the Twenty-sixth, and yet those which I have named suffered more than any other portion of the Union Army. They were not the subject of any painting, but if patriotic blood, shed upon this field, were needed to color the canvas, the great supply would come from them, our Pennsylvania commands, and if reasons were asked for this wonderful heroism, they would be found in the determination of our Keystone boys not to take one step backward upon their native soil. When night had fallen upon the second day our corps obeyed the command to fall back and straighten the line. The orators of several anniversaries here, and the military critics have given much discussion to the position of the Third Corps in the battle, being advanced in the shape of a horse-shoe much beyond the main line. It is not necessary that we should enter into or enlarge upon this discussion. It is sufiicient for us to know that one fact rises upon all criticism ; while our losses were great, we gave as great to the enemy, and weakened them for the third and final day. On the second and third days our division lost two thousand one hundred out of four thousand nine hundred, far the greater portion of the losses occur- ing in the scenes here so crudely described. The Twenty-sixth lost few on the third day, and most of these by the explosion of a caisson at a time when the bowels of the earth seemed to be shaken by the noise of the two hundred and forty guns on each side which were then ushering in the final and fatal charge of Pickett's Division. 1 ' .: ^ PBESmT AT CErTYSBORC ' I ;.- Is Om«-iis.A«i .305- MtM. , v;^*ltUl)''*HO «0)iI«VHf WOUMOEti •; i Oriicxiis Wit T Me«. Ml)tI1>H> 3 DrHCEliS AKO i3-f*tii. cMaliMo i OiricM Ml) ?5 Men TOTAL,tll: 27- Pennsylvania Infantry; - BRtCADE.2!^'' DiVISIOM.ir- CORPS! L^ MOTO. er W. H. TfPTON, GETTYSBURG. ME F, GUTEKUNST CO , Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 185 I need not describe what followed the great battle — the burial of the dead, the rest, the pursuit and finally the unharmed traversing some of the old ground in Virginia. The old but ever new story of the greatest event known to the lives of all the surviving members of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, is now retold, in a too general and too feeble way, but some of the points mentioned will awaken in your minds a fresh recollection of the day, of its sacrifice and of its glorious results. Let me recall an incident in closing. On the evening of the second day, with a view to excite the hopes and enthusiasm of our troops, telegrams were read to us announcing Grant's capture of Vicksburg, and the cheers were loud and long. The news was premature, but two days afterward it came in full truth, and it was Vicksburg and Gettysburg which made inevi- table the triumph of the Union. All, after these battles, was but useless sacri- fice, which came through the lack of discernment or stubbornness of the head of the Confederacy. More than a quarter of a century has passed since the battle we are here to commemorate. None of us can ever see its like again If each and all could find the elixir of youth, and carry his life down the coming centuries, he could not again see the like of Gettysburg in civilized warfare. The inventions since made in deadly explosives — in dynamite, millenite, structite — explosives which are a thousand-fold greater than any which deafened our ears upon this field, where the roar of four hundred and eighty cannon were heard, and the sharp rattle of one hundred thousand rifles — a battle like that of Gettysburg is no longer possible. Though effective beyond our power to measure at the time, it is well that it is the last of its kind. It served a purpose, now indisputably established, and let us hope that it was, to our people at least, the final proof of the poet's lines, wherein he says : — " Some things are worthless, some so good That nations which buy buy only with blood." DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 2V REGIMENT INFANTRY September 12, 1889 THE Twenty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the com. mand of Lieutenant-Colonel Cantador, arrived at Gettysburg, July 1^ 1863, about noon. The regiment was at once ordered to advance from Cemetery Hill to the north of the town, to support the First Army Corps, General Reynolds having been killed, and his men overpowered by the enemy were falling back. This regiment became engaged by the enemy as soon as the line of battle was formed, but being greatly outnumbered was also com- pelled to fall back to Cemetery Hill. The regiment sustained severe loss in this movement. July 2d, about 9 p. m., the batteries on East Cemetery Hill were attacked by the enemy, and this regiment took a prominent part in repelling this charge. July 3d the regiment held the position on Cemetery Hill until ordered to sup- port some troops in distress about 3 p. m. This regiment was also exposed to the terrible artillery fire that afternoon. It was one of the first battalions to enter Gettysburg, July 4, 1863. 186 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. The regiment was organized in Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1861, by Colonel M. Einstein, and participated in the following general engagements: First battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21, 1861. Cross Keys, Virginia, June 8, 1862. Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, 1863. Gettysburg, July, 2 and 3. After the battle of Gettysburg the regiment was transferred to the West, where it took part at the battle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, November 25, 1863. After this battle the regiment took part in the march to Knoxville. Tennessee, to relieve General Burnside, then re- turned to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and went into winter quarters at Lookout Valley, Tennessee. When General W. T. Sherman marched his column south, the regiment joined in his command and took part in the battle of Buzzard Roost, Georgia, May 8, 1864, Resaca and Dug Gap, Georgia, May 12, 1864. At Dallas, Georgia, the term of the regiment expired and the regiment received transpor- tation to return home, and was mustered out of the service at Philadelphia, Pa., on the 11th day of June, 1864. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 28^" REGIMENT INFANTRY September nth, 1889 ADDRESS OF BREVET CAPTAIN JOHN O. FOERING COMRADES of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry : We are assembled here to-day to dedicate this monument, which is to mark the position occupied by the regiment in that historic battle, which took place on the 1st, 2d and 3d of July. 1863, and we trust that the memory of our comrades, who fell on this spot, may be perpetuated so long as this granite shall endure the washings of the storms. So much has been said and written by many able minds in the past quarter of a century of the part taken by the different corps, divisions, brigades, regi- ments and batteries that participated in the great struggle, that I fear any- thing I may saj' at this time may appear superfluous, but you all know that we cannot but feel a certain amount of pride in the part taken by our own com- mand in the battle which has justly been acknowledged to have been the turn- ing point of the rebellion, and it is well that an opportunity is here given to place on record the history ot the marches and incidents of our regiment's con- nection with the army in that campaign, which I will endeavor to give you as briefly as possible. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer In- fantry was attached to "Candy's" First Brigade, "Geary's" Second Division, "Slocum's" Twelfth Corps from the time of leaving Aquia Creek until its re- turn to the Rapidan. Early in June, 1863, while the Army of the Potomac was in camp in the vicinity of Stafford Court House and Fredericksburg, recuperating from the losses of the Chancellorsville campaign. General Lee, commander of the rebel forces, concluded upon an aggressive movement. He started his army on forced marches to invade Pennsylvania, and endeavored to outflank Hooker, enlist the sympathies of the foreign powers to further assist them, and to increase the Pennsylvania at Getty shurg. 187 strength of his array by the accession of a large number of rebel sympathizers in Maryland and southern Pennsylvania. How well he succeeded in this is a matter of history. He was successful in moving j^ast our right flank, and appeared in front of Winchester, Va., on the 14th of June, with a large force under the command of Generals Early and Longstreet, and they immediately made preparations to attack General Milroy, who was in command of the Union forces. Early and Longstreet being successful in their attack, capturing a large ]jart of Milroy's command and scattering the balance, the valley of the Shenandoah was open for Lee's Army of Invasion. Lee having outwitted General Hooker, and having a good start, our army was compelled to make long and rapid marches to get within reasonable dis- tance of the rebel host. On the 13th day of June, Hooker abandoned his position opposite Fredericks- burg and east to Aquia Creek, and started the Army of the Potomac on its march northward. The first intimation of anything unusual occurring from the ordinary routine of every-day camp life was the promulgation of orders, on June 12th, to hold ourselves in readiness to move at a moment's notice. Preparations were made at once, and the command was kept in suspense waiting for orders to march until the evening of June 13th, when, at 8 o'clock, the order to march was given. Leaving camp at Aquia Creek, Stafford Court House was reached at midnight. Continuing the march via Telegraph road, crossing the Aquia and Chopawamsic creeks, the command was halted at Dumfries at 1 p. m., June 14th, and bivouacked. Marched twenty miles. March resumed on the morning of June 15th, at half-past three o'clock, halted at 7 o'clock for breakfast. Reaching Wolf Run Shoals the command halted for rest and dinner. Resuming the march, we crossed the Occoquan creek and reached Fairfax Court House at 8 p. m., and bivouacked. Marched twenty-two miles. This march will long be remembered as a very trying one by all who participated in it, owing to the extreme heat, dusty roads, very little shade along the roads and the great scarcity of water, the water with which the men provided themselves soon becoming unfit to drink owing to the intense heat. On June 16th, the command was moved a short distance and went into regu- lar camp. On June 17th, left Fairfax Court House, and marched to within a short distance of Dranesville and bivouacked. Marched eight miles. On June 18th, at 8 a.m., resumed march, passed through Dranesville, crossed Broad run and Goose creek, and encamped near Leesburg. Marched twelve miles. While on the march in the afternoon, had a heavy thunder storm, drenching the com- mand. On June 19th, at half past ten a. m., the entire Twelfth Corps was ordered out for parade, and formed into three sides of a hollow square, to wit- ness the execution of three men of the First Division for desertion, a terribly sad sight for a fellow soldier to witness, but a punishment made necessary to insure discipline and prevent the depletion of the army. After the men were shot, the different commands returned to their respective camps and remained there, while General Hooker, with a portion of the army was reconnoitering in the vicinity of Aldie Middleburg, etc., on the search for Lee and his army. A small force of the rebels attracted Hooker's attention in that locality, while Lee with the larger portion of his army was then moving on Chambersburg, 188 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Pa., aud it was not until June 26th, at 5 a. m., that we left camp and started again on "our march northward. It rained hard all day, making the roads almost impassable, and retarding our progress greatly. Crossed the Potomac river at Edwards' Ferry on pontoons, passed through Poolesville, encamping at the mouth of the Monocacy. Marched thirteen miles. Regiment posted on picket, where it remained until 6 a. m., June 27th, when, with the entire corps, resumed the march, en route to Harper's Ferry, to reinforce the garrison stationed there, and, with it, attack the rebel line of communication. (The order for this movement was countermanded by the authorities at Washington, and re- sulted in the displacement of our much-beloved commander. General Hooker, and the appointment of General George Gordon Meade to the command of the Army of the Potomac.) The command passed through the Point of Rocks, crossed the canal and marched via the tow-i)ath to Catoctin, recrossed the canal, passed through Petersville and encamped near Knoxville at dark. Marched twenty miles. June 28th. " The second anniversary of the muster of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers into the service of the United States." Left camp near Knoxville at 6 a. m., passed through Petersville, Slabtown and Jefferson, halted at the latter place to permit a brigade of cavalry to pass, resumed march and went into camp one mile from Frederick. Marched thirteen miles. At 5 a. m., June 29th, resumed march, and marched through heavy rains and over bad roads, passing through Frederick, Walkersville, Woodsborough, Ladiesville and Bruceville, encamped near the latter place. Marched twenty- four miles. At half past seven a. m., on June 30th the march was resumed, aud on quick time, passed through Taneytown. On crossing the State line you all re- member with what glad hearts you pressed your feet on Pennsylvania soil, and the huzzas that were sent up as each command entered the State, and how light the step that gave outward signs of your eagerness to meet Les's forces and de- feat him on your native ground, and one of his own choosing, for had he not left his own State and dared you to follow and give him battle. How little he knew that the Potomac veterans were so close on him at that time. On reach- ing the outskirts of Littlestown, Pa., we were halted in the road to permit Knap's Pennsylvania Battery to pass, they having been ordered up on the double- quick to assist the cavalry, who were engaged with the enemy near Hanover. Our forces were successful there and drove the enemy some distance beyond Hanover. The residents of Littlestown received us very kindly, giving us plenty to eat, and supplied us with good clear cold water to quench our thirst, aud will ever be remembered for their kindness. Passed through the town and en- camped one and one-half miles beyond. Marched thirteen miles. At 5 a. m. on July 1st, we left camj), marching through Littlestown and via the Baltimore pike to near Two Taverns where we halted, by reason of the pike' being blockaded by the artillery and supply-trains of the troops preceding. The sound of battle could be distinctly heard in advance of our position, and with what suspense we anxiously awaited the news from the front. At 2 p. m. orders were received to move forward, and by as rapid marching as the blockaded roads would permit, we reached the scene of action at 4 p. m. and formed in line of battle to the left of the pike a short distance and immediately in the rear of Cemetery Hill in support of the Eleventh Army Corps, who had fallen back to this position earlier in the day. It was a night of fears aud doubts, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 189 little if any information conld be obtained as to the results of the day's battle, the silence of every one, was, if anything, confirmatory of a reverse, the knowl- edge of severe loss of life and apparent retirement of our forces led us to fear somewhat the coming of the morrow. Marched eleven miles. The regiment remained in this position until 8 a. m., July 2d, when we were moved with the corps to the right of the pike, ordered into line of battle on this "Gulp's Hill," facing Rock creek, thus forming the extreme right of the line of battle. In connection with our taking possession of Gulp's Hill and forming line of battle here, I will here insert an extract from an address read before the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania, March 8, 1880, by Brevet Brigadier-General J. Wm. Hofmann, Golonel Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, commanding Second Brigade, First Division, First Army Corps, whose command joined our left on the summit of Gulp's Hill. " The Seventh Indiana of our brigade, detached in the morning for special duty, as I have stated, and not engaged in conflicts with the enemy, rejoined us as we were re-forming in the cemetery, and being in compact organization, it was sent at once to form a line on Gulp's Hill, Major Glover, its commanding officer, established a line from the pinnacle down to the foot of the eastern slope and his on way back to the center, encountered and captured a scout of the enemy who had crossed the hill before the line was established and was on his way back when captured with the report that the hill was not occupied by our troops. Grover's line of pickets was soon reinforced into a line of battle. It has always seemed to me that without Gulp's Hill in our possession, we could never have held our line on Cemetery Ridge on the second and third days of the battle." This I cite to show the importance of the taking ])ossession of, and the sub- sequent action of the troops who so gloriously defended this part of the field from the terrible onslaughts of the enemy. The Twenty-eighth in about an hour after reaching Gulp's Hill was ordered forward, deployed as skirmishers along Rock creek, immediately in front of this position. We remained there exchanging shots with the enemy, who were in large force on the opposite side of the creek, until about 7 p. m. when General Geary received orders to move his command to the left of the line of battle, in support of the Third Corps at Round Top. The Twenty -eighth, with the First and Second Brigades of " Geary's " Second Division left the position. Gulp's Hill, which we had occcpied all day, leaving the Third, Greene's Brigade, to cover the front occupied by the entire Twelfth Corps. In moving over to the Baltimore pike, we were obliged to cross the " swale " between our works and the pike, and were exposed to an annoying artillery cross-fire from the enemy, suffering to some extent in loss of men. Early in the night, while we were absent, General Ewell, commanding the rebel force in front of Gulp's Hill, made an attack on the position vacated by ns, and history records how the enemy found a portion of our works deserted, and exultant beyond measure. They thought victory was theirs, but they counted without their host. Old Pop Greene, with his gallant Third Brigade of "Geary's" Second Division was there and opened fire, making it very warm for them, and checking their advance in short order. The fight was short, sharp and decisive, the loss was severe on both sides, and it can safelj' be said, that had "Greene ' and his gallant little band been defeated in this action, the battle of Gettysburg might not have been the glorious victory it was for our 190 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. arms. The enemy although gaining a slight foothold in occupying a portion of the works vacated by us, Avere not aware that they held the key to our artil- lery and ammunition reserve, which was parked only a short distance from them, and should they have captured or destroyed this, our army would in all probability have been defeated. By some misconstruction of orders or the in- competency of the guide sent to pilot General Geary to his position at Round Top, the Twenty-eighth and a large portion of the division never reached theret and were kept on the move all night. The men were weary with the incessant marching and loss of sleep, and it was not until near daylight of July 3d that the command came to a halt, when we lound ourselves immediately in rear of the position on Gulp's Hill, occupied on the 2d instant. General Geary having a.scertained that the enemy was in jjossession of a portion of our works, made good disposition of his force, and at early dawn gave orders for the First and Second Brigades of his division to advance. With a hearty cheer, the wearers of the "White Star" rushed gallantly forward to the charge, and in much less time than it takes me to relate the incident, the enemy were driven beyond Rock creek, and the vacated works were again in our possession. The loss of the enemy was heavy, whilst ours was comparatively small. The Second Bri- gade, "Kane's," were then distributed in the works. At about 7 a. m., the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania was ordered forward and relieved the Twenty- ninth Ohio Infantry. Comrades, you will never forget what it meant to relieve a regiment deployed in the temporary works that were so rudely constructed of cord wood, stones, etc., on the lower side of the knoll on which we now stand. The rebel sharpshooters were perched on and behind the immense rocks and boulders that still remain in the immediate front of our position ; how as each command was relieved, the incoming and outgoing troops were subjected to a withering and well-directed fire from their skilled marksmen, every shot from their guns made to do its deadly work ; and how, when we were safely located in the works, we watched for the puflfs of smoke from their rifles ; how quick we were to reply, with what effect the large number of dead men and empty-handed rifles left behind in their retreat told the sorrowful tale. When once in the works it was much safer to remain, but the constant firing made it necessary for the troops to be relieved to clean their guns and replenish their supply of ammunition. It may not be amiss to mention here that on page 770 of the "preliminary print of the official records of the War of the Rebellion," it is recorded that "General Meade complained to General Slocum that Gen- eral Geary was expending too much ammunition at this point, but upon inves- tigation, he, General Slocum, was satisfied to the contrary." The enemy made several onslaughts which were pushed with great determi- nation, and it showed how grand a prize this portion of the field would have been to them. Each time their desperate charges came to naught, they were hurled back with terrible lo.ss, only to be ordered forward again and again to meet the same fate. Brave men, they deserved better success for their un- daunted courage. At about half past eleven a. m., the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, having ex- hausted its ammunition (eighty rounds per man), was relieved by a New York regiment of "Greene's" Third Brigade, and moved to an orchard in the rear of Gulp's Hill on the pike, to clean their guns and replenish ammunition. We had been in this position but a short time when the enemy's artillery opened fire on our forces stationed on Cemetery Hill. Then and there was inaugurated Pennsylvania at Getigshurg. 191 one of the most terrible artillery duels in the world's history. As the fight progressed our position (which was immediately in the rear of Cemetery Hill) became untenable, as the shot and shell fell thick and fast amongst and around us, unnecessarily exposing us to great danger. General Geary being advised of our dangerous position, gave orders lor us to move across the pike behind a large stone barn. Remained there until about 3 p. m., more or less exposed to the same artillery fire, when we were ordered to resume our former position in the works on Gulp's Hill, relieving the Seventh Ohio Infantry. Remained in the works, keeping up a constant fire on the sharpshooters perched on and be- hind the rocks in our front, until about 9 p. m., when the enemy made their final assault. They were soon repulsed and the firing almost ceased for the night. Shortly after the assault the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania was relieved from the works for the purpose of receiving rations. At midnight we returned to the works, relieving the Sixtieth and Seventy -eighth New York Volunteers of "Greene's" Third Brigade. There was very little firing in our front after midnight. The night was dark, and a heavy rain falling, every one of us being drenched to the skin, just such a night as would enable an enemy to get out of the way without being disturbed, which to our surprise was the case when the morning of July 4th dawned upon us. The enemy having fled, left us in undis- turbed possession of the field and the victory was ours, but how dearly bought. How many good and brave men on both sides gone forever from comradeship and companionship, from fireside never to return. How many loved ones at homes waiting anxiously to hear from the thousands on both sides who will never return. It makes one almost shudder at the thought of the misery caused by the instigators of that cruel war. When it was ascertained to a certainty that the enemy had fled, we proceeded to the front of our works, and details were immediately set to work burying the dead. Some twelve hundred of the enemy's dead were found in front of the Second Division works, of which the division details buried near nine hundred; their loss in wounded also must have been very heavy, as the number of muskets left by them on the field on our front was very large. The ordnance officer of the First Division, Twelfth Corps, reports having collected eight hun- dred and four muskets and the ordnance officer of the Second Division, Twelfth Corps, reports collecting sixteen hundred and eighty muskets in addition to a large number of bayonets, etc. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania alone carried to the rear of our works over five hundred muskets. Our men being very much fatigued, having been without sleep for three nights, and soaked with the heavy rain of the night of the third, and having assisted in burying the dead, rested the balance of the day and prepared ourselves to be in readiness to start in pursuit of the enemy when ordered. It has always seemed to me, and I think I will be endorsed in my opinion, when the true and just history of this battle shall have been written, that the importance of the victory of the troops of the Twelfth Corps, especially the part taken by " Geary's" Second Division, has never received the recognition and publicity it deserved. Everything that was done here and on some other points of the field as gallantly defended, have been overshadowed by the prominence given the painting representing Pickett's charge. Without Gulp's Hill in our possession, Pickett's charge would never have taken place, as the position on Cemetery Hill would have been untenable for our troops. At no portion of the field were the troops under a more constant or murderous fire than on Gulp's 192 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Hill. For seven hours we were under constant fire, and at no point, nor at any time, did the line waver. The gallant Second Division, assisted by Shaler's Brigade and the Maryland Provisional Brigade, by their dauntless courage did much towards sa^dng the Army of the Potomac from defeat. I do not want to detract anything from the heroism or valor of the troops of the Second Corps, ■ as they were all gallant and true, but so much stress has been laid on their par- ticular action, on the afternoon of the third, that the part taken by other troops equally deserving has not had that credit given which is their due. When our eyes glance upward as we look at this monument, which we dedi- cate this day to the memory of our departed comrades, we behold the emblem " the star " under which we stood shoulder to shoulder on the march and on the battle-fields of so many States. I cannot refrain from inserting here some ex- tracts taken here from a work recently published by Colonel Wm. F. Fox, on the regimental losses during the war of the rebellion, which in a great measure atones for the shortcomings of some of the previous authors of war history and endeavors to deal justly with the part taken by the different commands'in this battle. He writes: "The Twelfth Army Corps," "Winchester, "Port Re- public," "Cedar Mountain," "Manassas," "Antietam," Chaucellorsville," "Gettysburg," Wauhatchie," "Lookout Mountain." "Missionary Ridge," "Ringgold." "The corps that never lost a color or a gun. When its designation was changed to the Twentieth it still preserved unbroken the same grand record. The veteran divisions of Williams and Geary wore their star badges through all the bloody battles of the Atlanta campaign and the Carolinas, and still kept their proud claim good, marching northward to the grand review with the same banners that had waved at Antietam and Lookout Mountain ; with the same cannon which had thundered on the battle-fields of seven States ; none were missing. "The brunt of the battle of Chaucellorsville fell on the Third and Twelfth Corps, and yet amid all the rout and confusion of that disastrous battle the regiments of the Twelfth Corps moved steadily with unbroken fronts, retiring at the close of the battle without the loss of a color ; while the Corps artillery, after having been engaged in the close fighting at the Chaucellorsville House, withdrew in good order, taking every gun with them. In this campaign Slo- cum's troops were the first to cross the Rapidan, and the last to recross the Rappahannock. Its losses at Chaucellorsville were two hundred and sixty killed, one thousand four hundred and thirty-six wounded and one thousand one hundred and eighteen missing ; total, two thousand eight hundred and fourteen. The hardest fighting and heaviest losses fell on Ruger's and Candy's Brigades of Williams' and Geary's Divisions." "At Gettysburg, the Twelfth Corps distinguished itself by its gallant de- fense of Gulp's Hill. At one time during the battle, the corps having been ordered to reinforce a distant part of the line, Greene's Brigade of Geary's Di^dsion was left behind to hold this important point. While occupying this position, with no other troops in support, Greene was attacked by Johnson's Division, but the attack was successfully repulsed. The details of this particu- lar action form an interesting chajiter in the history of the war. Still, some of Johnson's troops effected, without opposition, a lodgement in the vacated breastworks of the Twelfth Corps, and upon the return of those troops a des. perate battle ensued to drive the Confederates out. After a long, hard fight Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 193 the corps succeeded in reoccupying its works. On no part of the field did the Confederate dead lie thicker than in front of the Twelfth Corps position. "Johnson's Division, containing twenty-two regiments, official report, lost in this particular action, two hundred and twenty-nine killed, one thousand two hundred and sixty-nine wounded and three hundred and seventy-five missing ; total, one thousand eight hundred and seventy -three. To this loss (of John- son's) must be added the losses in Smith's, Daniel's and O'Neal's Brigades, containing fourteen regiments, which were sent to Johnson's support, which was two hundred and twenty-nine killed, one thousand and sixty-nine wounded and two hundred and forty-seven missing. Making a total loss in the rebel forces attacking Gulp's Hill of four hundred and fitty-eight killed, two thou- sand three hundred and thirty- eight wounded and six hundred and twenty-two missing ; total loss, three thousand four hundred and eighteen. Pickett's Divi- sion, official report, lost in front of Cemetery Eidge, two hundred and thirty- two killed, one thousand one hundred and fifty-seven wounded and one thou- sand four hundred and ninety-nine missing ; total, two thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight. •'The Twelfth Corps, containing twenty -eight regiments, losttwo hundred and four killed, eight hundred and ten wounded and sixty-seven missing ; total, one thousand and eighty -one," Less than one-third the rebel loss. The Twelfth Corps was small, but was composed of excellent material. Among its regiments were the Second Massachusetts, Seventh Ohio, Fifth Con- necticut, One hundred and seventh New York, Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, Third Wisconsin and others equally famous as crack regiments, all of them with names familiar as household woi'ds in the communities from which they were recruited. On page 426, in the same work, referring to his statements giving the list of commands showing the greatest losses in battles. Colonel Fox says: "Among the leading regiments in point of loss at Gettysburg as given here, the Twelfth Corps is scarcely represented, and yet, the services rendered on that field by that command were unsurpassed in gallantry and important results. The re- markable losses sustained by Johnson's Confederate Division and the three brigades attached to his command Avere inflicted by regiments which have no place in the list of those prominent at Gettysburg, by reason of their casual- ties. Granted that Greene's Brigade delivered that deadly fire from behind breastworks ; but, when Williams' and Geary's Divisions returned from Round Top and found that during their absence their works had been occupied by the enemy, they became the assaulting party ; they drove the enemy out of the works, re-took the position and .saved the right. That, in accomplishing this, they could inflict so severe a loss and sustain so slight a one, is as good evidence of their gallantry and efficiency as any sensational aggregate of casualties." Comrades, after such complimentary and just criticism of our actions, .should we not feel proud ot having been wearers of the star? I do not think it would be amiss, to insert here, an extract from the nddress delivered by the Hon. Edward Everett, at the ceremonies attending the consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg on the 19th day of November. 1863. Extract, Second Day. ^ "At eight o'clock in the evening, a desperate attempt was made by the enemy to storm the position of the Eleventh Corps on Cemetery Hill, but here, too, after a terrible conflict, he was repulsed with immense loss. Ewell, on our 13 194 Pennsylvania at Oettyshurg. extreme right, which had been weakened by the withdrawal of the troops sent over to the support of our left, had succeeded in gaining a foothold within a por- tion of our lines near Spangler's spring (foot of Gulp's Hill). This was the only advantage obtained by the rebels to compensate them for the disasters of the day, and of this, as we shall see, they were deprived. ' ' Such was the result of the second act of this eventful drama. A day hard fought and at one moment anxious, but, with the exception of the slight reverse just named, crowned with deadly earned but uniform success to our arms, auspi- cious of a glorious termination of the final struggle, on these omens the night fell. In the course of the night General Geary returned to his position on the right from which he had hastened the day before to strengthen the Third Corps. He immediately engaged the enemy, and after a sharp and decisive action drove them out of our lines, recovering the ground which had been lost on the pre- ceding day. " A spirited contest was kept up all the morning on this part of the line, but General Geary reinforced by Shaler's Brigade of the Sixth Corps, maintained his position and inflicted very severe losses on the rebels. " Such was the cheering commencement of the third day's work, and with it ended all serious attempts of the enemy on our right." Nothing of any importance occurred in our vicinity during the 4th, except the circulation of numerous camp rumors as to the wliereabouts of the enemy, etc., the night was spent in the works awaiting marching orders. About 3.30 a. m., July 5th, the line of march in pursuit of the enemy was taken up, but In a different direction from that expected. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania on the advance of the Twelfth Corps headed for Littlestown, which we reached before noon, very weary and footsore. "The men having lost so much rest and being confined in the works such a great length of time were hardly prepared for steady marching yet." Marched ten miles. The Twenty-eighth being the advance regiment, it of course was posted on picket, and passed a very quiet night there. On the morning of July 6th, at seven o'clock, orders were received to resume the march, but by reason of General Meade having with a portion of his command encountered the rear guard of the enemy near Gettysburg, the order was countermanded. On July 7th, at 5 a. m., we left Littlestown, passed through Taneytown, Middleburg and Walkersville, encamping a short distance beyond the latter place about 6 p. m. Marched about thirty miles, most of the distance through the fields, the road being occupied by the artillery and sup- •ply trains. The morning of July 8th ushered itself in rainy and very disagreeable, putting the roads in bad condition, but orders to resume the march were given, and at 7 a. m. we were on the move, passed through Frederick, were halted a short time for an issue of rations, after which resumed the march, reaching Jefferson about 6 p. m. A great many men were destitute of shoes, and in consequence suffered very much, as the march this day was mostly made over a turnpike road. Marched fifteen miles. July 9th left Jefferson, passed through Burkittsville, crossed South Mount- ain at Crampton's Gap and encamped near Rohrersville. Marched ten miles. July 10th march resumed at 5 a. m., passed through Buena Vista, Keedysville, Smoketown and a portion of the Autietam battle-field, encamping at Bakers- ville. Marched ten miles, July 11th left Bakersville at 3 a. m., marched to Fair Play a distance of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 195 four miles, formed line of battle in support of the Twenty-ninth Ohio, -who were deployed as skirmishers in our immediate front. (The First Division of the Twelfth Corps had a skirmish with the enemy on our right.) We remained in this position until 10 a. m., July 12th, when we were ordered forward in line of battle, with the intention of engaging the enemy, but the corps com- manders having met in council and deciding not to attack, we were ordered to resume our former position. The Twenty-eighth relieved the Twenty-ninth Ohio at dusk. At daylight on July 13th the regiment was relieved from the skirmish line, moved to the right about one mile where it rejoined the brigade. At 8 a. ra. were ordered back to the position vacated at daylight. Towards dusk we were ordered forward to feel the strength of the enemy and had advanced but a short distance when orders were received to abandon the attack and return to the woods. The Twenty-eighth was relieved from the skirmish line by the Seventh Ohio, and remained in reserve in close support. Rained very hard during the night, and the rebels succeeded in crossing the Potomac. At 7 a. m. on July 14th rejoined the brigade and remained under arms in support of the First Division, which had advanced some distance to the front of our line. Later on, with the Seventh Ohio, the Twenty-eighth was ordered to reconnoitre towards Downsville, where we found the enemy's works deserted and returned with several prisoners. On July 15th, 5 a. m. at, resumed the march, passing through Fair Play and Sharpsburg, halting at half past three p. m. on the summit of Maryland Heights. Raining, roads in bad order. Marched sixteen miles. At 5 a. m., July I6th, moved from Maryland Heights and encamped in Pleasant Valley about one-half mile back from Sandy Hook, and in close proxi- mity to our camping ground of July, 1861. Marched four miles. July 17th and 18th remained in camp. Shoes, clothing, etc., were issued to the different commands. The Second Corps crossed the Potomac and Shenan- doah rivers. At 5 a. m., July 19th, the line of march was again taken up, passed through Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry. Crossing the two rivers, marched down the Piney Run Valley to near Hillsboro, Virginia, where we encamped. Marched eleven miles. Resumed the march on July 20th, at 5 a. m., passing through Wood Grove and Purcellville, halting at Snickersville at 6 p. m. Marched eleven miles. The enemy's wagon trains were plainly visible from the crest of the Blue Ridge at Snicker's Gap, en route down the Shenandoah Valley. July 21st remained in camp. July 22d remained in camp. Company inspection, the first since leaving Aquia Creek. Left Snickersville at 6 o'clock on the morning of July 23, passed through Upperville and Paris, halting near Ashby's Gap. Pickets were posted on the Blue Ridge, and tents were pitched. At 4 p. m. orders were received to pack and move immediately ; march was resumed. Leaving Paris and taking the mountain road, we continued the march to within two miles of Markham Station on the Manassas Gap railroad, where we halted at 9 p. m., pretty well exhausted with the day's march. Marched about twenty -four miles. July 24th, at 5 a. m., resumed march, passed through Markham halting near Linden. Roads in very bad order, and weather very warm. The advance of 196 Pennsylvania at Oettyshurg. our column met the rear guard of the enemy at Falling Waters, near Chester Gap, and after a spirited engagement the enemy fled. At 12 m. the command was called into line, and marched back through Markham to Piedmont, where we halted for the night. Marched sixteen miles. Left Piedmont at 5 a. m. on July 25th, passing through Rectortown and White Plains, halted at White Plains about one hour, when march was resumed. Encamped at Thoroughfare Gap. Marched twenty-two miles. July 26th, reveille at half past two a. m., marched at 4 a. m., passed Thoroughfare Gap, Haymarket, Greenwich and Catlett's Station. Halted near Warrenton Junction on the Orange and Alexandria railroad, at 7 p. m. Wood and water was ^■ery scarce at this place, and it was very late before the troops were able to prepare their scanty supper. Many of the men dropped to the ground and slept where their commands halted, too weary to undertake to make preparations for supper. Marched twenty-five miles. July 27th moved a short distance, tents were pitched and regular camji duties resumed. Remained at this place resting from the fatigues and labors of the campaign until July 31st, when the reveille was sounded at half past three a. m. and orders to march were given at half past three a. m. Arrived at Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock river at 7 p. m., a pontoon bridge was laid and a por- tion of the First Brigade of Geary's Second Division crossed to the south side, encountering the enemy's pickets and after some slight skirmishing the enemy were driven off. Very warm daj'. Marched eighteen miles. August 2d left- Kelly's Ford at 4 p. m. and marched to near Ellis' Ford, where the regiment was posted on picket. Marched five miles. August 3d regiment relieved from picket and went into regular camp. Thus ended the marching and duties performed by the Twenty-eighth Penn- sylvania, in the campaign connected with the battle of Gettysburg, and the defeat of the rebel army of Northern Virginia, a fifty days' campaign, during which some four hundred miles were marched, and one of the bloodiest battles in the world's history fought by the bravest men on earth ; and we meet here over twenty-six years after, to commemorate the gallantry of the men who fought, bled and died on those memorable days of July, 1863, that the grandest government on the face of the globe might not perish, and we dedicate to their memory this monument, which we trust will mark this sjiot for all time. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 29™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September nth, 1889 ORATION OF BREVET LIEUT.-COLONEL ROBERT P. DECHERT THE history of the world has not presented the story of a conflict greater in its results because of the interests involved than that of the battle of Gettysburg. The forces engaged between the combatants were nearly equal ; the Unionists while endeavoring to prevent the further advance of the enemy northward, threw themselves into a defensive po.sition and com- pelled General Lee to attack them in their works. PRINT: TH£ F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHILA. <^>.^:t'> \^ Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 197 In the event of the success of the enemy in that battle his passage to the Susquehanna, Baltimore and perhaps Philadelphia would have been secured. Four years ago we had the honor to dedicate upon this held a monument prepared by the survivors of our regiment, which was intended to mark the place occupied by those in rear of the works first constructed. The generosity of the State of Pennsylvania has now enabled us to place an- other monument upon the line of works constructed on the night of July 1st and the morning of July 2d, and which were subsequently reoccupied on July 3d. We are assembled upon this day on the illustrious field of Gettysburg, to commemorate the achievements of the regiment of which you and many others were members, when they occupied this field and held it during the battle. Its surroundings as it appears to us now, with the over-hanging foliage and the peaceful appearance of this autumn day, would not suggest that twenty-six years ago there was fought upon this spot one of the most terrific battles of the present century. Arriving upon the field late on the first day of the encounter, your corps was placed in position on the right of the forces that had met the enemy at the Seminary, and had afterwards fallen back on Cemetery Ridge, and on the second day of the contest you were assigned to this position on Gulp's Hill, which you rendered strong by your physical exertions and indomitable will. Had you been permitted to remain here, the result on this part of the field would not have been doubtful. The disaster to the left-center on the second day required your corps to practically vacate these works, and after you had moved to a position toward the left, you returned on the evening of the 2nd of July to find them within the control of the enemy. Had they known of your evacua- tion of these works on the second day of the battle they could have occupied them and then easily advanced to the Baltimore pike, which would have seriously endangered communications with the supply trains. After resting on your arms on the night of that day, there was required of you on the following morning the most heroic service. At dawn you commenced the assault, and, aided by an artillery fire which was perhaps the most determined of the war, you were enabled to recover the works you had relinquished, and to hold them until the darkness of night ended the contest and carnage of battle. There was then uncertainty as to the result — it was not known what fruit the morrow would bring forth, and with steadfast hope and resolve to resist all assaults of the enemy, the troops again rested upon their arms during that night. It was my privilege to participate in a reconnaissance early on the morning of the 4th of July under the command of General Ruger, which started from the right of Rock creek, passed in front of this position and marched beyond the town of Gettysburg, by which the commanding general Avas first ofiicially in- formed that the enemy had abandoned the attack upon this historic ground. Gulp's Hill was one of the many of the memorable spots on the field of Gettys- burg. "While Rothermel has selected another part of it from which to picture a combat of the two armies, he might easily have selected this place to illus- trate the desperate determination and bravery of the opposing forces. Upon this field your regiment lost heavily, many of your comrades gave up their lives to preserve their country's honor, whilst others have since sufifered through honorable wounds received here in those dai-k and dismal hours. The Twenty-ninth regiment was early organized for the war, and was selected 198 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. by the Government as the fourth regiment from Pennsylvania for the three years' service. Under an experienced commander, who has since gone to his iinal home laden with honor, it started for the seat of war. Little did you then think that a service of three years, " unless sooner discharged," would extend into one of four years or upwards, and would embrace so large a territory as you were called upon to traverse. The experience in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia was a pleasant prelude to the active life that followed, though to many of you the recollection of Front Royal and Winchester remind you of the commencement of warlike experiences. Some of you well remember the conflict at Cedar Mountain, the fatiguing marches and meager rations which followed it, ending with the triumph at Antietam under General McClellan. Whilst others will better recall the asso- ciations of Martinsburg, Williamsport and Hagerstown, where a portion of the regiment performed duty during the same period ; and many will be reminded of the privations in prison life while in the hands of the enemy. After Chancellors\-ille and Gettysburg the survivors of this regiment were transferred to the western army under Grant, where you met and repulsed the enemy at Wauhatchie and Ringgold. It was there that the charge of the troops under General Geary was made up the rocky and rugged sides of Lookout Mountain, driving the enemy before them and beyond its summit in confu- sion and dismay, until at last when the clouds and smoke of battle had been lifted away, there stood revealed to our gladdened hearts the nation's flag, floating grandly to the breeze upon the highest pinnacle of the mountain. The clouds which had enveloped the crest, had so competely obscured the summit from the view of the troops in the valley, that they could only trace the ascent by the firing of the musketry, the struggle appearing to be, as has been described, " a battle above the clouds." Thus commenced the memorable march on Atlanta, fruitful of good deeds and results. I cannot refrain from mentioning at this point, that when, in the early winter of 1863-64, the Government invited her soldiers to re-enlist for another term in her service, it was this regiment that achieved the honor of being the first in the entire army to off"er its services as a veteran regiment. On the expiration of the furlough of thirty days, which was granted for the purpose of re-enlistment, the regiment returned to the same army, then com- manded by Sherman, and at Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Dalton and Resaca, it performed an active part. It is needless to recall the crossing of Pumpkin Vine Creek, or New Hope Church, or Pine Hill, or Peoch Tree Creek, or Gulp's [Kolb's] Farm, or Pine Knob, or the turning of the enemy's flank at Kenesaw, or the skilful manoeuvering and fighting in front of Atlanta. During this campaign the Twentieth Corps, under the leadership of Major-General Joe Hooker, well sustained the reputation its troops had gained in the Army of the Potomac. With an implicit faith in their commander, that army marched and toiled under Sherman, until every obstacle was overcome — Fort McAllister was captured and Savannah was occupied. A little later the campaign through the Carolinas was commenced and concluded with the battles of Averysboro and Bentouville. The end of that campaign was reached at Raleigh. There you received the glad tidings that Richmond had fallen, and that the army of Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox. How much of that great result should be attributed to the bold and arduous campaigns of Sherman must be decided by posterity and history. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 199 Shortly afterward you marched over the despoiled soil of Virginia to Wash- ington, where you participated iu the grand reviews in May, 1865, and you re- turned to your homes and again assumed your appropriate places in the pur- suits of peace. There are familiar names closely associated with the history of this regiment : of Murphy who organized it, and who, after a life of unusual usefulness, has been called to his final abode ; of Banks, who, having served in the halls of Congress, is still prominently in public life ; of Williams, who died while a member of Congress, a genial gentleman, who graced every position he filled, and served his country gallantly in two wars ; of the brave and impulsive Kane, who died in our midst but a few years ago ; of Geary, who, having also served in two wars, occupied the highest civic station in our state ; of Rugcr, now a general ofiicer of the army ; of Hamilton, one of your early comman- ders ; of Mansfield, who gallantly died at the head of his corps at Antietam ; of Greene, a distinguished soldier and citizen, who, at advanced years, still adorns the community in which he lives ; of Gordon, as.sociated with your campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley ; of Cobham and Ireland, who fell in bat- tle in your midst ; of Barnum, an able and faithful ofiicer ; of Mower, who commanded your corps and afterwards fell a victim to tropical disease ; of Hooker, a fighter, who led you in the Atlanta campaign ; of Slocura, the gal- lant commander of the Army of Georgia, who has since ably represented the country in Congress, and of Sherman, to whom the nation owes as much as to any other marshal for the successful results of the war. In the summer of 1863 General Lee planned an invasion into Pennsylvania with a view of forcing his advance to Harrisburg, and secure the supplies and wealth of the State. Immediately the hearts of our people were fired with resolute determination to resist the invader and drive him from our soil. The purpose of the enemy was bold, the immediate results of such an invasion were apparent. The army was then inspired with greater activity. There was as- signed to its command one of the ablest officers who had served with honor and distinction in many well-fought battles on the Peninsula — a Pennsylvanian, thus further impressing the army with courage and confidence. The advanced force was commanded by General Reynolds, a Pennsylvanian, who fell gallantly leading his command on the first day of the battle. The center wing of the army, after the death of Reynolds, was commanded by another heroic son oi Pennsylvania whose memory is cherished by his countrymen, who died while senior major-general of the army — Hancock. The battle of Gettysburg stands out upon the pages of history as a lasting monument to the honor and memory of Major-General George G. Meade. The enemy was flushed with victory ; he had forced our army to retire from the assaults on Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville ; he had removed the seat of war to northern soil, as had been predicted ; his available force was as great as our own ; he well knew his ability to subsist upon the rich agricultural fields of the fertile valleys of Pennsylvania ; the tempting prizes of Harris- burg and Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington seemed to be almost within his grasp, and with desperation he hurled his solid phalanx against the lines at the cemetery, at Round Top, on the left center and on Gulp's Hill, to be re- pulsed again and again by the unflinching men who heroically held the works. History has recorded no struggle of greater magnitude and more honorable to the combatants than the battle of Gettysburg. The leaders of each of the 200 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. opposing forces knew that the result would be a decisive point in the progress of the w^ar — a victory there would establish a supremacy that could not be overcome by any future successes of the vanquished, and each army was actu- ated by this impulse and fought with the determination of brave men. It was however decreed by the God ot battles that your works at Gettysburg should not be wrested from you, and at the same time the glorious news was given to the country of the surrender of Pemberton at Vicksburg. You and your comrades j^erformed your part in this struggle at Gulp's Hill, — throughout the contest you rendered conspicuous services, which should ever be remembered by a grateful people. Brave men fell upon this field, and their memories are sincerely revered by their surviving comrades. It is not our duty now to recall the animosities of the conflict. It resulted from causes which the present generation could not have influenced. The passions aroused by it have subsided; the combatants have long since "beat their swords into plow-shares, and their spears into pruning hooks." Peace has been restored to every portion of our country. We are cementing the better feelings of our intelligence and civilization, and earnestly repairing all the injuries resulting from civil war. Remembering the honorable lives of the soldiers who fell on this hallowed and historic ground, let me utter the sentiment of the immortal poet, who said — "Be just and fear not, Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's. Thy God's and truth's ; then if thou fall'st, O. Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr." The special purpose of our gathering on this day, is to mark on the pages ot history, for the benefit ot posterity, one of the particular places which the Twenty-ninth Regiment occupied on Gulp's Hill, during the darkest periods of the progress of the battle of Gettysburg. Here, to-day, we come again to dedi- cate a monument in memory of our departed comrades, who sealed their devo- tion to the flag by yielding up their lives on this bloody field. May their memories ever remain as enduring as the granite shaft now erected to mark the spot of their heroic deeds. I ORATION OF COLONEL WILLIAM RICKARDS ADIES and gentlemen : — Comrades, when I received the letter from the chairman of the committee, notifying me that I had been chosen to , make the oration at the dedication of the monument to the Twenty- ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, I confess I was some- what staggered at the thought how I should proceed, and do credit to the occasion, to my comrades, and to myself. At the dedication of the tablet erected by the Survivors' Association of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, July 3d, 1885, in the intro- ductory address which it was my province to make, I spoke of the circum- stances which led to the formation of this great American Nation; of the patriotic zeal and wisdom of its founders ; of the causes and sequences which made it necessary for the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers with thousands of other brave comrades to be on this field twenty-two years before ; of our vic- tory over armed treason and rebellion and of the public opinion which had de- cided to consider this the typical battle of the war for the Union. That this Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 201 latter view has become a national one is proven by the array of monuments placed to mark the position during the battle of the regiments engaged. States have vied with States and regimental oi'ganizations with each other in securing the aid of the artist to make more attractive the ground on which the advance of treason and rebellion was staggered and from which it was driven backward, beaten again and again, until its final overthrow at Appomattox. Under some circumstances the place where men have died is repulsive. But it is not with us on the field where our comrades fell whilst making their breasts a barricade between our country and its foes. Whilst to individuals and families death is a separation of the tender ties of father, mother, wife, children, or friends ; yet collectively those who fell in our glorious and holy cause are not dead to us. The memory of good deeds should never die, and as we meet year after year to deck the graves of our comrades with the fairest flowers of spring it should be with the feeling that we are offering incense to the spirits that muster on the parade ground of heaven. And so when our posterity shall visit this ground which art has made so at. tractive, though drawn here by curiosity of admiration of the beautiful, the thought will turn back to that patriotism which offered life and sacrifice for the preservation of this glorious heritage of freedom, bequeathed us by the sires of the revolution. The elaborate artistic effort to perpetuate the memory of this battle-field, I believe exceeds anything of the kind in the history of the world. But to com- pletely nationalize the field of Gettysburg and constitute it the Mecca of pa- triotic devotion to our Union, there should be erected on one of the many prominent positions a monument surmounted by a statue entitled " Memory." Surrounding the monument I would have representatives of the various arms of service. On the monument should be inscribed Memory jirotecting the re- cords of the defenders of the Union. Tablets appropriately arranged contain- ing a list of the various battles, with the regiments engaged, with the number from each State, would make a permanent record in which each soldier for the Union would feel himself and his posterity honored. Memory should have a shield on which I would have emblazoned the crowning principle of National Union. — " Loyalty.' I have searched ancient and modern history in vain to find a prototype of the statue of memory. As this field is typical of the great struggle for the preservation of our Union States so this monument would be typical of the national spirit of loyalty that inspired the thousands of brave men who rushed to the field resolved that our Union must and shall be preserved. I would not depreciate the courage of the men we met on this or other fields during the war. They started with many advantages in preparation for action not possessed by us. They were led by men whom the Government had educated in the art of war, many of whom were considered superior in military attainments. This with military spirit in their rank and file gave them a prestige which seemed to place victory within their grasp ; but there was a principle involved in the struggle. It was to decide whether a government of the people, for the people, and by the people shall en- dure on the face of the earth. Despite the previous, preparation the military advantages, the chivalric prestige and courage, the truth of the old adage still remains, " he is doubly armed whose cause is just." And thus armed we were prepared to give our lives if need be to preserve to our posterity this great gift of our patriotic fathers. — " One country and one flag." 202 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Comrades, more than twenty- six years have passed since the preservation of our Union made it necessary for us as loyal citizens to meet on the field of Get- tysburg the insurrection forces that were moving for its destruction. It was believed the result on this field would be the turning-point of the war. Vic- tory on the side of the Union would send the rebellion on the downward track and show its sympathizers the folly of any further effort to advance the cause of secession, whilst defeat would give encouragement to the enemies of popu- lar government to still aid the destruction of the Union. This thought carries the mind back to the battle of Gettysburg as a mo- mentous occasion in the history of our counti'y, and the field of Gettysburg a place of intense interest as the spot where rebellion was checked in its advance for conquest and again placed on the defensive. As representatives of the State of Pennsylvania we are here to-day to aid in perpetuating the memory of those hours of trial and danger devoted to the preservation of our National Govern- ment, and I wish that every soldier who served honorably in any Pennsylvania regiment could have had the same advantages offered him to visit this ground as those who fought here have. We are to-day to receive from our great State the testimony of her appreciation of our services in the war for the Union and especially for our action in the battle of Gettysburg fought within her borders. But a few years more and the last comrade of the grand army for the Union will have been mustered out to join the immortals. It is the usual custom to erect monuments to the dead only. Here that custom has been deviated from ; and the living as well as the dead are honored and the evidence given that our services shall be preserved in the future. In this, comrades, it is commendable egotism in us to say we are receiving from the present generation no more than a just recognition of services rendered ; and are conferring a lasting benefit on our posterity by leaving them a united country, and the record of a heroism that was patriotic and a patriotism that was heroic. SKETCH OF THE REGIMENT COMPILED BY THE COMMITTEE, THOS. DE MAISTRE, GEORGE A. BROWN, LOUIS R. FORTESCUE, THEO. S. S. BAKER AND JOHN H. HUGHES In the month of May, 1861, John K. Murphy and a number of citizens met for the purpose of organizing a regiment for the war, and after a few prelimi- nary meetings the following organization was effected: Colonel, John K. Murphy. Lieutenant Colonel, Charles Parham. Major, Michael Scott. Adjutant, William Letford, Jr. Regimental Quartermaster, Albert S. Ashmead. Surgeon, W. J. Dufffee. Chaplain, Benjamin T. Sewell. Sergeant-Major, Robert P. Dechert. Quartermaster-Sergeant, Charles Mintzer. Commissary-Sergeant, Frederick Mintzer. Hospital Steward, Eli B. Garwood. Company A — Captain, ; First Lieutenant, Louis R. Fortescue ; Second Lieutenant, G. Higgens, Jr. Company B— Captain, Davis M. Lane ; First Lieu- tenant, George B. Johnson ; Second Lieutenant, Joseph Maguigan. Company C — Captain, Jesse R. Millison ; First Lieutenant, W. F. Stine ; Second Lieu- tenant, J. Jacobs. Company D— Captain, William i. Byrnes ; First Lieuten- ant, Edward E. Burr ; Second Lieutenant, John H. Byrnes. Company E— Captain. Samuel M. Zulick ; First Lieutenant, Thomas T. Seal ; Second Lieu- Pennsylvania at Geilyslmrg. 203 tenant, W. D. Rickford. Company F — Captain, Louis C. Kinsler : First Lieu- tenant, William A. Wood ; Second Lieutenant. Alexander Cook. Company G — Captain. William D. Kichardson ; First Lieutenant, James C. Linton ; Second Lieutenant, David Richardson, Jr. Company H — Captain, Frederick Zarracker ; First Lieutenant, John W. Williams ; Second Lieutenant, William Doughton. Company I — Captain, '\Villiam Rickards, Jr. ; First Lieutenant, Samuel C. Reeves ; Second Lieutenant, Theodore K. Vogel. Company K — Captain, James E. Wenrick ; First Lieutenant, William J. Augustine ; Second Lieutenant, Philip A. Voorheves. These gentlemen were commissioned on May 14th as officers of the Jackson Regiment, and when, on June 10th, eight hundred names had been inscribed upon the rolls of the diflerent companies, the Honorable Simon Cameron, Sec- retary of War, notified Major C. F. Ruff, of the United States Army, to mus- ter the men into the military service of the United States. The work of the mustering officer was delayed however, the first company not being mustered in until June 29th, and the last company on July 13th, 186L The uniform adopted for the enlisted men consisted of cap, jacket and pants all of gi'ey cloth. The similarity at that time of this uniform to that worn by the rebel troops being so marked it was deemed advisable to change the color and the regulation army blue was substituted some few months afterwards. On July 16th the regiment went into camp in Jones' Woods at Hestonville where it remained until August 3d, when it left for Sandy Hook, Maryland, opposite Harper's Ferry, and encamped in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, being attached to the Second Brigade of General Banks' Division, Department of the Shenandoah. During the autumn and winter months of 1861-2, the regiment did considerable marching from Pleasant Valley to Darnestown, thence to Ball's Bluff, Muddy Branch and Frederick, the latter place being reached on Decem- ber 25th, where it went into winter quarters at Camp Carmel. Remained until February 25th when it broke camp the next daj^ the 26th, and crossed the Po- tomac river at Harper's Ferry. Camped on Bolivar Heights, Virginia, over night, on March 12th, then marched to Winchester, where General Jackson's troops had been defeated. The enemy retreated up the Shenandoah Valley, the Union troops advancing to Edenburg, where the regiment lost two men killed. On April 17th advanced to Mount Jackson and made a detour to the right to flank Rude's Hill, on which General Jackson had taken position. Reached there too late on the morning of the 18th to catch Jackson napping. Forded the Shenandoah river, moved on to Harrisonburg, marched back to Strasburg and went into camp and erected fortifications. May 23d Companies B and G, which had been sent to Front Royal were attacked by a large force of Jackson's men and nearly all were captured. The Confederates' next move- ment was to cut our communication off with Harper's Ferry. The regiment began to move at midnight and at 3 a. m., next day, 24th, reached Middle- town and turned to the right on a road leading to Front Royal, and after a march of three miles on this road the men of the company B were met who reported a large force of rebels coming. The regiment about faced and marched back to Middletown. thence to Winchester, where the Union troops (being fol. lowed by the Confederates) took position on the ridge. On the morning of the 25th (Sunday) the enemy advanced to turn our right, the Twenty-ninth Regiment being ordered to meet and check them. The enemy advanced in columns of regimental front, our destructive firing killing 204 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. and wounding about one hundred. The regiment lost one hundred and twenty- eight officers and men taken prisoners, Colonel Murphy being among the number, the regiment being the last troops to leave the ridge. The army fell back to the Potomac river and crossed over to Williamsport, the regiment un- der command of the major being detailed to do provost duty, three companies G, E and F, with General Pope in his Virginia campaign and the rest of the companies at Hagerstown, Maryland. Between December 10th, 18G2, and April 10th. 1863, the regiment participated in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, having joined the Third Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps, and being confined principally to the one camping ground in the vicinity of Staf- ford Court House. It was while at this camp, on the latter date, that President Lincoln, accompanied by General Joe Hooker and staff, reviewed the troops, the Twenty-ninth Regiment being commended by the reviewing officers for its proficiency. On Apr^l 27th commenced the memorable Chancellorsville campaign in which this regiment suffered in the loss of officers and men. In the Gettysburg cam]3aign the regiment broke camp at Aquia Creek, Vir- ginia, June 13, 1863, crossed the Potomac river at Edwards' Ferry into Mary- land on the 26th of June, and marched within sight of the town of Gettysburg on July 1st, where they turned to the left of Baltimore pike and laid on their arms all night. Early on the morning of the 2d moved forward to Round Top and formed line of battle. There being heavy firing in front, at 11 a. m. moved forward one mile and crossed to right of Baltimore pike to Gulp's Hill and formed a line on right of and at right angles with Third Brigade of our corps, the Twelfth, the men throwing up breastworks. At half past six p. m. the Twenty-ninth Regiment with the remainder of the brigade were taken out of their works for the purpose of reinforcing the left on Round Top. While this movement was taking place a solid shot from the enemy's battery struck Ser- geant-Major Charles Letford, who after a few hours of intense suffering expired. Between 9 and 10 o'clock p. m. the brigade received orders to return to their breastworks, but officers and men alike were surprised to find that the enemy had possession of the works. As we were about to enter the woods nearly opposite our front position the enemy opened fire, killing Lieutenant Harvey of Company K and three men, and wounding ten others. We returned to the pike and re-entered the woods by the lane at Spangler's house following the One hundred and ninth and One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania. The brigade halted at the left on the line of works, and on the right of General Greene's Third Brigade, the Twenty -ninth Pennsylvania being at the stone wall. By direction of General Kane, a detail of skirmishers under the command of Captain Geo. E. Johnson, Company B, Twenty-ninth Regiment, was ordered to ascertain, if p(»ssible, the position of the enemy. The captain was i^romptin action and soon disappeared in the darkness in the enemy,s lines, where, with five of the men, he was cap- tured. The captain made his escape near Crampton's Gap where he rejoined the resiment and reported that on the night in question the enemy lay quiet until the detail ,were within their lines and were then ordered to surrender. The brigade then moved up between the breastworks and the stone wall, one- half of the Twenty-ninth Regiment remaining outside of the wall, the other in the field, halting about one hundred and fifty paces in front of the position now occupied by tablet No. 1, erected July, 1885. Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. 205 All was quiet until about 2 a. m. the 3d, and although it was but half moon the position occupied by the enemy was readily distinguished and their men seen moving about. They then commenced a rapid tiring which increased in force until it extended across our front, our brigade returning the tire with such spirit that that of the enemy soon ceased. General Kane then ordered the brigade to move back to the ledge of rocks, where dispositions were made to resist the assault. The line was shortened to two regiments, the third in reserve, two regiments filling the space from the works to the wall. As the day began to break the enemy opened from behind the rocks and trees and the fight became general. About 9 a. m. the Twenty-ninth, having exhausted their ammunition, were relieved by the One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, and were ordered back to the ammunition train to replenish, the men taking this time from eighty to one hundred rounds each. In about forty-five minutes they returned and again relieved the One hundred and eleventh. About half-past ten o'clock, the enemy consisting of Steuart's Brigade of Bradley Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps, advanced in battalion front to the charge, the Second Maryland Regi- ment in the lead. Their columns moved down on us between the breastworks and the stone wall. Our line to oppose them consisted of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania and the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania, the latter on the right extending to the wall, their front partly protected by the ledge of rocks. The lef[ of the Twenty-ninth Penn.sylvania extended to the breastworks. Our men had been firing at will all the morning and when the head of the enemy's column appeared in sight did not require orders to commence firing. The enemy advanced steadily somewhat covered by the rocks and trees, until they arrived at one hundred paces from our line where the ground was more open. Noticing by the falling leaves that our men were firing too high the colonel gave the command to shoot at their knees, the etfect of which was noticeable at once. The enemy came on steadily until within sixty paces when, our fire beginning to tell on them, they began to waver. At forty paces their confidence failed them. They had expected to break through our thin line with ea.se, but were demoralized by the undaunted bearing of the men of the Pennsylvania Brigade of the White Star Division. It was fortunate for the Union cause that Ewell's Corps met with this repulse, for had they succeeded in breaking through the lines of the Twenty-ninth and One hundred and ninth Regiments, the road would then have been opened to the center of our position involving the cap- ture of our ammunition trains and our hold upon Culp's Hill and Cemeterj- Hill in the rear of our lines. They could then have taken Greene's line in the rear and have placed him between the two fires, forcing him to face the rear, when the attacking line in front would have assaulted and carried the works. Skirmish firing was kept up after this all day hy the enemy on the hill above Spangler's Spring as well as in front of our works and of Greene's Brigade. The morning of the glorious Fourth of July found the enemy in full retreat never again to return to this side of the Potomac river. During this assatilt and repulse of the enemy the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment lost seven- teen killed, forty-five wounded and six prisoners ; that of Steuart's Rebel Bri- gade, led by the Second Maryland, fifty-two killed and one hundred and forty wounded. The pursuit of the enemy which commenced on July .'.th was con- tinued until August 3d, the troops undergoing long and fatiguing marches. On September 28th, the Twelfth Corps, to which the Twenty-ninth Regiment belonged, left Brandy Station to reinforce General Rosecrans' army in the south- 206 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. west, arriving at Nashville, Tennessee, at six p. m., of October 5th, and on the 28th of same month engaged the enemy at Wauhatchie. November 24th the Twenty-ninth Eegiment led the charge which ultimately captured Lookout Mountain, taking in that contest more prisoners than were men in their ranks. They were then moved over to Missionary Ridge, then to Ringgold, Georgia, and assisted in dislodging the rebels from Taylor's Ridge. While in camp at Lookout Valley, December 9, 1863, this regiment decided to offer their services to the government for the war, and upon the announce- ment being made to headquarters were sworn in and were the first to receive the distinguished title of Veteran Union Soldiers by re-enlistment. On December 12th, the veteran furlough of thirty days having been granted, the regiment took their departure for Philadelphia amid the cheers of the White Star Division drawn up by orders of General Geary to render the part- ing salute, and on December 22d they arrived at their destination, meeting with an enthusiastic reception. After recruiting its ranks the regiment again started for the front reaching Nashville on March 21, 1864. Taking part in the Georgia campaign they engaged the enemy on the 8th of May near Snake Gap; again from the 12th to 15th of same month at Resaca, losing in killed and wounded eighty-two men. On May 25th, moved against the rebels at New Hope church. Were engaged from June 13th to 15th at Pine Knob and in making the assault at this point lost their colonel by a serious wound through the left breast, several of our men being wounded. General Hooker's attention being called by a member of the Twenty-ninth Regiment to the enemy massing their forces in front of our First Division, the General, tak- ing in the situation, put spurs to his horse and galloped oflf to the right of the line and had the First Division placed in readiness for an attack. The attack was made and the enemy defeated with a loss of nearly two thousand men killed, wounded and prisoners. On the 16th the brigade moved to the right to Muddy Creek and threw up breastworks, the line of works being so close to the enemy's that our men were compelled to take turns in gomg to the rear of our works to cook coflfee. In this movement Private Sellmau of Company G was killed returning to the Avorks. On the 17th the enemy fell back and our troops advanced four miles. The enemy taking up a strong position in a clump of woods, the Sixty-eighth New York Regiment and the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment were de- tailed to support a battery that was ordered to open fiie on the enemy three hundred yards in our front. On the 20th our corps advanced their lines. The enemy fired but were driven off the field, a large number of prisoners falling into our hands. In this encounter Colonel Cobham was killed, our brigade commander. On the 21st Captain Goldsmith was ordered to take command of the Twenty-ninth Regiment and on the 22d moved about one mile nearer to Kolb's Farm, thence to Kenesaw Mountain, driving in the enemy and building breastworks ; 24th, the members of the regiment who did not re-enlist held a meeting and appointed a committee to wait upon General Hooker, to know from him if their three-years' services were up and if they were to be mustered out of the service, the committee reported that General Hooker had promised that they would be on their way home by the first of the month (July). On the 28th our lines advanced, those who had not re-enlisted being sent to the rear in charge of Major Millison, who reported to General Geary's head- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 207 quarters, the General shaking each by the hand, and were then marched eight miles to Big Shanty Station w here the cars were in waiting to take them home- ward. The Twenty-ninth Regiment being now left without a field officer Lieutenant-Colonel Walker was placed temporarily in command of the regiment but on July 21st was relieved of the command by Captain Goldsmith. July 26th, the lines advanced within view of Atlanta and on the 28th General Hooker tendered his resignation which action had a depressing effect upon the troops of his corps. On the 30th Captain Goldsmith, who was in command of the regiment, was relieved by Captain Frank Zarracker, his term of service hav- ing expired. In August General Slocum resumed command of the Twentietli Corps and the troops advanced slowly but surely on Atlanta, the shells from our batteries thrown into the city setting fire to the buildings. September 2d and 3d, the troops marched through Atlanta our brigade being in the advance. The Twentieth Corps remained at Atlanta until November 15th and during this time the regiment was sent on several foraging expeditious, frequently for forty- eight hours at a time, in every instance returning to camp with long trains of wagons filled with provisions for men and horses. November 5th, received orders at two p. m. to pack up immediately, moved out of the camp about two miles, and rested over night on the Gth discovered the enemy's cavalry reconnoitering us. On the 1.5th broke camp, marching eastward eighteen miles, the city of Atlanta ablaze ; the fire being started by our troops. On the 19th marched through Madison and on the 23d assisted in tear- ing up the railroad tracks. 25th, men halted for twenty-four hours until nine bridges were repaired which spanned the swamp near Davisboro. 26th and 27th, continued marching and destroying railroad tracks. 28th, marched back to Davisboro then to Holcomb, then to Louisville, Georgia, the troops subsist- ing on the country. December 2d, met the enemy's skirmishers and repulsed them ; on the 11th brigade advanced within five miles ot Savannah, our left resting on the Savannah river and our men lying in ditches as a protection from the enemy's shells. On the 18th General Sherman demanded a surrender of the city but was met by a refusal, the enemj' subsequently evacuating their works. 21st, the authorities came from the city bearing a flag of truce to meet our troops which resulted in the surrender of the city of Savannah. Our regiment, being the first to enter the town, was accompanied by General Geary, division com- mander, and Barnum, brigade commander. 25th. Christmas dinner enjoyed by the members of the Twenty-ninth Regiment, the men being quartered in houses that had been deserted by the owners. On the 29th left Savannah and marched, keeping to the line of the Sa- vannah and Charlestown railroad, finally crossed the Savannah river into South Carolina on pontoon bridges at Sisters' Ferry on February 7th ; at Black Swamps \ye erected bridges and constructed roads for nearly a mile across the swamp which in some places showed a depth of three feet of water. On the 15th entered Lexington. 17th, Columbia occupied by Fifteenth Corps. 23d, marched to and crossed Catawba river on pontoon bridges, and on March 4th crossed the line into North Carolina. The 24th witnessed the passage of the troops through Goldsboro, where a re- view took place by General Sherman and Slocum and the reading of the circu- lar issued by order of General Sherman commanding his army. The morning of April 27th opened auspiciously to the men of the Western Army, bringing 208 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. with it the glorious tidings so long contended for by them of the surrender of General Joe Johnston and his army to General William Tecumseh Sherman ; carrying with it the dissolution of those forces and that inexpressibly happy termination of our troubles indicated in the words — Homeward Bound. Between April 30th and July 13th, Twenty-ninth Regiment as a part of the Twentieth ^Corps marched through North Carolina and Virginia and partici- pated in the grand review before the President in Washington, being mustered out on the latter date. During its service of four years its muster-rolls contained the names of over two thousand five hundred men, its casualties in killed, wounded and prison- ers being eight hundred and seventy, and it returned to the custody of the Governor of the noble old State of Pennsylvania which it represented its colors untarnished and its record pure and unstained. On July 3d, 1885, the survivors of the Twenty-ninth Regiment erected a tablet to mark the position occupied by them on July 3d, 1863. This tablet is of dark granite with polished sides traced in panels upon which the history of regiment is cut, the whole being seven feet high by four feet square at the base. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 30™ REGIMENT INFANTRY (First Reserves) BY CORPORAL W. D. STAUFFER THE regiment broke camp at Fairfax Station, Virginia, on the Orange and Alexandria railroad, on June 25, 1863, in the early gray of the morning, and took up the line oi march for Frederick City, Maryland, where we remained a short time with the main bodj^ of the Army of the Potomac. On June 29th we marched for Gettysburg, going through Hanover, York county, Pa. About five miles from Gettysburg we struck the Baltimore pike and marched direct for the battle-field, arriving about 11 o'clock in the forenoon of July 2d, when we were halted near General Meade's headquarters, stacked arms and were told to cook our coffee which we had not tasted for several days. In a very short time the bugle called us to fall in, when we were moved off to the left at a double-quick and took our position at the foot of Little Round Toj), where we lay on our arms, bayonets fixed. About 3 p. m. the order to charge was given, when the First Regiment gave the enemy (who were following our retreating forces) one volley, and then at them with the cold steel and drove them through the ravine up the side of the hill over thestone wall out into the wheat field, killing and capturing many of the enemy. We re- mained at the atone wall all night. The next day (July 3d) the regiment was in the grand charge and flank movement by which many of the enemy were cap- tured, and also a flag. They Avere driven off" the field, a burial party was taken by surprise and a number were captured. They left in great haste leaving many ot their dead all ready for burial, which duty our men completed for them, for which those who were present as prisoners were very thankful. A member of ^.__i1tt PHOTO. Bi W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHU A. "ro?s P'Wifi'Pi PHOTO. PY V;. H. TIPTON, GETTYS Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 209 Company E of this regiment was killed this day in the very front line, and about the last shot tired at the regiment in the Gettysburg battle. We had one company in the regiment from Gettysburg, Company K, and many of the men fought within sight of their own firesides. On July 4th, in the morning, we marched over Little Round Top and stacked arms about where the railroad station now is, at the foot of the hill, where we lay all day and General Meade's order congratulating the army on the victory was read to us. It rained a great deal that day and night. On the morning of July 5th the regiment took up the march for Lee's retreating column, marching on theTaneytown road some dis- tance when we left the main road, following the enemy very closely with con- siderable skirmishing and capturing a number of ofticers and men. A short distance from Falling Waters on the Potomac they made a .stand but soon left. Tliis was about July 12th as near as I can remember, Avhen the regiment was marched by the double-quick to W^illiamsport, where we were assigned to our position on the left in the main line of battle. Expecting to make the attack at any moment, we lay on our arms waiting for orders, when, on the morning of the 14th, the report came that the enemy had disappeared, Lee had succeeded ill cro.ssing the Potomac with his army intact, which surprised us very much. The regiment took up the line of march, crossed the Potomac at Berlin, follow- ing Lee's retreating forces down through Virginia. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 31"'^ REGIMENT INFANTRY (Second Reserves) BY MAJOR E. M. WOODWARD COMRADES :— On the 5th of February, 1863, while we lay at White Oak Church, a telegram was received from General Doubleday, commanding our division, stating "'that in consideration of the arduous services of the Reserves," they were to be withdrawn to Washington, "to rest and recruit." Leaving the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker command- ing, they proceeded, via Belle Plain, to Alexandria, where the First Brigade, under Colonel William McCandlcss, of the Second Regiment, marched to Fair- fax Court House to watch Colonel Mosby and his guerrillas. Being accus- tomed to the freedom of soldiers in the proximity of the enemy, and being more annoyed than interested by the guerrillas, the constant drilling, restraint of camp and absence of excitement created dissatisfaction, and they longed to return to active service. On the loth of June General Hooker and staft' passed our encampment, pre- ceded and followed by the Army of the I*otomac. To see our comrades mov- ing to meet the enemy who we kaew were heading for Pennsylvania, threaten- ing our homes and loved ones, and for us to remain behind was mortifying, and although we had sent officers to Washington to intercede for marching orders, Ave met with no encouragement. We therefore prepared and forwarded the following petition which was signed by all the officers ot our regiment present : 14 210 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. " Headquarters Second Regiment Infantry, P. R. V. Corps, " Fairfax Station, Va., fune 17th, 1863. "To Colonel William McCandless, Comma»idina First Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps: "Colonel: We, the undersigned. oflBcers of the Second Regiment Infantry Pennsyl- Tania Reserve Volunteer Corps, having learned that our mother State has been invaded by a Confederate force, respectfully ask, that you will, if it be in your power, have us ordered within the border of our State for her defense. "Under McCall. Reynolds, Meade, Seymour, Sinclair and yourself, .we have more than once met and fought the enemy when he was at home. We now wish to meet him again where he threatens our homes, our families and our firesides. " Could our wish in this behalf be realized, we feel confident that we could do some service to the State that sent us to the field, and not diminish, if we could not increase, the lustre that already attaches to our name. " We are. Colonel, very respectfully, " Your obedient servants." *********** **** Our petition having been acceded to, on the 25th orders were received to move immediately, and at 5 o'clock that atternoon the Second, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George A.Woodward, left the station and marched in a north- westerly direction through Fairfax Court House and Vienna, near which we bivouacked at 11 o'clock that night. Just as we .started it commenced driz- zling and continued so to do all night. The next morning at 4 o'clock we resumed our march, continuing in the same general direction, passing between Dranesville, our first battle-field and the first victory of the Army of the Po- tomac, and Leesburg, making Goose Creek that night. Up to four o'clock it was very warm, and we were enveloped in clouds of dust, but a grateful, though violent rain set in, which was most refreshing to the wearied boys. As we were making forced marches quite a number fell out, and did not get up to ns until daylight the next morning. The Third Brigade, Colonel J AV. Fisher of the Fifth Regiment commanding, joined us in the morning from Alexandria ; the Second Brigade, Colonel H. G. Sickel of the Third Regiment commanding, being retained for the defense of Washington and to join General George Crook in his West Virginia campaign. Colonel, afterwards Brevet Major-General Sickel, had commanded the division of Reserves from General Meade's assign- ment to the command of the Fifth Army Corps, with a short exception, until now, when Brigadier-General S. W. Crawford, U. S. Army, succeeded him. The next morning at daylight we resumed our march, passing near a ])ortion of the field of '' Ball's Blufi"," where Colonel Baker so gloriously fell, and crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry on pontoons. That night we reached the mouth of the Monocacy in spite of the heavy roads. On the 28th, at day- light, we moved off, and crossing the aqueduct of the Chesapeake and Ohio ca- nal over the Monocacy, passed through Buckeystown and bivouacked about two miles from Frederick City. Here we came up with the main army, and re- ported to General Sykes, commanding the Fifth Army Corps, to which we were assigned. This corps until then had been commanded by General Meade, who had made application to have us sent to liim, but the day of our arrival Gen- eral Hooker was relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac and Meade assigned to it. We started the next day at noon, and, moving a few miles, halted in a Jane nearly all the afternoon, and at 7 o'clock crossed the Monocacy Bridge on the Bal- timore pike and turned up the bank of the stream, heading north. Soon after we waded the river and struck across the fields and about 10 o'clock bivou- acked in a wood, having made a tiresome day's march of but ten miles. This slow marching was occasioned by our being in the rearguard of the Reserve Ar- tillery, which consisted of two hundred and forty-eight guns, supplied with two Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 211 hundred and fifty rounds of ammunition each, making in all sixty-two. tlion- sand rounds. Before night that day the enemy's cavalry entered Frederick. That night heavy details were made from our regiment for a wagon guard. The next morning we marched early, passing through Liberty, Union Bridge, and Uniontown, where a pontoon train that accompanied us created much won- derment among the rustics, who did not believe we could do much with our "gun-boats" up in the mountains. We marched twenty miles and bivouacked near dark two miles beyond Uniontown and were mustered for pay. The next morning, July 1st, Ave moved at 5 o'clock and learning the ene- my's scouts had been in the neighborhood the day before, each regiment threw out flankers to the right and left, in which way we advanced until the natuie of the country became such that cavalry could not operate against us. About 2 o'clock we halted within a few hundred yards of the Pennsylvania State line and rested ourselves. That day was one of the happiest of our lives, and every heart beat warm with the thought we would soon press the soil of our Mother State to whose defense we were marching. The bands and regimental drum corps poured forth their soul-inspiring airs from morning until night, and light was the tread of our feet to their notes. About 3 o'clock we were drawn up to hear a patriotic addre.ss from General Crawford, after which we marched on, and as we crossed the line cheer after cheer rang out from the regi- ments, which rolled over the hills and through the valleys until lost in the far distance. We .soon came to a fine open woods where we halted until night, roll- ing on the good old soil of Pennsylvania and listening to the sweet airs of the bands. Abundance of rations and .sixty rounds of cartridges per man were dis- tributed, the former for our.selves and the latter for our friends the "Johnnies." While lying here, through the branches above us, amidst the bright sun.shine, a large star was discovered shining over us with all the brilliancy of a heavenly visitant, which was gazed upon with great interest and received as an omen of victory. While here all our wagons were sent to Westminster, Maryland, twenty- five miles from the battle-field, and the ammunition wagons and ambulances were pushed forward. At dark we again took up our march, and a long weary one it proved. We did not rest until two the next morning, when we laid down in an open woods, having made twenty miles and being awake twenty-two hours. But in an hour's time the icture. Your heroic dead lie on every battle-field on which you were engaged. Suppose we could see arrayed in line before us now, the old regiment of 1861, only with places vacant where would stand those who lost their lives in battle and died of disease during the war? What a .spectacle it would present I Then let the survivors appear in their present condition — what a change I Truly, we would say with the old song, " The boys in blue are growing gray, Thin grows our ranks and thinner ; We've faced Death's battle many a day. But Death to-day is winner." And how many empty sleeves and mi.ssing legs? Those strong, athletic forms have become bowed by premature old age. The hardship of soldier life in camp, battle and prison pen, has done its work. But we must not jjause to contemplate, lest we be overcome with emotion. While we drop a tear to the memory of the dead, let us dedicate this monument to the living. So remove the drapery and let there appear the record of your services and your losses. Yes, cut the strings so that all who behold may see what the Sixth Pennsyl- vania Reserves suffered, that the "government of the people, by the people, and for the i)eople, might not perish from the earth." ADDRESS OF COLONEL H. B. McKEAN COMRADES : You have met to-day on this heroic battle-field to perform a most interesting ceremony. The place where more than a quarter of a century ago the most terrific battle was fought that has been recorded in history. Allow me to congratulate you, my comrades, that you were members of that grand old regiment — the Sixth Pennsylvania Reserves. Its officers and men were courageous in battle and courteous in civil life. Your timely arrival at Washington, D. C, with the other regiments of the Pennsyl- vania Reserves, immediately after the first battle of Bull Run. in 1861, saved the Capital. The Third Brigade of the Penu.sylvania Reserve Corps, consisting Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 221 of four regiments, was u grand body of men, commanded by that grand soldier, General E. O. C. Ord, -who was made the lirst major-general of the brigade. Commanders Generals George G. Meade, J. F. Reynolds and Ord, you know were in the first successful engagements of the Army of the Potomac. At Dranesville, Va., December 20, 1861, Captain Ent, commander of a company in the Sixth Regiment, fired the first shot, his company acting as skirmishers. The Sixtli made the first charge, tlien ordered by General Ord to charge the Confederate battery under the command of the " Little Adjutant." llow well you obeyed the order, capturing the battery and several prisoners. Your loas was slight — two killed and a number wounded. Among the wounded were Captain Bradbury and Halsey Lathrop. That was your first baptism of fire. Comrades, the great State of Pennsylvania has erected this granite monument to perpetuate the heroism of the members of the Sixth Regimen ton this field of battle. A grateful people remember your heroic deeds here on that hot day, July 2, 1863. You with the other regiments of the Pennsylvania Reserves. Third Division, Fifth Corps, arriving in on the north side of yonder Little Round Top, charging the advancing Confederates and driving them back to the point Avhere this monument stands. You held it as you always did, saving Little Round Top from capture and the field. During the three years of ser- vice you were in all the principal engagements of the Army of the Potomac — the first in and the last out. Comrades, your military history is written in letters of gold so high on the tablet of fame that no one can erase it, and my congratulations shall be : Brave in battle, chivalrous in peace and heroic in every trait that develops true man- hood. ADDRESS OF MAJOR W. H. H. GORE COMRADES : — The history made by the Sixth Regiment you helped make, and are as familiar with it as I am. What I say here, or what we do here, will not alter the facts as they are handed down to future genera- tions by the historian. I propose, on account of time, to give but a brief histoiy of the regiment : Organized as it was, from companies recruited from the three months' service, the companies were all recruited in the month of April, 1861, and consisted of two companies from Bradford, one each from Tioga, Susquehanna, Wayne, Columbia, Montour, Snyder, Dauphin and Franklin counties. Owing to the call being filled they remained in Camp Curtin until after the pas.sage of the act creating the Pennsylvania Reserves, when they were organized into the Sixth Regiment, with W. W. Ricketts, colonel ; W. M. Penrose, lieutenant- colonel ; H. J. Madill, major ; H. B. McKean, adjutant ; R. H. McCoy, quarter- master ; Charles Bower, surgeon, and Z. Ring Jones, assistant surgeon. They were .sent to Greencastle and placed in a camp of instruction under Major Harshberger as instructor. After the disastrous battle of Bull Run, a call was made on Governor Curtin for troops, and the Reserves were rushed to Washing- ton ; the Sixth was the first regiment to arrive and was mustei'ed into the United States service July 27, 1861, and sent to Tennallytown, D. C. While in this camp over one-half of the regiment was stricken Avith typhoid fever, greatly retarding the efficiency of the regiment. While in this camp the Reserves were formed in three brigades, the Sixth with the Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth formed 222 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. the Third Brigade. October 9, 1861, the divisioTi was moved across the river into Virginia and went into camp near Langley. December 20, the Third Brigade and First Rifles fought the battle of Dranes- ville — gained the first victory for the Army of the Potomac. March 16, 1862, they broke camp and marched to the vicinity of Hunter's Mills, then back to Alexandria. In the meantime Colonel Ricketts and Lieu- tenant-Colonel Penrose had resigned and their places were filled by William Sinclair as colonel and H. B. McKean, lieutenant-colonel. The quartermaster also resigned and A. A. Scudder was appointed. The division was attached to McDowell's Corps, and in April marched to Manassas, Catlett's Station, thence to Fredericksburg. In June they were on transports and went down the Rappahannock, up the York and Pamunkey rivers to White House and attached to the Fifth Army Corps. The Sixth was halted at Tunstall's Station to guard the road and keep open the communication with the front. While here Colonel Sinclair joined us and assumed command ; the left wing of the regiment was sent to White House to guard the stores ; the Seven Days' battle opened at Mechanicsville, and the regiment was cutoff from the main army, and after destroying the vast accumulation of stores, was taken by boat, via Fortress Monroe and James river, to Harrison's Landing, where they were joined by the balance of the division. The Sixth Regiment was here transferred to the First Brigade which now consisted of the First, Seeond, Sixth, Ninth and Bucktails. The next move was by boat from Harrison's Landing to Aquia Creek, thence by rail to Fredericksburg, thence by way of Kelly's Ford to Warrenton, where they joined Pope's army and took an active part in the battle of second Bull Run. Falling back with the army to Washington they marched through Mary- land to South Mountain, and in that battle was on the extreme right of the army, and was attached to the First Corps ; at this battle and Antietam the regiment met with severe loss, especially in officers. Major Madill was now promoted to the colonelcy of the One hundred and forty-first Pennsylvania Volunteers, and Captain Ent was promoted to major. In November the march was again resumed, ending at Fredericksburg, where, on the 13th of December, the regiment, in connection with the balance of the Reserves, made the most gallant charge of the war. Had I time I would say more about this battle, but I will pass it by leaving to future historians to give us the honors that we that day earned. Our losses here were greater than any other battle we ever fought ; we were but a handful left for duty, and the Reserves were ordered to Washington and vicinity to rest and recruit, the Sixth was sent to Fairfax Station, where it re- jnaiued until June, 1863, when it again joined the army — was attached to the Fifth Corps and marched fortius historic field ; and here, on this ground, where we are dedicating this monument, we aided in fighting the battle of Gettysburg. Moving with the Army of the Potomac, marching and skirmishing, we finally went into winter quarters at Bristoe Station. In the meantime Colonel Sinclair had resigned and field offices were filled by promoting Ent to colonel, Dixon to lieutenant-colonel and Gore to major. In the spring of 1864, they took in all the fighting under General Grant, through the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna river to Bethesda Church, doing their full share of the work in that arduous campaign, ending their service with the brilliant victory of Bethesda Church. PHOTO BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT : THk F. GUTEKUNSr CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Getty shurg. 223 And DOW, comrades, I have briefly sketched the history of your regiment, its marches and hardships, its gallant fighting; it never disgraced itself; there were other regiments as good as yours, but none better. We have met here to-day to dedicate this shaft as a monument of your valor, but your history will be a monument that will last as long as the American nation exists, and until after those stones shall have crumbled into dust. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 38^" REGIMENT INFANTRY (Ninth Reserves) September ii, 1889 ADDRESS OF HONORABLE ELL TORRANCE COMRADES of the Ninth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves : — We have met upon historic ground, ground as sacred as our feet will ever tread. For more than one hundred years Lexington and Bunker Hill have sent forth a resplendent light to all lovers of liberty, but to us and our chil- dren at least, nothing can eclipse this field of glorj-. More than a quarter of a century has passed away since we last stood here. Then angry clouds hung over our heads, and the ground was convulsed under our feet with the shock of battle, but to-day the skies are peaceful, and the sounds of war have ceased to reverberate among these hills. We have met upon a most auspicious occasion, and for a purpose which falls only to the lot of patriots. I am not insensible to the honor you have conferred upon me. Having for more than a score of years resided in a distant Common- wealth, and never having had the privilege of meeting with you since the close of the war, it gives me inexpressible pleasure to again return to my native State, and once more look into your faces and bring to and receive from you fraternal greetings. At such a time and place as this, how inadequate is language to frame our thoughts, or give expression to the emotions of our hearts. This monument, which we to-day dedicate, though beautiful in its propor- tions and workmanship, is of little intrinsic value, but who can estimate what it cost to lay the fouTidations for its erection. As we look upon it we see and read much more than the simple and appropriate inscriptions it bears. It rep- resents great sacrifices — sacrifices so great that they cannot be computed — sac- rifices, the cost of which lies outside the domain of any arithmetic. It repre- sents the scattered graves of our comrades who died in defense of their country. As we stand he^e our memories are quickened and our vision enlarged, so that we look back through the intervening years, as if it Avere but yesterday, when we parted companj' forever with our comrades, who, on the field of battle, paid the full measure of their devotion with their lives. We have grown old since then, but their faces are unchanged. Many of them sleep in unknown graves that loving feet have never yet been able to find, but they are not forgotten, and as we look upon this pali.shed shaft, we caTi. underneath its shining surfiice, read the names of every one. True men they fell ; and faithful to the last. Though overpowered by death, yet still in death unconiiuered, Forever sacred be their memories. And imperishable, their heroic names. 224 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. History records no sacrifices more sublime than that of the dead of the vol- unteer armies of the United States, and this monument will bear perpetual testimony to their devotion to a cause which they loved better than their lives. It stands not only for the dead, but the living as well, quickening their sense of duty, stimulating their patriotism, and making it impossible that the memory of such sacrifices should perish from the hearts of men. It will stand long after we have passed away, to speak with a persuasive voice to generations yet unborn, educating them in all that pertains to the safety, prosperity and perpetuity of our country, and inspiring them with an exalted patriotism, and an unflinching courage in the defense of her institutions. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has acted wisely in providing for the erection of these monuments and setting apart this day for their dedication, and in calling together her sons to bear witness to the solemn and impressive services. Upon this loyal soil the defiant army of treason, under General Lee, was defeated. Around the base of these Round Tops, and upon the slopes of Cemetery and Culp's Hill, broke the topmost wave of the great Rebellion. The beginning of the end was Gettysburg, and from the 4th day of July, 1863, the friends of liberty were confident of triumphant victorj'. Eighteen States were represented in the Army of the Potomac upon this famous field, and most appropriately we find the Keystone State, in the person of her soldiers, everywhere present in the forefront of the battle, from its commencement to its close. During those three memorable days her voice was never silent, and through cannon, musket and sabre, she spoke in defense of human rights and constitutional law with a power and eloquence that time will only glorify. Behold her three score and ten regiments of infantry, in battle arraj\ stretch- ing from right to center and from center to left. See those lines of blue, with banners unfurled, steady and undismayed, in the whirlwind of strife. Listen to the thunder of her cannon as they answer the brazen mouth of treason. Hear the sharp clash of sabre as her squadrons ride down to death the ruthless in- vader. Well may our beloved State glory in the record made by her chival- rous sons, and perpetuate, not only in bronze and marble, but in the hearts of her children, their deeds of valor and sacrifice. As we look around us to-day, we are conscious that one thing yet remains to be done by the State of Penn- sylvania— one duty is yet unperformed, and that is the erection upon this battle-field of a suitable monument to our illustrious and distinguished com- mander. General George G. Meade, and until that is done, the anthems of praise that continually ascend from these hills will never reach their sweetest and most complete harmony. General Meade commanded the Army of the Poto- mac for almost two years, or about one-half the period of its entire exis- tence. He was a brave soldier and a true gentleman. His patriotism was of the highest and purest type, and he was trusted and beloved by the entire army. He gave to his country, in her hour of peril, his best services, with a willing heart, and with rare courage and patience did he bear the heavy responsibilities that were placed upon him. On the soil of his native state he Avon undying fame, and upon this "field of monuments," made forever sacred by the blood of so many of his soldiei's, should be erected to his memory, a monument that would bind together, and be the Keystone of them all. And with the name of Meade must forever stand associated the name of that magnificent soldier and Pennsylvanian, General John F. Reynolds, who laid down his life, as a morn- ing sacrifice, at the very opening of the battle. These two names are insejiar- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 225 able and their fame is imperishable. Their first commands were composed ol a part of the Pennsylvania Reserves, and their military glory we claim as a part of our own peculiar inheritance. But time will not permit me to speak of Geary on the right, of Hancock in the center, of Crawford on the left and of the host of brave men who filled the gaps between. As we withdraw our thoughts from the past and turn our faces toward the future we behold a pleasing prospect. We feel assured that in the providence of God this country is destined to occupy a preeminent place among the nations of the earth. This year marks the completion of our first century of constitu- tional liberty, and within no other period of the world's history has such pro- gress l)een made in all that pertains to the highest civilization of man. We are amazed when we contemplate the rapidity and solidity of the growth ot this republic. There is no halting in her onward march. Each generation pushes rapidly forward and takes a higher place than the one occupied by its predecessor. Education has opened wide the door of hope and usefulness to all classes and conditions of men, and liberty has widened her domain, until, under the pro- tecting fold of the Stars and Stripes, representatives of all nationalities, races and civilizations dwell together as free men, and you look in vain for serf or slave. Behold this nation of American Freemen ! No titled nobility, but in its place the true nobility of manhood and womanhood. For regal splendor and the moated castle is substituted the quiet home with its hearth-stone, and the virtues and sturdy patriotism of the common people. It is not our rulers that have made this country great — they are our servants — but the people themselves, who, each in his day and generation, well and faith- I'uUy performs his allotted task. As we have been inspired by the example of our God-fearing, liberty-loving and self-sacrificing forefathers, and have been able in the hour of trial to stand the supreme test of loyalty to our country, so will the generations that follow lis take new inspiration as they look upon this battle-field of monuments, and listen to the voice that comes in one mighty chorus from the countless graves of the loyal dead, imploring them to be true to the trust committed to their keeping. Tremendous was the price we paid for an unbroken Union, but it was worth all it cost, for who can foretell the position of power, honor and usefulness to which the nation may attain. Those who gave their lives that the country might live did so without a murmur or regret. Those of us who survive enjoy the consciousness of duty done. We are con- tent with the record as it stands, and have high hope for the future. It Avill not be long until our work is ended and we shall finally be mustered out to join the mighty host that has preceded us. Soon we also shall sleep in the majesty of eternal repose, but we shall in our latest hours be sustained by an unfaltering trust in the stability of our institutions and in the continued pros- perity and welfare of our beloved country. 15 226 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ADDRESS OF ROBERT TAGGART, ESQ. y^^OMRADES : — The Legislature of our State, during the session of 1886 and I 1887, passed an act appropriating certain public moneys to be expended Y /' io the erection of memorials or monuments with which to mark the positions occupied by Pennsylvania commands on this battle-field. A Commission, composed of leading and intelligent citizens in full sympathy with the spirit of the act, was appointed to carry out its provisions. It is well known that the members of this Commission, individually and col- lectively, have devoted much time and careful study to the discharge of the duties imposed on them ; and yet, their actions in some instances have been severely criticised. But this is not surprising when we reflect that, in the line of their duty, they have been called upon to decide questions as to the locations of regiments, and other details of the battle, about which, in most cases, they could know nothing personally, and in the decision of which they were con- fronted with conflicting testimony — on the one hand that of individuals based .solely on memory, and on the other, the published reports of the battle made at, or immediatel}" after its occurrence. No doubt, in the excitement incident to the engagement, or, possibly, through a desire to appropriate to themselves and those under them, at least a full share of the honors of victory, some of the brigade and regimental commanders may have exceeded the bounds of accurate knowledge in making out their reports. But, at this late day, these reports, in the absence of positive evidence of their inaccuracy, should be accepted in preference to mere statements which may have percolated through twenty-five years of treacherous memory, and, doubtless, absorbed much of the prejudice or partiality of the minds through which they passed. The Commi.ssion seems to have been governed by this view of the matter; and, while their actions in .some cases may have created dissatisfaction on the part of a f&vi, it will be gen- erally conceded that they have acted faithfully, intelligently and impartially in the discharge of their delicate and responsible duties, and, I believe, in the end, it will be acknowledged by all who desire to preserve intact the history of this battle, that so much of the act providing for the erection of these memorials as requires that all important details shall be subject to the inspection and ap- proval of the Commission, is a wise and an important provision — one which has shielded the work from much inaccurate and discordant proclamation, and im- parted to it something of true historic value. I refer to this matter for the reason that certain of the regimental committees of the " Reserve Corps " — our own included — have had some discussion, if not controversy, with the Commission touching the matter of consolidating the ap- propriations to which the respective organizations are entitled, for the purpose of erecting a single memorial building. You will rememeber that, at the re- union held in New Brighton two years ago, the committee then and there ap- ])ointed was instructed, if practicable, to join with the committees of other regi- ments of the corps in the erection of a division memorial ; or, failing in that, to proceed and erect a regimental monument. Your committee made an honest eftbrt to meet your preference in this matter ; but, after a careful studj- of the question in all its bearings, found they could not do so and avail themselves of the State appropriation. This conclusion was arrived at by the State Com- mission, was sustained by the Attorney-General of the State, and reluctantly accepted by your committee as the ultimatum for their guidance. And now, Pennsylvania at Getty fihrn-g. 227 liaviug completed the work assigned us. you liave been invited to meet liere to-day, and I have been requested, in behalf of the committee, to inake formal j)resentation of this monument to you. h\ discharging the duty which the partiality of my comrades has assigned me, I am well aware there are many channels in which our thoughts might be led with propriety and profit ; but I feel that our presence here, or aught that we might say or do, would be but empty nothingness did we fail to grasp the true significance of this occasion. And what is this? If there is one more than another that we .should learn as a lesson of the civil war, of which the battle fought here was the decisive conflict, it is that God reigns and holds within His hands the destinies of nations and of worlds, whilst we, His creatures, are but instruments wherebj' His power is manifest and purpose wrought. If we seek Kis guidance and follow His appointed ways we have assurance that He will not forsake us ; but if we strive to build a Babel tower to mock His sovereign will, there are a thousand ways whereby confusion and disaster may set at naught our mightiest human efforts. That "Man of destiny " — so called — whose meteoric rise from humble station to an empire's throne so astonished and dazzled the world but a century ago, exemplified in his brief career the bla.sphemy of his own li^js' utterance when he declared that '" Providence is always on the side of the heaviest battalions. " In a burst of confidence he unfolded to one of the favorites of his court, the plan of a campaign ou which he was about to enter, and spoke with arroganc;e of certain victory. Being reminded that man might propose, but that God dis- poses, he replied 'I propose and I also dispo.se." Within a twelvemonth more than one-half of that grand army of five hundred thousand men with which he invaded Russia had fallen victims to the casualties of battle or exposures of the march, whilst he, in advance of his retreating columns, was hurrying back to transfer the tidings of disaster to hopeful and expectant France : and within two years thereafter the '"vain froward child of empire" was an exile, .shorn of power and fretting his life away on a barren isle. From the time that the stripling son of Jesse, with but sling and smooth stones gathered from the brook, went forth, in the name of Israel's God, to meet and vanquish the boasting giant mailed in brass and armed with sword and. spear and .shield, on to the time when the little army of the Athenian and Pla- teau patriots, chanting their battle-hymn along the mountain .slopes of their )iative land, bore down in triumph ou the invading hosts, ten times their num- ber, of Mede and Persia, down through the ages to the time when our fathers, untrained and untried in the art of war, achieved their independence — through all these centuries history's pages are written over with refutations unmistak- able and conclusive of the Napoleonic blasphemy, and abound in recorded tri- umphs of men and nations engaged in seemingly hopeless though righteous endeavors. From the sacred aisles of old "St. Johns " in Richmond, there comes to us through more than a century of years, the echoings of that sentiment which filled our fathers' hearts with hope and nerved their arms to action.. Trusting 7iot in their human strength, or martial skill or prowess, l)ut in firm reliance on the God of nations, they went forth to battle in a righteous cause, whilst one was chosen as their leader of whom it has been truly said " belief m God and tru.st in an overruling power formed the essence of his character." We speak of Getty.sburg as the most important battle of the civil war, in that 228 Peyinsylvania at Gettysburg. secession Jiere received its fatal wound. A wound from which it lingered, bj' virtue only of inherent force and courage in the hearts of those who listened to its siren voice and followed its deceptive banner. And we glory in the fact that he who led us on to victory here received his first promotion as one of our brigade commanders — one whom we had learned to love and honor for his patriotic virtues, his martial skill and manly courage. Does it not increase our admiration for General Meade, to know that, as commander, he counselled all his soldiers to reliance on an all-controlling Providence, and that in the hour of triumph he gave to God all thanks for victory ? Then, comrades, as we unveil this monument which speaks of the great event enacted here in years gone by, let us not exalt the human effort that gave to Gettysburg renown, above the cause and vital principles which were at issue in the contest, and above all let us not forget to acknowledge with becoming reverence the favor of the God of nations which gave to us the victory. In giving special prominence to such thoughts and feelings, it does not fall on us that we should ignoi-e the personal eftbrts, or lightly estimate the per- sonal sacrifices that are interwoven with the history of the war. It was our privilege to belong to a regiment which took part in the battle fought here, and to-day we have assembled to dedicate this monument, wrought from imperishable granite and erected on the spot where, more than a quarter of a century ago, we contended for what we then believed, for what the lapse of time, the logic of events and the just verdict of mankind have since demon- strated to be right. It is a grand thought and glorious feeling to know that in great emergencies of life or of history we have had the privilege and embraced the opportunity of contending in a righteous cause. For the world's great crises are numbered not at stated intervals or by the changing years, but are born of epochs often hoary with the frosts of centuries, and to realize that we have been, though humble, actors in such a crisis is something that comes not in the course of every human life. The battle fought here during those memorable July days of 1863, was one of many in a more than four-years' contest between the North and South of our land, which has been aptly described by the lamented and martyred Lincoln as a test of the endurance of human government based on the equality of man. In that marvellous epic delivered by him at the dedication of the Cemetery on yonder heights, November, 1863, he made use of this language. " Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation — conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. We are now engaged in great a civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure." Such in truth was the nature of the conflict Avhich took place here ; and who can now doubt that a decision adverse to the principle for which we contended would have proved a dire, if not an irreparable, calamity to mankind. To have testified to the world that this latest and most auspicious example of jiopular government based on universal intelligence, free conscience and moral power, had, within the first century of its existence, generated within itself the ele- ments of its own destruction, would have been to confess to the world that man- kind in the most advanced state of civilization and under the most favorable conditions is incapable of self-government. Our name as a nation blotted from the registry of time would have checked the onward march of civilization for Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 229 centuries to come, and the dark pall of oblivion would have enshrouded alike freedom's glory and man's earthly hopes. That we were right in that contest is a feeling not only borne in the inner consciousness of every Union soldier who took part in the civil war, but is even now testified to by many of the best and bravest of those who differed from us in the past, and the courage of whose convictions was proved on many a bard- fought field. At a meeting held during the recent centennial observance in New York city, a noted Confederate general publicly declared his belief that the result of the war was fortunate for all concerned. At the same meeting the Governor of that State within the borders of which was first unfurled the banner of secession and along the shores of which re-echoed the first gun of the rebellion publicly said : "We may have been wrong, God only knows, and it now does seem as though His decision is against us.'' When time shall have healed the wounds and smoothed the asperities of the war, the utterances of these two representative men of the New South will have become crystallized into positive truth, accepted in good faith, and glorified in patriotic endeavors by all citizens of the republic ; and there shall be found none in this broad land to question the righteousness of that verdict which settled in all minds and for all time, the questions of the indissolubility of the American Union. It is therefore a matter of interest to us to meet here after the lapse of many years, to dedicate this monument which testifies to where we stood in the great crisis of our country's history. True it speaks to us in a special sense of Gettys- burg ; but who can read the inscriptions of other battles in which we took no unimportant part, and not indulge in retrospective thought of all the thrilling scenes and incidents of the three-years' service of the regiment. One of America's gifted sons has characterized ' ' midnight's holy hour ' ' of the closing year as " A time for memory and for tears." If our feelings may be moved to such a depth by reflection on the changing scenes and incidents of one brief year, what must be the emotions of our hearts as we contemplate to-day the most important, the most eventful period of our lives, between which time and this a quarter of a century has intervened. In memorj' we recount the many times we've tramped along the mountain slopes, across their crests and through the valleys from here to Richmond ; and as we review the hardships, the trials, the dangers, the sorrows : and weigh them in the balance with the joys and hallowed recollections of those years, and see around us in the growing greatness and glory of our country, such grand frui- tion of our hopes and efforts, we might ask ourselves, would we, with knowl- edge of all we then endured, again enlist as soldiers .should our country call to arms ? I think I hear you answer yes, as then, from a sense of duty, but not otherwise. And yet as I look into your faces and see in furrowed cheeks and whitened hairs sad premonition of declining years, I am afraid you'd not re- spond to every roll-call after weary marches such as those that we were Avont to make. But they are over — those days have passed, and the great events with which they were prolific are written on the pages of our country's history, whilst the surviving actors in the bloody drama are journeying down life's slope towards the setting sun. But ol" one thing we're assured. There is no regret in any soldier's heart for having served his country in that hour of danger. 230 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. There is a well-grounded attachment on the part of the surviving members of the old Ninth Regiment to the memories that cluster around its history. But this is not surprising when we reflect that each member of that organiza- tion was animated by a spirit of patriotism, to unite in the defense of our com- mon country Each shared in the common dangers of camp and field, and all were bound by the ties of a comradeship that Avere " welded in the fires of bat- tle." Not least among the treasiired recollections of our army life is the one that our regiment was among the first to respond to the call of the President for troops. It is worth something at this time to know that the men who en- listed in the early days of 1861, when there was no enticement of large bounty before, and no coercive power of conscription behind, them, represented the typical American soldier, the free citizen of a free land, understanding and ap- preciating the blessings and privileges, and willing to share the responsibilities and duties of citizenship. Of such were the men who took their first lessons in the school of the soldier in old Camp Wilkius and who were there organized as the Ninth Regiment of the "Pennsylvania Reserve Corps," an army in it- self conceived in the wisdom and created through the energy of our then war Governor, Andrew G. Cnrtin, who still lives, ripe in years, honored by all patriotic citizens and beloved by all surviving soldiers of the war. It may well give us pride now to look back on those years and feel that, throughout our term of service, the regiment was second to no other of the di- vision in the good opinion of brigade and division commanders, and that, at times, it pleased them to make public acknowledgment of the fact. And it must certainly add to our appreciation of such opinions to know that they came from such sources as General Meade, the hero of Gettysburg ; General Reynolds, whose life blood hallowed the memories of this field; General McCall, our organizer and first commander, and our own General Ord, under whose dashing leader- ship the Third Brigade won the first laurels of victory at Dranesville, that crowned any portion of the Army of the Potomac;. These brave soldiers have all fought their last battles, and gone to their rewards, as have also our first field officers, Jackson, Anderson, and Snodgrass. May their memories be cherished by all true patriots, as I know they are by all surviving members of the old Ninth Regiment. But it was not only our officers and commanders who shed a halo of glory around the regimental history. There was to be found among the private soldiers a degree of intelligence, courage, patriotism and moral standard, at least, unsurpassed by any other similar organization of the war. It would be impossible, without more complete data than I have at command, to mention all the many conspicuous instances of gallantry and devotion to duty that might be gathered and woven into heroic or pathetic story if we could obtain from friends and comrades the true heart histories of all who fell from our ranks. Of these there are a few still fresh in memory to which I may be Ijermitted to refer as illustrating something of the character of the boys of the regiment. On the eve of the second battle of Bull Run a number of enlisted men, having been promoted for meritorious service on the Peninsula, received their commis- sions, with instructions to report at headquarters for assignment to duty. They were entitled to, and could have claimed, their discharges, but with that high sense of honor characteristic of the true soldier and brave man under all cir- cumstances, they declined to turn their backs on their comrades in the hour of impending danger, and went into that fight, carrying their guns as enlisted Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 231 men, while they held their commissions as officers in their pockets. One of their number, the brave John Dannals, of Company A, was killed in the fight, while two others that I know of, who are still living, honored citizens of the country they helped to save, were seriously wounded. Just before the battle of Fredericksburg the bright and brave young soldier, John Westlake, having been for a long time on detached service with the Signal Corps, reported to his company for duty. I see him to-day, as he had just re- turned from a visit to his home, his trim form, handsome boyish face and bright new uniform, ready, willing and anxious to share with his comrades whatever of danger there might be in the line of duty. Fredericksburg was his first and last battle. Those who took part in the charge on the left of our line that day, will remember with what reluctant regret we relinquished the advantage we had gained, because of the failure to send us the needed and promised support. Many were the brave boys who fell with Jackson, our general and leader in that terrible charge and disastrous retreat — and among them young "Westlake. Where his body was afterwards found, there were three or four of the company rifles which the boy soldier had gathered and endeavored to bring from the field, showing that the pledge given to the citizens of Pittsburg who had presented those rifles to the company, was, with him, no unmeaning obligation, but one in the fulfilment of which he offered up his life. The night before that same battle. Lieutenant Long, whom you all remembei", sat beside the camp-fire with a friend and comrade, and talked of a premonition he had that he would fall in the approaching engagement. His comrade tried to lead his mind away from such forebodings, but he continued to talk of his approaching death, as that comrade afterwards informed me, in a brave, calm manner ; and the last words he said that night were : "I feel sure this will be my last night with the boys of the company and regiment." He had given his watch, letters, and other tokens of value to the hospital steward, with instruc- tions to send them to his mother after the battle. He fell mortally wounded in the front of the fight and lived but a few hours. I had known Reuben Long from the time, when, as lads in our teens, we attended the same school, and as boy and man he was ever noble, true-hearted and brave. It matters not what you or I may think of premonitions such as so impressed his mind that night before the battle. This we know. As he sat beside the camp-fire, and calmly, bravely, as his friend expressed it, talked of his approaching death, he felt within his soul that to-morrow's sun would light his pathway to the tomb. Yet, when the mist was lifted from the field of Fredericksburg, and the battle line was formed on that December morning, he was present at the post of duty, nor faltered, though he heard his death knell in the command to charge across that fated field. It is easy to understand how, in the whirl of the battle's mad fury, one maj' encounter and despise danger, or even death with all its terrors. But in the stillness of the night, to calmly contemplate the giving up of home, and friends, and kindred, and life itself with all its hopes and joys and aspirations, and yet, in honor's name, resolve to make the sacrifice, is something that the truly brave of heart, and only they, can understand. In such heroic conduct in the very face of death, we have a clearer view of how a brave man may approach his grave " Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams." In my own company there were three brothers — sons of a widow — one of whom, the brave, cheerful, noble-hearted, William Mahalfey was among the first to 232 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. fall in that fearful charge at Gaines Mill ; and to-day his mouldering remains lie somewhere, in an unknown and unmarked grave, on the Peninsula. At the battle of Bull Run that gallant soldier, Captain Shannon, received a leaden mes- senger of death in his forehead. Lieutenant Kirkpatrick, ever foremost and fearless in the path of duty, was at home seriously wounded. The first lieu- tenant, complaining of some bodily infirmity, I know not what, was at Wash- ington city pleading for a discharge from the service. Robert Mahaffey, one of the two remaining brothers of whom I have spoken, was first sergeant and in command of the company. Though suffering from a severe wound in the arm, received from the flying fragment of a shell, he refused to act on the advice of Dr. Phillips and go to the hospital for treatment. But, with his arm bound and carried in a sling, he led the company on that tiresome march through Mary- land, up the rugged steeps of South Mountain, and on to the battle-field of Antietam, where, with Snively, Swartzlander, Scott, Lemon, McLain, Vanlier, and other brave boys like himself, who fell around the regimental colors, he poured out his life's blood in defense of the flag. "Who that lay beside this stone wall when first erected will ever forget the piteous cries for water, that came as an aftermath of the charge in this swale, from the wounded Confederates who lay in our front. They were in armed re- bellion against the legally-constituted authorities of our government — sworn enemies of our country, bent on its destruction. But they were our brothers, and the ethics of our Christian civilization not only forbade that we should needlessly torture them, but demanded that we should use all reasonable measures to jjrevent their suff"ering, and there was common assent and appro- bation when Sergeant McMunn volunteered to carry to those wounded men the water for which they prayed. But, oh ! the cruel treacherous greeting with which that act of Christian charity was met, in the worse than rebel bullet that came crashing through his face as he bent to cool with water the burning lips of a wounded helpless foe. It did not prove a fatal wound, but it would have been a blessing to our comrade had that bullet struck a vital spot, for who can measure the depth of pain and sorrow and mental anguish in which it plunged his after life, at last dethroning reason and ending in his self-destruction. I have spoken but of the dead, and not of the many wounded living who bear in their bodies painful reminders of their devotion to country and duty, and those of whom I have spoken were not officers of exalted positions, command - ing divisions and army corps, but all of them, at the time of their enlistment, numbered among the rank and file of the regiment. But I need not say to you that there marched in the ranks of our volunteer soldiers many who, as to moral and intellectual force, social standing and all the elements of true no- bility of character, were peers of any and more than peers of many of those to whom they owed obedience in the line of duty, and do you tell me that these men in the humbler stations who so faithfully and courageously performed the obligations of their soldier life are deserving of honor or gratitude in less degree than those who, by chance or favor, or even by virtue of their talents, were more exalted in position ? Though such a sentiment seems to accord with the spirit of the times I cannot believe it. The general who rode at the head of the columns with groom and orderly to pitch his tent wherein to sleep at night did his duty no more and no less than the private soldier who, foot-.sore and weary, under the burden of his arms and accoutrements, marched through summer's heat or winter's cold, content to bivouac under heaven's blue vault for a tent. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 233 with but a single blanket as a martial cloak to shield him from the snows, the rains and the chilly airs of night. In a letter which the treasurer of our association received from the late William Thaw of Pittsburg, and which accompanied a liberal contribution toward the erection of this monument, the spirit which animated the boys of 1861 is re- ferred to, though briefly, in a manner alike eloquent with truth and creditable to the patriotism of that great and good man, and this suggests a thought to Avhich it is proper I should refer here. The State, as you are aware, appropriated the sum of fifteen hundred dollars to each separate command that participated in this battle. Your committee, desiring to erect a more imposing monument than this sum would justify, made an appeal, by circular letter, to members and friends of the regiment, for con- tributions to a supplemental fund. Mr. Thaw who was one of the early patrons of the regiment and especially of Company A, in which he took a special in- terest, sent his check for a large contribution, and wrote Mr. Murdock, our treasurer, as follows : * * * "Meanwhile 1 .send you a check for five hundred dollars, for the fund for erecting a monument at Gettysburg to the Ninth Pennsylvania Re- serves, as a memorial of Mrs. Thaw to her brother, John S. Copley, killed at South Mountaii., September 14, 1862, and from myself also as a memorial of a large number of personal young friends who went away with the ' Pittsburg Rifles' (Company A) that summer morning in 1861 (whom I, with other of their friends and relatives marched up Penn street by their side), and who never came back, leaving their bodies scattered — and in some cases unmarked — sac- rificed for their country with an intelligent and spontaneous patriotism such as was not surpassed by any organization that went into the war." A few weeks ago, in a foreign city, the immortal spirit of William Thaw passed from earth to heaven, and but recently his body was entombed in his native city. While living, because of his generous spirit and unbounded chari- ties, he was, perhaps, the best loved man in the State of Pennsylvania, and to- day his memor}^ is enshrined in the hearts of thousand.s, not only of those who were sharers of his bounty, but also those who were admirers of his character. Also, widely known for large beneficence and purity of life, is the widow to whom, in her sad bereavement, a multitude of mourning hearts go out in sym- Ijathy ; and I know that the hearts of all who are here assembled will respond with quickened impulse to a sense of gratitude and sympathy when it is learned that this noble woman's present interest in our organization is born of what to each of us is a sad but hallowed memory of the war — the heroic death of our brave and worthy comrade, her brother, I feel that I but meet the wishes and voice the sentiments of all the comrades, when to her, and to all the friends who have so generously contributed to the erection of this monument, I make public acknowledgment of their liberality and friendly interest. This letter of the grand man whose friendship is one of the memories of which we may Avell feel proud, refers to an "' intelligent and spontaneous patriotism " as the inspiration that prompted the young men of the country to respond to the call of duty in 1861. I know there are many of inten.sely practical tem- perament, whose views of life and measure of its duties are bounded by the narrow circle of selfish interests, desires and pleasures, who cannot comprehend the full and true meaning of " intelligent patriotism," or understand how such a sentiment can have a dwelling place in the heart oi man. But, thank God, it 234 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. has pleased Him to implant in the hearts of the great majority of His rational creatures a feeling that patriotism in its true sense, as signifying those A-irtues which grow out of a love of country, is as much' a divine attribute in the human soul, as is that love to God and humanity, on which the Master assures us, "hang all the law and the prophets." Sentiment it may be, and doubtless is, but not suchaccording to Hume and his class of metaphysicians — amere feeling — but rather a resultant of the co-operation of rational power and moral feeling. "Why, I can no more conceive of those young men — boys in years, but men in deeds — whose familiar forms rise in memory before me to-day, as I have seen them in the hour of deadly coniiicts, their pale faces seamed with the smoke and sweat of battle — doing, daring, dying for their country. I can no more conceive of them as being actuated by a wild and irrational impulse or unreasoning sentiment when they exchanged the comforts of good homes and the companionships of kind friends, for the rough, bare and common dangers of a soldier's life, than I can conceive of them as being moved by mercenary considerations in abandoning profitable and congenial employments for the distasteful and profitless calling of arms. Say if you will, that they were moved by sentiment. It was such an one as has been the inspiration of martyrs and patriots in all ages of the world, when they have counted their lives as nothing in comparison with their convic- tions of right and the demands of duty. Such a sentiment as has proved an in- spiration to the noblest deeds of philanthropy, of which the world has had knowledge, and through which mankind has been blessed. The liberal contribution which accompanies this letter from our honored friend, whose lips are now sealed in death, coming as it does as the joint gift of husband and wife, suggests a thought which very seldom receives that consid- eration its importance demands, and this is, that there were heroines as well as heroes in our civil war ; and they apart from the many noble women, whose heaven-born mission led them as ministering angels to hospital and battle-field, where with tender loving care they nursed the sick, or prayed beside the couch of dying soldier boy. We are apt in estimating the cost as well as in apportioning the honors of the civil war, to become so absorbed in the financial and military problems wrought out in halls of legislation and on the battle-field to overlook the patient, though silent, influence that went out from the home circles of our land, where mothers, sisters, wives and sweethearts toiled with willing hands and prayed with fer- vent spirits in our behalf. Many of you have heard one of our comrades tell how, having enlisted when under age, his father tried to prevent him from con- tinuing in the service. During his first visit to camp the father failed to shake the boy's purpose, and the day following he returned, bringing his wife along to plead for their son's return. Failing again to make the desired impression, and finding that a threat to exercise his legal authority to compel the boy to return home was of no avail, the father turned in despair to the little woman at his side. Reaching tap and placing her hands on the broad shoulders of her boy, she said : "My son, you are dearer to me than the apple of mine eye, and yet if you feel it to be your duty to enlist and should fail to respond to your country's call, in this hour of the nation's peril, all I can say, is, you would then have none of your mother's blood in your veins." Who can tell how much that feeling of patriotism referred to in the letter of William Thaw as the animating spirit of the boys of 1861 was inspired, en- couraged and controlled by the loyal women of our land, and to what extent its Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 235 spontaneity was owing to their active earnest sympathy and efforts. And is it not trne that the tiresome march was made with less fatigue, that privations were borne more willingly, and dangers encountered with courage strengthened because of loved ones praying for our safety and the triumph of our cause? We rejoiced that they were far removed from the scene of conflict and were blessed with comforts to us denied ; but he has yet to learn the depth and power of woman's love, who knows not, that, in sleepless nights, in anxious fears, in patient waitings and in bitter sorrow for the loved ones lost, they suf- fered more than tongue can tell. God bless these mothers, sisters, wives and sweethearts of the war in whose approving smiles and sympathizing hearts we found such patient inspiration in the path of duty and the hour of danger. But, comrades, the hours of the day are passing, manj^ years have come and gone since first we looked upon the field of Gettysburg ; and this is, perhaps, the last time that, as an organization, we shall gather here. Without pretense to powers of divination, I think I may safely .say your minds have largely dwelt to-day upon the strange and striking contrast be- tween the scene as here presented and that which met the \\e\y when first we came upon this field. Then this ground, crimsoned with the mingling blood of friend and foe, trembled beneath the shock of battle as hostile forces charged and counter-charged across these fields. These hills were ablaze with the very flame of death as it belched from cannon mouth. The air was rent with can- non roar, with shriek of bursting shell and whistling bullets sound, all playing to the sad accompaniment of moan, and groan, and prayer, and imprecation from the lips of wounded, dying men, while from out the pandemonium, none knew how soon might come to him the summons to " Take his chamber in the silent halls of death." To-day the air is filled witli peaceful sounds and odors. The ripened harvests have been gathered from the fields where the reaper death mowed with bloody scythe and fiendish joj- the cannon's swath. The chirp and song of bird are undisturbed by gun report or shout of hostile army, and everywhere around we may see a token of that promised coming of the Lord, when sword and spear, the implements of war, shall be beaten into share of plough and pruning hook. "When nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. ' ' Until we shall behold the glory of this prophetic vision, may we not indulge the hope and prayer that never again may we be called upon to resort to the dread arbitrament of arms to defend the honor of our country's flag. And now, comrades, as we part to-day, what thought or lesson of the hour shall Ave take with us to our homes to serve as an incentive to renewed devotion in the line of patriotic duty? When the first great leader and lawgiver of the children of Israel was laid to rest, " in a vale in the land of Moab," Joshua, his successor, directed, as the hosts were passing over Jordan, in the presence of the priests who bore aloft the ark of the covenant of the Lord, that twelve men be chosen — one from each of the tribes that had journeyed in the wilderness, and that these men take, each, ii stone from the bed of the river where the bearers of the ark had stood, and that these stones Ije carried to the place on the east side of Jordan where they should encamp that night, and be there erected as a memorial unto the children of Israel forever. Not as testifying to the courage and endurance of the chosen jjeople who had wandered for forty years in a barren land, but as testifying to 236 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the mightiness of God and his faithfulness in the fulfilment of his i>romises. And when the stones were ijlaced as directed, Joshua spake unto the people saying : "When your children shall ask their fathers, in time to come, saying what mean these stones? ''Then ye shall let your children know, saying, Israel came over this Jor- dan on dry land." " That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the Lord, that it is mighty.'' Standing within the shadow of these hills which were silent witnesses of the contest waged here in the ever-to-be-remembered past, and in the presence of this monument which speaks of where we stood in that hour of trial and dan- ger, and seeing the .sculptured granite with which this field is dotted, may we not imagine our children and our children's children in the years to come, ask- ing their fathers, as did the Israelitish children of old: "• AVhat mean these .stones?" Truly may it be .said to them that " the hand of the Lord is mighty " and though they may not be told that their fathers " came over this on (\vy land," but rather on ground drenched with the blood of wounded and .slain comrades, yet may it be said they stood here devoted to the cause of human liberty and upholding the " Ark of our Covenant " of Perpetual Union ; and if ever the un- righteous hand of political ambition shall again remove that ark from our midst may worse than As.syrian calamities afflict the plunderers till our treasure be restored. If ever the genius of human liberty be driven from our .shores, like Noah's dove may she find no rest for the soles of her feet until she return and find a glad people ready and willing to receive, to cherish and to love her. As testifying to the restoration of that Ark of our Covenant — to the re-en- thronement of that presiding genius of our nation, and to the heroic endeavors of those who, under God's favor — though it may have been in tears, in sorrow and blood, wrought out the triumph of a righteous cause, may this monument remain a memorial unto your children forever. ADDRESS OF SERGEANT-MAJOR A. P. MORRISON TWENTY-SIXyeai-s have swiftly rolled away, old comrades of the "Ninth," since we stood here on this very spot in battle line, bearing our part in that momentous three-days' struggle between the armies of the North and South, which history has already recognized and recorded as one of those great battles of the world, Avhich change or fix and determine the de.stinies of nations, and the character of their civil institutions for all time. Here, on this bloody field of Getty.sburg, the surging tide of " Secession '' was stayed and turned back, and the "union " of these states was .saved from im- pending dissolution, and for all time made sure and strong. Here the most costly sacrifice of patriot blood was poured out a willing offering by the nation's .sons, to the end that this great nation might live, and continue to live on and on, "to the last syllable of recorded time." Yes, comrades, the "Ninth" stood here then, in name and fame strong as in other days of battle, to meet the foe — but in numbers how reduced. Where now — in this the very crisis of the great conflict — where now, are those ten hnn- PennsTjlvania at Gettysburg. 237 dred men and more, who two short years before had marched beneath the bat- talion banner of the '' Ninth," with bounding hearts and buoyant step, away from home and friends, and all the joys of peaceful life, to battle for the right? Here, but a handful of those brave ones stood to meet the onset of the im- petuous foe, whose feet had dared invade the borders of their native State. AVhere bad the others gone? LetDranesville tell ; let the gory fields of the seven- days' fight from Beaver Dam to Malvern Hill make truthful answers. Let tho fierce fighting in the Pope campaign from Rappahannock's banks to Chantilly's woods be heard — ^letSouth Mountain and Antietam mournfully reply ; and Fred- ericksburg with solemn voice from hill and plain, report the number of the fallen there — let all the wearing marches and the exhausting toils of duty in the field, whether the summer sun was scorching, or the frosts and piercing winds of winter chilled the lonely picket's blood — let all that this imports of hardship and physical disability and sickness unto death, make up account for the absent ones on this great day. Ah, comrades, what a small .space of ground among these grey and rugged locks and boulders, could our good regiment cover and fight for and defend when the "battle was set in array," on that second and third day of July, 1863. Its ten companies, all told, could only place about three hundred men in line. We believed in the inherent and ever-abiding justice of the cause for which we fought. We felt in our inmost being, then, as ever, that, " Right is right— since God is God, And right the day must win ; To doubt would be disloyalty, To falter, would be sin." And, notwithstanding its depleted ranks, the "Ninth" went forward to its place in the line of battle, as steadily and firmly as if it had been itself a whole army corps. In the Gettysburg campaign the glory of our regiment, and of the brigade as well, consisted not .so much in what might be called the actual clash of arms in conflict with the rebels, as in its always getting to the right place, however, perilous that place might be, at the right time — however long and exhausting the marches, the efibrt might require, and in its tenaciously holding the position to which it was assigned, against the very flower of the Confederate army. The march from the defenses of Washington, begun on the 25tli of June, to the battle-field of Gettysburg, not far from Little Round Top — taking into con- sideration the frequent, almost incessant, rains, and the heavy and slippery con- dition of the roads — was a very remarkable one indeed. It tested the vigor and endurance of the men to the utmost limit of their strength. If in the daytime we moved .slowly and with difficulty through fields and woods, guarding, it might be, long trains of ammunition and supplies or batteries of heavy o-uns, which occupied and oftentimes blocked up the soft and deeply-rutted roads, when the sun went down we were pushed forward far into the night to make up for our retarded progress in the day. To you, all soldiers of the "Ninth, " I need not enter into details of that seven- days' march. Here, on this historic spot, where its goal was reached, it comes back to every mind, with all its incidents fresh and vividly as if a thin"- of yesterday. But you will bear with me while I read from the dim and faded pages of my own little pocket diary these few brief extracts of memoranda re- lating to that march : 238 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. June 24th, 1863. Our regiment was lying quietly at Vienna. On the evening of that day we got orders to rejoin our brigade at Upton's Hill some eight miles back. We marched about 9 o'clock and reached our destination a little after midnight. Thursday, June 25th. The "Ninth" marching with the brigade at 1 o'clock p. m., moved out in the direction of Vienna on the same road we of the "Ninth" had come in on the night before, and halted not far from where we had been encamped. This marching up the hill simply to march down again did not seem exactly right to our boys. It meant for them sixteen miles of un- necessary tramping through the rain. Friday, 26th. Reveille at 4 o'clock in the morning ; on the march at 6> Kaining hard all day ; roads very slippery and heavy. Made about sixteen miles and halted in the evening at Goose creek not very far from Edwards' Ferry. Saturday, 27th. Reveille at 4 o'clock ; to march at 5. Crossed the Poto- mac at Edwards' Ferry on a pontoon bridge and found ourselves once more in Maryland, a part of Hooker's army. Day showery and roads muddy. Halted at night near the mouth of the Monocacy river having made at least fifteen miles. Sunday, 28th. Reveille at 3.30; on the march at 5; crossed the Monocacy ; day cloudy with a little rain ; joined the Fifth Army Corps ; our "Pennsyl- vania Reserves " having been assigned to that corps on the request of General Meade, its then commander ; halted near Frederick after marching about twelve miles. Here we learned of the appointment of Genei-al Meade to the command of the "Army of the Potomac." Great news this for us of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. We were proud to know that one of our own generals, one for whom we felt that we had won the ' ' stars, ' ' should be placed in this very highest position in the army in the very crisis of the nation's fate. We had confidence in him for we knew him to be an energetic, brave, cool and determined leader. Monday, 29th. Reveille again at 4 a. m. ; the "Ninth" fell in about 8, but did not move forward until about 1, and then marched slowly all the afternoon ; the day was rainy and the road was filled up with wagon trains ; about 6 o'clock in the evening the road was cleared before us and we started off almost on a "double quick ;" crossed the Monocacy and turned directly northward towards Penu.sylvania, marching over very bad country roads • halted about midnight, having made some fifteen miles. Tuesday, June 30th. Reveille at 4 o'clock ; it rained on us Aery hard last night and this morning ; marched at 7 a. m. ; found the road exceedingly heavy and slippery ; passed through Liberty, Johnsville, Union Bridije, Union, and halted near Union Mills, having made a big day's march, not less than twenty miles ; the " Reserves " are all in high spirits about going into Penn- sylvania. Wednesday, July l.st. On the march by 6.30 this morning, moving rather slowly all day ; crossed the State line into old Penu.sylvania about 4 ii. m. amid glad cheering and loud hurrahs ; heard the dull boom of distant cannon from time to time, but did not then know that the great battle was already on ; about 6.30 o'clock in the evening the division was massed, rations were issued and extra ammunition distributed to the men, and all signs indicated a coming fight ; there was not much rest in this short halt, and by 8 o'clock we were again on the move ; marched on without stopping until about 2 o'clock of the Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 239 morning of the 2d, halting at last, after passing through Hanover, near Mc- Sherrystown. Thursday, July 2d. After only two hours rest, reveille at 4 a. m. , and marched immediately without waiting even to make a cup ot coffee. Pretty hard this, but the weary men now understanding that the emergency was pres- sing, and forgetting the want of much-needed sleep and food and rest, pushed forward cheerfully and eagerly towards what they knew must be a bloody battle. After marching about an hour we were halted long enough to make our coffee, and then once more moved rapidly forward until about 10 o'clock we reached Rock creek, some two miles southeast of the town of Gettysburg. Here we learned of the disastrous fortunes of the preceding day to the Union forces, and worst news of all, the untimely death of one of our best loved generals, one whom the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps was proud to have claimed as its own commander — the heau ideal soldier, the gallant General Reynolds. From 7 o'clock a. m., of July 1st to 11 o'clock on the 2d, twenty -eight hours, with only about three hours given to sleep and rest, our regiment had marched forty-two miles. Is it any wonder that when the halt was sounded the weary men threw themselves upon the ground, under that burning July sun and slept away the hours, while the battle was preparing? About 4 o'clock in the afternoon the fiery storm suddenly burst in fierce fury on Sickles' Third Corps. Immediately the Fifth under Sykes was hurried forward to the succor of the Third, then badly broken up and forced back in shat- tered fragments from its too-far-advanced position. It must have been about 5 o'clock when our division, the Third of Sykes' Corps, under the gallant Gen- eral Crawford, passed over the crest of the ridge out yonder to the right of Little Round Top, and first came under fire. How vividly the fearful scene of that dread hour comes back to you old soldiers of the "Ninth," as you now look out over yonder quiet woods and peaceful fields. The sun, a dull, red ball of fire, was going down "wrapped in drifts of lurid smoke." The appalling roar of cannon ; the screaming shells exploding in mid-air ; the sharp rattling and con- tinuous crash of infantry firing ; the charging masses of the enemy ; the broken columns of our side slowly falling back, contesting every foot of ground, and yielding one'position only to make a more stubborn stand for another ; the whole atmosphere thick and heavy with the sulphurous smoke of battle. Yon field of ripened grain just ready for the harvest, "blasted below the dun hot breath of war " Oh, comrades, it was not a cheering scene that then opened on our view. On the contrary, we might truly say that at that moment "disaster stared us in the face." The two brigades of United States Infantry, the "Regulars," had just advanced across yon piece of level ground, while our two brigades of Penn- sylvania Reserves, by General Crawford's orders, were "massed in column by division," in the open space just north of this rocky spur of Round Top. Vincent, and O'Rorke, and Hazlett, and Weed, with their gallant commands, had but a few moments before wrested this master-post of Little Round Top from the grasp of Hood. But, oh ! at what a cost ! Vincent and O'Rorke, Hazlett and Weed, all four, lay dead upon this mount of glory. The question then was, could the survivors of the terrible struggle to secure this vantage ground, thus bereft of all their leaders, could they withstand an- other impending charge of the now exulting rebels? The stake was great, too great to he left in doubt. 240 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Humphreys was "changing front to the rear," but to no good purpose. Sweitzer's Brigade fiercely beset on its flank and rear was forced from its posi- tion. The ' ' Regulars, ' ' attacked in front and flank, were compelled to fall back. You all remember how they looked. How firmly they held themselves to- gether, firing and falling back, firing and falling back, their front diminishing at every volley until only one-half of their charging column was left to fire ! It was just at this critical moment that our gallant General Crawford put his two brigades of Pennsylvania Reserves in motion, our Third Brigade in front. Advancing rapidly we were very soon within range and under a heavy fire from the enemy. But we had not gone more than fifty yards when the urgent call for re-inforcement for the few survivors of the gallant regiments that had at such a heavy cost plucked Little Round Top from the clutch of Hood and his Con- federate veterans, and who now crippled, and exhausted by the deadly struggle, their leaders cold in death, still lying where they fell, awaited among these rocks and on this rugged hill, the still more desperate charge the baffled rebels were preparing to overwhelm their decimated ranks and seize this granite key of the battle-field — reached General Crawford. He was not slow in responding to the call. Ours, the leading brigade, was halted and ordered to go at once to the succor of the exhausted comrades of the Vincent and O'Rorke's commands. "Without a moment's delay, the Fifth, Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth Regiments of Reserves changed direction and moved by the left flank, almost on a double- quick over the hill, to this, its western slope, and joined the remnant of Vin- cent's Battalion. The movement was in the very nick of time. The plan of Hood and Law, to seize this " coigne of vantage, " was foiled, for with the acces- sion of Fisher's Brigade to the gallant men who had so desperately fought for and so tenaciously held this almost impregnable po.sition, any new attack would be madness, and could only result in a repulse more sanguinary and crushing than the first had been. Little Round Top, found and proclaimed by Warren to be the key to the whole Union battle line, was saved — and safe — for General Meade, whatever might befall on other portions of the field. A little later when darkness had settled over these woods, the Fifth and Twelfth Regiments were taken by Colonel Fisher, with other troops, to drive the enemy from Round Top and occupy its lofty summit, while the Ninth and Tenth were left to hold and guard this gap which Hood and Law had deemed their open gateway to our left and rear. We did not then know the supreme importance of the position we had to protect, but we do know now from Gen- eral Hill's official report that '' Hood's right was held as in a vise." About 10 o'clock that night, our line being established and our pickets set a few yards in advance, we lay down, each soldier in his place and " with all his armor on " ready for any night attack the rebels might attempt ; and not- withstanding an occasional shot from a picket post to remind us of impending danger, and the pitiful moaning of the wounded all around us, we slept as only exhausted soldiers can. With the earliest dawn of day on July 3d, our line was up and on the alert. How vigorously you all worked, comrades, on this stone wall ! A labor of love it was, of love of life, of honor, of country ; for well you knew how this low breast-work, rude and rough in form, might help to gain and save them all, in the storm of battle that then seemed sure to burst iipon us ere the sun was high. And here we lay all that long summer day awaiting calmly, yea hoping, for PeimsiiJvania at Gettysburg. 241 the charging columns of the rebels. But no attack in force was made on our po.sition. Skirmish firing in our front and the crack of the sharpshooters' rifle Avere the only sounds of war that broke the stillness of these woods, until, sud- den as a flash of lightning in the sultry afternoon, these "rock ribb'd hills " were made to shake and quiver by that terrific roar of three hundred cannon thundering from the opposing lines. Oh ! how great and grand it was, and yet how dreadlul. These rocks and woods that seemed to promise lefuge and safety became an added element of danger when the iron hail that filled the air cut off" large limbs from these tall trees and hurled among us granite fragments when- ever a heavj^ round shot struck and shattered some lirotruding boulder. But with all that fearful shelling the casualties in the Ninth were very few. The records show we had but two men killed and five men wounded in this great battle. But the wounding of one of our comrades, one who but lately, " after life's fitful fever," has gone to his long rest, was an incident of that day which may have special mention. Here it was, right here, that brave and generous Ser- geant McMunn of Company G, moved onlj' by an impulse of pity for a suffering- man, laying aside his gun and holding up his hand in token that he went only on a deed of peace and mercy, stepped out from the protection of our wall of stones, to carry to the parched lips of a sorely wounded foe, a cup of water. And while bending over the death -stricken body of the rebel soldier in this ministration of pity and compassion, a bullet from the rifle of some ruthless rebel sharpshooter hidden in the tree top crushed through his face. It was a most dastardly deed ! But sudden and sure vengeance followed on the instant, and the rebel miscreant fell pierced by more than one ball from the sergeant's comrades ol Company G. The battle ended with the setting sun of that third day of mighty conflict and slaughter, and victory at last rested with the side which was contending for the righteous cause of our national unity and the perpetuation of that bene- ficent system of gov.^rnment which had been handed down to us, a precious legac3^ by tlfe patriotic fathers, the wise and far-seeing statesmen and sages of the old revolutionary times. When the morning sunlight gilded these mountain heights and rugged rocks, and spread in splendor over all these blood-stained plains and ridges on that 4th of July, 1863, the ever-joyous anniversary of our nation's natal day, the nation's existence which had been ruthlessly threatened and imperiled by its Confederate enemies, was once more firmly established on its sure foundation, its underlying corner-stone, strong and enduring as this great rock of Round Top under whose shadow we now stand — that ever-living jjrinciple which ap- peals to the common sense of the common people among all races and in all times — the principle, namely, " of government of the people, by the people, for the people." That, comrades, was the great stake for which we of the Union army battled here and on a hundred other glorious fields all over the Union's wide extended realm. And may I not now, after the lapse of these many years, adopt the beautiful language of Edward Everett, the venerable and eloquent orator on the occasion of the dedication, a quarter of a century ago, of yonder National Cemetery to the sacred dust of the martyr heroes who gave up their lives, "that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of that great warfare are read, and 16 242 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg down to the latest period of recorded time, in the glorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates The Battle of Gettysburg.'^ DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 39''" REGIMENT INFANTRY (Tenth Reserves) September 2, i8go ADDRESS BY GEORGE W. McCRACKEN, ADJUTANT COMRADES and friends : — It is unnecessary for me to remark that the time, to which lam limited on this occasion, entirely precludes anything that could be fairly denominated history. The history of the Tenth Regi- ment would require a volume of several hundred pages. What I offer is a brief sketch of its organization, what might be called an itinerary of its campaigns, and a few statistics. During the month of June, 1861, there assembled in the old ''Fai- Grounds," on Penn street, in Pittsburg (for the time-being called " Camp Wilkins") seven companies of young men, who had enrolled themselves, at as many different places, scattered over territory embraced in six of the counties of western Penn- sylvania. Three others of the same make-up had, at the same time, come to- gether at Camp Wright, at Hulton Station, about ten miles up the Allegheny river. On the 38th of June these companies were organized as a regiment of infantry. John S. McCalmont of Venango county, was colonel : James T. Kirk of Washington county, lieutenant-colonel, and Harrison Allen of Warren county, major. This organization was designated by the Governor of Pennsylvania, " The Tenth Regiment of Infantry of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps." The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was a military organization then*being formed in pursuance of an act of the general assembly, approved May 15, 1861, and designed primarily for the defense of the State, but subject at any time to be called into the service of the United States. To bring the regiment into one camp, the companies at Camp Wilkins, which were those known during their service as Companies A, B, C, D, G, I and K, marched on the afternoon of July 1. to Camp Wright. In Camp Wright, along with Colonel J. W. McLane's old Erie Regiment, and the Ninth and Eleventh regiments and Battery B, of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, the Tenth was exercised in drill and instructed in guard duty until the afternoon of July 18, when it marched aboard a train of twenty-one cars, and, after an all-night ride over the Pennsylvania railroad to Huntingdon, and thence over the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, landed at Hopewell, Bedford county, Pa., next morning. In afternoon marched to Bloody Run, near Everett ; next evening marched back to Hopewell ; again took the cars ; about midnight were bountifully fed by the good ladies of Huntingdon, and shortly after daylight, July 21, 1861 (day of battle of Bull Run), landed in Harrisburg, put up at Camp Curtin. That after- noon the regiment was mustered into tlie service of the United States for the term of three years, being the first of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps so mus- /^OTO, BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYl^eURG. PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO.. \ Pennsylvania at Gettiishurcj. 243 tered. The mustering officer was lieuteuant-culonel, afterward General T. W. Sherman, United States Army. On the afternoon of 22d, again marched aboard tlie cars, and next morning at an early hour arrived in Baltimore. Marched across the city with muskets loaded, and camped for a night at Mount Clare. Late in the evening of July 24, the regiment embarked on a train of box cars, and in the night arrived at the Baltimore and Ohio railroad station, in Washington. In and around the depot the men made themselves as comfortable as circumstances would allow until noon, then bivoucked lor two nights on the Capitol grounds (then enclosed b}' a high fence), near the northeast corner of the Capitol building, and then camped a few days on the commons near Eastern Branch of Potomac. On the 5th of August, marched up Pennsylvania avenue and out through Georgetown to Tennallytowu. The day Avas intensely hot, and probably more of the men suffered from exhaustion and the effects of heat on this short march (six or seven miles), than on any other day in the history of the regiment. At Camp Tenally the Tenth Regiment remained more than two months, occupied in drilling, guard and picket duties, building fortifica- tions, being reviewed, etc. ; included in this time, one week, August 13-20, was employed as advanced guard at Great Falls. The march to that place was made in a terrible down-pour of rain, the old turnpike being flooded in many places, some of them several feet in depth. The entire Pennsylvania Keserve Corps was assembled at Tenallytown, Gen- eral George A. McCall commanded the division, which Avas organized as three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals John F. Reynolds, George G. Meade and Colonel John S. McCalmont. Colonel McCalmont continued • in command of Third Brigade which was constituted of the Sixth, Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth regiments, until November 20, 1861. when Brigadier-General E. O. C. Ord was assigned to its command. Of this brigade the Teuth Regiment con- tinued to be a part during its entire term of service. October 9, 1861, the Pennsylvania Reserves crossed the Potomac, at Chain Bridge, and first trod the soil of Virginia, few of the boys dreaming how much they were to come in contact with that sacred article during the three years that were to follow. The division now encamped at Laugleys, on the Old Georgetown and Leesburg pike, called their camp "Camp Pierpont,'' and oc- cupied it just five months, engaged in drill, guard and picket duty, with occa- sional variety in the way of expeditious beyond the lines to obtain information of the enemy or gather forage. Sometimes these encountered similiar parties of the enemy. Of these encounters the most important occurred at Dranesville. December 20, 1861. Ord's Brigade, that day, met a brigade of rebels com- manded by the famous cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart, and in the engagement which followed, the enemy, consisting of the First Kentuckj% Sixth South Caro- lina, Tenth Alabama and Eleventh Virginia regiments, were very decidedly worsted. General Stuart reported his loss as forty-three killell, one hun- dred and forty-three wounded and eight missing. The loss on our side was seven killed and sixty-one wounded. Of the Tenth Regiment only one platoon of Company B, and the Pioneers under command of Captain Thomas McConnell were engaged, and they were so fortunate as to meet with no loss, though per- forming Avell a very important part, and occasioning great loss and demoraliza- tion to the enemy. This detachment was sent by Colonel McCalmont to ob- serve and if opportunity offered attack the right flank of the enemy. It suc- ceeded in getting possession of a washout or ravine in the thick pine woods, 244 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. close up on the flank of the Eleventh Virginia and Tenth Alabama regiments, Avhich were engaged with the Bucktails in their front, and at once opened a very destructive tire, which doubtless hastened the departure of those regiments from that part of the field. On the 10th of March, 1862, participating iu the general advance of the Army of the Potomac, the division moved out to Hunter's Mills ; Centerville and the line of Bull Run having been abandoned by the rebels, the Pennsylvania Re- serves were ordered to Alexandria, and marched to reach that destination by a circuitous route, over fields of mud, during a day of constant snow and rain. This march was always remembered as one of the times of unmitigated discom- fort and exposure, in the experience of the regiment. The division halted near Fairfax Seminary, being assigned to the First Army Corps, of which Major-Gen- eral Irvin McDowell was commander, and remained near Alexandria while the other corps were embarking for the Peninsula. The First Army Corps was originally composed of the divisions commanded by Generals Franklin, McCall and King. Franklin's Division was sent to Yorktown in April and became the First Division, Sixth Army Corps. April 10, the Third Brigade Pennsyl- vania Reserves, marched by way of Fairfax Court House and Centerville, cross- ing Bull Run at Blackburn's Ford, and arrived at Manassas on the 11th. The Tenth Regiment was assigned quarters in a rebel camp about a mile south- east of Manassas Station, but in a few days marched to Catlett's, where it en- dured nearly three weeks of extremely disagreeable weather, and on May 4, to Falmouth via Hai'twood Church. Though out of season, some bee products and some turkeys were confiscated on this march, even the dignified colonel of the Tenth Regiment being said to have been implicated iu the turkey business. After a few days near Falmouth, the Tenth Regiment moved to the vicinity of Potomac Creek and fitted up a camp in very fine style, the other regiments of the brigade doing likewise Heavy details were here employed in cutting and hauling timber, building bridges and repairing the railroad from Aquia Creek Landing on the Potomac to Fredericksburg and beyond. These, with drill, guard and picket, kept the men very fully employed. Here the brigade lost the leadership of General Ord, who was promoted to be a major-general and a.ssigned to the command of a new division attached to the First Army Corps. Brigadier-General Truman Seymour was assigned to command the bri- gade, a change of commanders that was never appreciated by the command. The Tenth Regiment also lost its honored chief. Colonel McCalmont's per- sonal affairs rendered it imperative that he should resign, and, much to the re- gret of both officers and men, he was mustered out of the service. Lieutenant- Colonel Kirk became colonel, and Captain A. J. Warner of Con^any G was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. June 13, the Tenth Regiment embarked on the Rappahannock river above Port Royal,' on the steamer Thomas Jefier.son and the schooner T. Raymond which was towed by the steamer. There was considerable novelty in the trip, occupying most of two days, down the Rappahannock, both steamer and schooner often finding the bottom of the river. On the morning of the 16th, the Tenth landed at White House, on the Pamunkey, and marched out the railroad, pass- ing Tunstall's Station, just missing .1. E. B. Stuart's cavalry in its famous raid around the Army of the Potomac. The Third Brigade was here temporarily re- duced to three regiments, the Sixth Regiment being detached to guard the railroad. June 18, the division marched from Dispatch Station up the north Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 245 side of the Chickahominy, and passing Porter's Provisional Fifth Army Corps, at Gaines' Mill, took post as the advance of the right wing of the army, on Beaver Dam run, about a half mile east of the village of Median icsville, which village (entirely deserted by its inhabitants) was occupied by our pickets as their reserve post, and is only five miles from Richmond. The intrenchments and camps of the rebels were in plain view across the Chickahominy. Some small earthworks were thrown up by the Third Brigade along the east bank of the Beaver dam. and the timber bordering that stream mostly cut down, the enemy meanwhile keeping us stirred up by an occasional shot or shell, which the.y could throw from their works beyond the Chickahominy entirely over our camps. In the afternoon of June 26, the rebel divisions of D. H. Hill and A. P. Hill, having crossed the Chickahominy above and at Mechanicsville, capturing most of the pickets, appeared on the high ground west of the Beaver dam, and soon advanced furiously to attack our position. Our line was held by the First Brigade, General John F. Reynolds, on the right, on its left two companies, A and B of the Tenth, then the Twelfth Regiment completing the line to the Chickahominy flats, on our left. The other companies of the Tenth and Ninth regiments Avere in reserve, and the Second Brigade, General George G. Meade, held the line of the Chickahominy to left and rear. Archer's and Field's brig- ades of A. P. Hill's Division, attempted to carry the right of the line, and Rip- ley's and brigades of D. H. Hill's, were hurled against our left. At every point they were most severely repulsed, the First North Carolina and Forty-fourth Georgia regiments of Ripley's Brigade meeting with losses exceeded in very few instances during the war. Official report gives loss of Forty-fourth Georgia as three hundred and twenty-five killed and wounded in this engagement. The whole rebel loss was one thousand three hundred and sixty- five killed and Avounded, and that of the Pennsylvania Reserves, the only troops engaged on the Union side, Avas two hundred and fifty-six killed and Avounded, and one hundred and five missing, the missing including the captured pickets. Next morning the division marched back about four miles, and rested behind the lines of Morell's Division at Gaines' Mill. The rebels, reinforced by Long- street's Division and the three divisions under Jackson, followed the movement closely, and in the afternoon assailed Morell's and Sykes' positions in heavy force, bringing on one of the most stubbornly contested battles of the Avar. The regiments of the Third Brigade Avere sent into action separately, as their pres- ence seemed to be needed to support the hard-pressed front line. The Tenth, going to the assistance of Griffin's Brigade, took a gallant part in repulsing re- peated a.s.saults of Pender's, Gregg's and Anderson's brigades of A. P. Hill's Division, holding its ground until late in the evening, when, Avith ammunition exhausted and ranks .sadly thinned, the Avhole line was forced to give way, be- fore the OA'erAvhelming onslaught made upon it by Longstreet's, Jackson's and Whiting's divisions. The loss suffered by the Tenth Regiment at Gaines' Mill was numerically the greatest it ever sustained, although the percentage of loss out of number engaged Avas much greater at Manassas, and also at Fredericks- burg, and Avas the heaA'iest of any regiment in the division except the Eleventh — being forty killed and one hundred severely Avounded During the night of the 27th Porter's command crossed the Chickahominy to Trent's Hill, A^'here we remained during the following day. On the 29th, marched, passing Savage's Station and White Oak swamp, to Charles City Cross Roads, called also Glendale, 246 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. where, on the 30th, the Tenth Regiment was again engaged with the enemy, performed with entire success the difl&cult manoeuvre of making a left half wheel, under u heavy fire of artillery, and in the presence of an attacking column of infantry, and immediately charging, completely broke up the Seventeenth Vir- ginia Regiment of Kemper's Brigade, capturing nearly half its number, and itself suffering very slight loss in doing so. But, a little later, by somebody's blunder or want of judgment, it was placed in an exposed and untenable position, where it suffered severe loss. Its loss this day was twenty -four killed and fort}' severely wounded. July 1, the division enjoyed the position of lookers-on at the battle of Malvern Hill, and at night led the army in its marcli to Harrison's Landing, on the James river. Here it rested, suffering from the heat of the weather and the badness of the water — all who were there doubtless remember vividly the pork-barrel wells that were dug, also the shelling by the "rebs" from the south side of the James, on the night of July 31. After the latter oc- currence the Third Brigade was sent across the river, and spent a pleasant week at Coggin's Point, the old Edmund Ruffin plantation. On the withdrawal of the Array of the Potomac from Harrison's Landing we embarked on a steamer, two regiments, Tenth and Seventh on one boat, landed at Aquia Creek August 19, and were at once transported by rail to Freder- icksburg. Late in the evening of the 21st the division, now commanded by General John F. Reynolds, started out upon what tried to the utmost its powers of endurance — the march to AVarreutou, to join the army of General Pope. We rested at Warrenton until afternoon of August 27, 1862, when departure was taken in haste by the old turnpike toward Bull Run and Centerville, the division again forming part of the Fir.st Army Corps — commanded by Major-General McDowell. We came in contact with the enemy on the morning of the 28th near Gainesville and again in the afternoon, and in the night made a long cir- cuitous march nearly to Manassas and back nearly to the Henry House on the old battle-tield of Bull Run. On the 29th the Third Brigade especially was used as a detachment to feel for the enemy's position in front of the left of Pope's army and open communica- tion with Fitz John Porter's command should it advance upon the enemy. On the afternoon the Third Brigade with General G. K. Warren's Brigade of the Fifth Corps and McLean's Brigade of Sigel's Corps were the only infantry left on the south side of the pike, and bore the brunt of the overwhelming charge of Longstreet's whole corps. The loss suffered here by these brigades testify to the fact that they did all that men could do to hold their ground. The Tenth lost in this battle twenty-two killed or mortally wounded and about forty others wounded. The last day of the month was sjjent at Centerville, the division picketing along Cub run at night. September 1, we reached Chan- tilly late in the evening, and in an outpour of rain halted in support of Kear- ny's Division, in the engagement in which that dashing leader lost his life. Next day marched from Fairfax Court Hou.se to Arlington, where we rested until the night of the 6th during which we marched again, crossing Long Bridge, and through the city of Washington to Leesboro, Md. After here receiving some much-needed supplies, our march was continued northward, and on the evening of the 13th we bivouacked at the crossing of the Monocacy by the Frederick pike. Next day pushed forward through Frederick and Middletown, and in the afternoon took an active part in dislodging the enemy from his formidable position on South Mountain. At the foot of the mountain the division filed Pennsylvania at Gettyshwg. 247 off to the right about a mile, and charging np the face of the ridge quickly dis- lodged the enemy, completely disjiersing Rodes' Alabama Brigade. Loss in regiment, seven killed and thirteen Avounded. Next morning followed the re- treating rebels to the Antietam just beyond Keedysville. After waiting until the evening of the 16th, the First Corps, which since leaving Washington had been commanded by General Joseph Hooker, moved up the creek a short distance, crossed by a stone bridge, pushed on to the Hagers- town and Shar^jshurg pike, and Meade's Division being in advance, we got sharply into action with the enemy just before dark, and the opposing lines of battle passed the night only a lew yards apart. The attack by Hooker's Corns w^as resumed at dawn on the 17th, King's Division going to the front, immedi- ately followed by the Third Brigade of Meade's, and at once began the bloodiest forenoon's work of the war. Fortunately for the Tenth Regiment, the confi- dence of the corps commander either in its reliability or in the skill of its lieu- tenant-colonel, in a situation that might require the exercise of those qualities in an unusual degree, was here the occasion of our escaping the very fiercest of the conflict. Just as it was entering the famous cornfield, Colonel Warner was ordered by an aide of General Hooker to move his regiment by the right flank across the turnpike, go as far to the right and front as possible, and watch the movements of the enemy. This duty it performed, itself sufferiu"- but little, except the very serious wounding of its gallant commander. The regiment encamped near Sharpsburg until the 2()th of October, on which dav it marched to the summit of South Mountain at Crampton's Gap, a day and night of experience with mud and rain and fierce searching wind on the dreary mountain top. We crossed the Potomac again into Virginia, at Berlin, October 30, marched across Loudoun county by way of Lovettsville, Philomont, Union and Middleburg to White Plains and Warrenton, and, sheep and hogs being numerous and in prime condition, we fared as well as at any time durino- the service. The First Corps moved from Fayetteville near Warrenton, November 17, and next evening camped at Stafford Court House, soon moving again to Brooke's Station, and after some two weeks of extremely cold weather for so early in the season spent there, moved on the 6th of December to White Oak Church, from whence, at 2 o'clock on the morning of the 11th, we started for the Rappahannock, the Tenth being detailed to guard the laying of pontoon bridges at Franklin's Crossing, about two miles below Fredericksburg. The enemy's pickets were quickly driven from the opposite bank and two bridges soon com- pleted. The Sixth Corps crossing on them during the afternoon, and the First Corps on the 12th ; the latter corjjs moved down the river to Bernard's planta- tion, where it bivouacked. Nothing was visible on the morning of the 13th but a most remarkably dense fog. The division however moved out across the Bowling Green road finding there the skirmishers of the enemy. The lines of the First Corps, which was now commanded by General John F. Reynolds were .soon formed, the First Division on the left faced nearly east, the Third Di- vision (Pennsylvania Reserves), General George G. Meade commanding, on its right fronting nearly to the south at almost a right angle with the First, faced the enemy's batteries and lines of infantry on the wooded hills beyond the railroad, the Second Division on its right extending in the same direction and the Sixth Corps prolonged the line still farther to the right. The assault on the enemy's position was made by the Third Division, now consistino- of the thirteen old regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves and two new regiments the 248 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. One hundred and twenty-first and One hundred and forty-second regiments Pennsylvania Volunteers, incorporated respectively in the First and Second Brigades. The First Brigade was deployed on the right, the Third on the left and the Second massed in rear of the center. The Tenth Regimeot formed the extreme left of the line. It had only eight companies in line. Company B having been sent out as skirmishers down tlie Bowling Green road, where the cavalry skirmishers of the enemy had become troublesome, and Company D being provost guard of division. About 2 o'clock they moved forward as steadily and in as complete order as though its ranks were not being plowed by shot and shell from the enemy's batteries. The distance to be traversed was about a half mile over a treeless plain, which was found to be crossed by fences bordered with briars, and a wide ditch about five feet deej) with nearly perpendicular sides, and water and ice at the bottom, but these obstacles scarcely occasioned a break in the line as it swept on toward the enemJ^ After crossing the railroad the Tenth Regiment found itself exposed to a heavy cross-fire from the left as well as the fire in its front. In fact the left of our line had struck near the center of Archer's Brigade, and the right of that command overlapped our left, thus compelling the left of the Tenth to fall back to the railroad, which it held, engaging the enemy, and keep- ing silent a section of artillery posted about two hundred yards to its left and front. The right of the Third Brigade dislodged the Nineteenth Georgia Regi- ment forming the left of Archer's Brigade, almost annihilating it, and capturing its colors, and swinging forward to the left, widened the interval between it and the left of the First Brigade. This interval was at once occupied by the Second Brigade, which, pushing directly forward, badly worsted the famed South Caro- lina Brigade of General Maxcy Gregg, and causing the death of General Gregg. The ground thus wrested from the enemj' the division held for about two hours, repulsing all attempts of the enemy to retake it, until, after nearly half its num- bers were killed or wounded and its ammunition entirely expended, it retired over the same ground it had made its advance, bringing back every one of its colors, and also several others taken from the enemy. The division entered the engagement with less than four thousand five hundred men and lost therein over two thousand killed, wounded and missing. The Tenth Regiment, out of about two hundred and fifty engaged, lost eleven killed, eighty-one wounded and forty -seven missing, as reported immediately after the battle ; of the wounded, twelve died of their wounds. Although the Tenth did not penetrate the enemy's line as far as some of the other regiments, it held most determinedly a position that was all important to the safety of the whole division, and it was only by the greatest possible effort that the unemployed enemy on its left were held back from closing the gap in the rear of those who had advanced into the w^oods. As a military movement, for dash and gallantry in making the advance, fin- steadiness and determination in holding a position gained within the lines of an enemy much superior in numbers to the attacking force, and especially for the adhesiveness shown in retiring without assistance, and without lo.ss of or- ganization, from so exposed a situation, this charge of Meade's Division cer- tainly compares creditably with anything recorded in history. The division crossed back to the north side of the river on the night of the 15th of December, and after a few days moving about settled down in a camp among the sand hills near Belle Plain Landing, where it remained, with the exception of three days following January 23. 1863, during which it participated Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 249 in the no way pleasant experience of " Burnside's Stuck in the Mud," until February 9, when it embarked on the Potomac, and next day landed at Alex- andria, marched to Minor's Hill, and was employed in picketing in front of the fortifications of Washington, until April 20, when the Third Brigade moved into, Washington, occupied barracks on East Capitol street, and up to the 1st of June was engaged in various duties pertaining to the Military District of Wash- ington. June 1, 1863, the Third Brigade marched to Upton's Hill, and thence, on the 25th, along with First Brigade (the Second being lettat Alexandria), set out to join the Army of the Potomac, coming up with it on the 28th at Ballinger's creek near Frederick, Md. The two brigades now became the Third Division, Fifth Army Corps, and so remained until expiration of their service. June 29, we marched to Liberty, on the 30th to Union Mills, Md., and on July 1, crossed into Pennsylvania, and were pushed on toward York, so far from Gettysburg that the sound of battle did not reach us at all, and we were entirely unaware of the desperate conflict going on, until late in the afternoon, when news was received that a battle was in progress and that General Reynolds had been killed . The news of the death of General Reynolds caused a universal feeling of sadness throughout the division, which had known him from the beginning as brigade, division and corps commander, and all honoi'ed and respected him in the very fullest sense. Late in the evening of July 1, the head of column of the Fitth Corps was turned toward Gettysburg, the Third Division passing through Hanover after dark. The weary march was until after midnight, when near the village of Bonneauville a halt was made, and the tired soldiers laid down and slept by the roadside until day, which came at a very early hour. After a hasty break- fast the corps was again on the march, and soon came in sight of the skirmi-shers of the enemy, who held possession of that road to the town of Gettysburg. We let them keep it, and filed to the left down a small stream until we reached the Baltimore turnpike, which we followed toward Gettysburg. After crossing Rock creek the Fifth Corps filed off the pike to the left, lay down and rested until about 5 o'clock in the evening, at which hour the sound of battle came loud from this part of the field. Quickly under arms the corps was soon in motion toward the sound, crossing the Taneytown road, we ascended the slope of Little Round Top, meeting many wounded from the battle which was fiercely raging beyond the hill. The First and Second Divisions had preceded us, and the Third Brigade of each had been left to hold Little Round Top and drive the enemy from tlie rocky valley between the two lulls, while the other brigades had passed on to the wooded broken ground and the wheat-field beyond. A wonderful scene met the gaze of the Pennsylvania Reserves when they reached the crest of Little Round Top. It was near the close of what General Longstreet has denominated "the best two hours' fighting that ever took place on this planet." It was the moment just before exhaustion ot the tremendous and desperate efibrt by the divisions of Hood, McLaws and Anderson, com- prising thirteen brigades of the very flower of the rebel army, under the per- .sonal direction of Generals Lee and Longstreet, to crush the left wing of the Union army, and gain possession of Little Round Top. It should be remarked that the brigades of the rebel army at this time were just about one-third heavier than those of ours. The two being nearly equal in numbers, theirs 250 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Avas comi)Osed of thirty-eight infantry regiments and ours of fifty-one. So that while our brigades averaged about one thousand and five hundred men, theirs exceeded two tliousand. In repelling this mighty assault there had been en- gaged the six brigades of the Third Corps, four brigatles of First Division, Second Corps, and five brigades of the Fifth Corps. When the Pennsylvania Keserves looked down the western slope of Little Eound Top. the skirmishers of the enemy were almost at its foot and his some- what broken and disordered but exultant lines not far in their rear. The First Brigade dashed down the slope, deploying as it went, drove back the .skirmishers and nearest brigade of the enemy, and the mighty eflfort put forth to wring from the Union army the key to its position was over, and with it had passed the highest wave of the rebellion. From those two hours fighting — 5 to 7 o'clock July 2, 1863, may be dated the commencement of its ebb-tide. When the First Brigade charged down the slope of Little Round Top, the Third Brigade was sent to the left into the valley at the foot of the larger hill, the Ninth and Tenth regiments forming line of battle perhaps over one hundred yards in rear of the jiosition marked by the stone w-all which they subsequently built and which is marked by their monuments, and the Fifth and Twelfth regiments dislodged part of Law's Alabama Brigade and occupied the summit of Big Eound Top. At daylight next morning the Tenth Eegiment advanced to the position now marked, and at once commenced and in surprisingly short time completed the construction of this wall ; in pushing back the skirmishers of the enemy from this position, two men of the Tenth were killed and three wounded. The sharpshooters of the enemy under cover of the rocks and trees were very troublesome, but volunteers from the Tenth were ready to meet them, and they were very .soon receiving as good as they sent. Major J. C. Eogers, commanding Fifth Texas immediately in our front, says in his report, "just before day on the morning of the 3d orders reached me that breastworks must be thrown up and the position held. During the day constant skirmish- ing was kept up with the enemy which resulted in the loss to us of many of our best scouts. ' ' On the 5th of July the regiment marched in pursuit of tlie enemy, with whom we came up and skirmished on the 12th and 13th near St. James College and Williamsport, Md., The rebels having escaped across the Potomac, we marched back over South Mountain and on the 17th of Julj' again crossed into Virginia at Berlin. Here Colonel Warner, who, though suftering from his wound re- ceived at Antietam to a degree that would have entirely disabled almost any other man, had up to this commanded the regiment, gave up the command to Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Knox. July 23, we reached Manassas Gap or Wap- ping Heights, where we advanced over the summit of the Blue Eidge in line of battle, but the enemy retired without causing us any loss. From the gap we marched to Warrenton (blackberries being about all the provender in sight), then on down by Fayetteville to Eappahannock Station, where we rested until the 16th of September, when advance was made, the Fifth Corps locating be- yond Culpeper, and again Ave took things easy in a very pleasant camp until the 10th of October. The rebel army then commenced a movement by way of Warrenton, toward our rear. We got into action with Hill's Corps at Bristoe on the 14th. The enemy in his eagerness to attack the Fifth Corps Avhich was in a rather exposed position, exposed himself to the Second Corps, and lost heavily ; two brigades. Cooke's and Kirkland's of Hetli's Division, being almost annihil- Pennsylvania at Getfyshurg. 251 ateclauda battery captured. The Tenth Regiment here periormed the duty of rear guard of the Fifth Corps, holding the enemy in check while the corps withdrew toward Manassas. It.s loss was one killed and two wounded. We retired to Mana.ssas, then returned to Bristoe after night, to assist the withdrawal of tlie Second Coqjs, then again passed Manassas, crossed Bull Run at Blackbm-u's Ford and next morning were at Centerville. In the advance which followed we marched hy way of Bull Run battle-field and Greenwich to Warrenton Junction, where we halted from October 21 to November 7, when the Fifth and Sixth corps advanced to Rappahannock Station, a brigade of the Sixth as- saulting the enemy's entrenchments cajitured almost entire Hays' and Hoke's brigades of Early's Division, one thousand six hundred men with their arms, a battery and pontoon bridge. Crossing the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford we moved out to Mountain run, and occupied new and commodious quarters just built by Battle's Alabama Brigade, but left them on the morning of the 26th of November, on whicli da}' we ci'ossed the Rapidau, at Culpeper Mine Ford, and bivouacked that night at the junction of the Germanna and Orange Plank roads ; next day marched by old Plank road toward Orange Court House, and in the alternoon came up with Gregg's Cavalry Division engaged with the enemy at New Hope Church, and at once proceeded to take part, but, thanks to good luck or good dodging, none of the Tenth were seriously hurt. Next day moved to the right to where the old Fredericksburg and Orange Court House turnpike crosses Mine Run. On the 29th remained in jwsition, looked at rebs building works on their side of the run and worked some at .same on ours. The morning of the 30th was extremely cold ; moved very early about two miles to right, where Fifth and Sixth Cor])S massed and prepared to as.sault the enemy's works, l)ut to the great satisfaction of everybody the order to attack Avas countermanded and we returned to the position ol the previous day. De- cember 1 continued to fortify, and so did the enemy. The Tenth was on the skirmish line, was relieved after dark and started to the rear by the old turnpike, recrossed the Rapidan at Germanna Ford at daylight, and crossed the Rappahannock at Kelly's Ford and continuing on to Warrenton Junction, there built winter quarters and went to guarding the railroad. After changing several times, the Tenth finally was located, December 30, 1863, to pass the winter at Manassas. Divided into detachments to guard the railroad we were constantly annoyed by guerrillas, by whom at one time two men were wounded and captured, and two were killed April 15, 1864. During the winter one hundred and twenty men of the regiment re-enlisted, and were given furlough for thirty-five days. April 29, the Tenth Regiment bade final farewell to Manassas, and on the 30th crossed the Rappahannock, and joined the Filth Corps near Stevensburg. Very early in the morning of the 4th of May, the Fifth Cordis (now including the First) set out for its last trip across the Rapidan, crossing it about noon at Germanna Ford, it pu.shed on to old Wilderness Tavern. Next morning Third Division started on by a cross road toward Parker's Store, but soon came up with the enemy, and after ^ome skirmishing fell back nearly to the old tavern. On morning of 6th, pushed to the front on both sides of the turnpike, captur- ing a heavy line of skirmishers, until we found ourselves facing a line of earth- works and in a very exposed position. Here we held on, however, until even- ing, losing five killed and several severely wounded, among the latter -sery 252 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. unfortunately being Colonel Ayer, and Irom this time Adjutant G. W. McCracken was virtually commander of the regiment. After dark moved at double-quick down the Germania road to support Sixth Corps, which had been attacked and Seymour's and Shaler's brigades captured, but returned later in the morning, crossed Wilderness run and lay quiet until night. Then the Fifth Corps pulled out, crossed the old Plank road, passing along the lines of the Second Corps lying in their entrenchments along the Brock road, passed the cavalry just at daylight at Todd's Tavern, and then commenced push- ing back the enemy's cavalry, and clearing the road of obstructions, which con- tinued until we crossed the Ny river and found ourselves in the presence of and sharply engaged with Longstreet's Corps in front of Spotsylvania Court House. Tliat evening. May 8, the Third Division, supported by the First, charged upon the enemy. We advanced through thick woods until dark, got into the enemy's line, engaged in numerous hand-to-hand encounters, and lost a good many men reported missing, most of whom doubtless were killed, as they were never heard from afterward. Those who were captured were very fortunate in being recaptured next day by the cavalry at Beaver Dam Station. The Tenth was engaged with the enemy every day and almost every night for a week, on this northwest side of Spotsylvania Court House ; then during the rainy and ex- ceedingly dark night of the 14th of May, moved around to the east and put in another week, but without being quite so constantly engaged. Loss in all these actions, twenty-five killed and sixty wounded. Pulling out to Guiney's Sta- tion on the 20th, we took the Richmond road, crossed the North Anna river at Jericho Mills on the 23d, and had a brisk fight, losing two killed. Next after- noon the division pushed down between tlie river and enemy and covered the crossing of the Ninth Corps. Next morning pa.shed forward still farther down the river, and during 25th and 26th confronted enemy's works — at a distance of two hundred to three hundred yards. During night of 26th withdrew to north side of North Anna, and started down the river, crossed the Pamunkey at Hanover Ferry, and on the 29th pushed out to Totopotomoy creek where the Tenth skirmished with the enemy, being on picket line that night. Next forenoon were relieved by Ninth Corps, and, crossing the creek, we joined the division near the Mechanicsville load. Skirmishing was going on, and as soon as we came up we were ordered to the skirmish line to take the place of the Fifth Regiment which, armed with smooth-bore muskets, was unable to drive the enemy's skirmishers. The Tenth at once deployed and moved forward to the skirmish line where we found the Bucktails deployed to our right. The whole line Avas ordered forward, and forward it went driving before it a heavy line of rebel skirmishers, and followed by the division in line of battle which halted and threw up .some slight breastworks near Bethesda Church. The skirmishers kept on for nearly a mile over open fields and then across a narrow swamp, when they found a line of earthworks facing them at not more than one hundred and fifty yards distance ; over these works at once came the enemy in force ; that the Tenth Regiment got oat of that strip of woods, and back over open fields three hundred to four hundred yards wide, before any cover was reached, has always seemed a piece of wonderful good fortune. But it did so without having a man seriously hurt, and losing only two captured. The skirmishers rallied with their brigades, who had hastily thrown together .some rails for breastworks, and the enemy, two brigades of Ewell's Corps, following them up, were received with a fire that almost anni- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 253 liilated them. One of these was the lamed old Stonewall Brigade, its com- mander, Colonel J. B. Terrill, falling about one hundred yards in front of the Tenth Eegiment. For destructiveness to the enemy, coupled with slight loss to ourselves, this engagement at Bethesda Church was very much like those at Dranesville and Mechanicsville. The Tenth lost one man mortally wounded. This ended the services of the Tenth Eegiment. Next morning it received the following order : "Headquarters Fifth Army Corps, iT/ru/ HI, 1864. "Special Orders No. — — . ********** ,;- * * '■'2. In issuing the order I'or the return of the Pennsylvania Reserves, whose term of service expires to-day, the general commanding begs leave to express to them his great satisfaction at their heroic conduct in this arduous campaign. As their commander he thanks them for their willing and efficient efforts, and congratulates them that their successful engagement of yesterday, closing their term of service and long list of battles bravely fought, is one they can ever re- . member with satisfaction and pride. ''By command of Major-General Warren. '■A. S. Marvix, Jr., A. A. G.'' The total enrolment of the Tenth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves was one thousand one hundred and sixty officers and men. Of these one hundred and sixty were killed in battle or died of wounds, thirty-one died of disease or acci- dent, twenty-eight deserted or were dishonorably discharged, forty were trans- ferred to cavalry or artillery service in the regular army or to the Veteran Re- serve Corps, forty-two were discharged by order mostly to accept commissions in other orjzanizations, two hundred and seventy-one were discharged lor dis- ability largely cau.sed by wounds, two hundred and sixty-one were transferred to the One hundred and ninetieth and Qpe hundred and ninety-first regiments Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, two full companies, I and K. of the One hun- dred and ninety-first being entirely composed of veterans and recruits of the Tenth Regiment, and three hundred and twenty-seven were mustered out at Pittsburg, June 11, 1864. Of the two thousand and forty -seven regiments in the Union army during the rebellion the Tenth Regiment stands forty-fifth of those sustaining the greatest percentage of loss in battle to total enrolment, its loss in killed and mortally wounded being nearly fourteen per cent, of enrolment. And this loss was not (as was the case with some organizations suffering heavy losses) occasioned by any overwhelming disaster, but in every instance represented hard fighting in which the enemy had no particular advantage. In fact where- ever there was marked advantage the enemy had far the worst of it. This was unmistakably true at Dranesville, at Mechanicsville, at South Mountain, and last but not least at I?ethesda Church. Of the forty-seven regiments of the Union army suffering the largest percent- age of loss in killed and died of wounds, forty belonged to the Army of the Po- tomac ; twelve of them to the First and Fifth corps, and four of them being regi- ments of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. It is also worthy of remark that eleven of the forty-seven were Pennsylvania regiments. The loss of the Tenth Regiment by di.sease was the smallest of any three-years" regiment in the entire army. In the Union Army according to statistics compiled 254 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. liy the War Department, the aggregate number of men enrolled was two million seven hundred and seventy-eight thousand three hundred and three, and the aggregate number of deaths from all causes, three hundred and tifty-nine thous- and five hundred and twenty-eight ; nearly thirteen per cent, of total enrolment. Tennsylvania lurnished three hundred and thirty -.seven thousand nine hundred and thirty-six men, of whom there died from all causes, thirty-three thousand one hundred and eighty-three ; less than ten per cent. The killed or mortally wounded of the entire army numbered one hundred and ten thousand and seventy ; not quite four per cent. Pennsylvania troops lost in killed or mortally wounded, fifteen thousand two hundred and sixty-five ; nearly four and a half per cent. Died of disease, entire army, two hundred and twenty-four thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, a little less than eight per cent., ot Pennsylvania soldiers, there died of disease, fifteen thousand nine hundred and one ; about four and three-fourths per cent. Thus we see that while the loss of Penn.sylvania soldiers by the missiles of the enemy was heavier in proportion to numbers than that of the whole army, their losses from disease were only about half the average. And in the case of the Pennsylvania Reserves this diff"erence is still more marked. The loss in killed and mortally wounded in the thirteen infantry regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves was one thousand five hundred and ninetj^-tliree, a little more than ten per cent of the whole enrolment of the division ; while those who died of disease, including the unfortunates starved in Anderson ville and other prison pens of the South, numbered seven hundred and fifty, or less than five per cent. — ^just reversing the common statement that in armies two men die of disease for every one killed in battle. But the experience of the Tenth Regiment was the most marked of all in this respect : the losses of the Tenth Regiment Penn.sylvania Reserves in the twenty-two engagements in which it participated, were one hundred and sixty killed or mortally wounded out of the aggregate enrolment of one thousand one hundred and sixty, nearly fourteen per cent., while the deaths from disease, including those in southern prison pens, were only thirty-one ; being less than two and three-fourths per cent, of the enrolment — or less than one-fifth as manv died of disease as were killed in battle. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 40^" REGIMENT INFANTRY ( Eleventh Reserves ) ADDRESS BY BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL S. M. JACKSON THE battle of Chancellorsville had been fought and lost, and the Army of the Potomac, battered and broken, but not conquered, recro.ssed the Rappahannock and took up its old position on Stafford Heights, in the rear of Falmouth. The southern press and people clamored for northern invasion, and even the rank and file of the Army of Northern Virginia joined in this general outcry. This, together with the overflowing granaries and store-houses of Maryland and southern Pennsylvania, doubtless induced General Lee to undertake the campaign which proved so fatal to the Confederate cause. 7»Z F. GUTCKUNRT CO., t*^'" ^S'>^ «'='' Pcnnstjlfania at Gettyshurg. 255 Longstreet with his thirty thousand veterans was ordered upl'rom North Caro- lina, and by the stimulus of luvasion, conquest and plunder, the tliinned ranks of the Confederate army were rehlled, and General Lee with his boasted hundred thousand iuvincibles started on the memorable Gettysburg campaign. He moved up the south bank of the Rappahannock river, whilst General Hooker, at the head of the Army of the Potomac, moved in a parallel line up the north bank, like two sparring pugilists, each watching for a favorable opportunity to strike the other. This sparring continued until Lee struck the foot hills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, through which he passed and placed this natural barrier between him and his foe. He then proceeded north along the western slope of the Blue Ridge, while Hooker moved leisurely along the eastern slope, keeping between the Confederate army and the city of Washington. Lee with his army crossed the Potomac river near Williamsport, Md., while Hooker crossed about twenty- live miles further south, at Edwards Ferry. On reaching Maryland, the South Mountain range completely separated the two contending armies, and by guard- ing the few passes through this range, the movements of the one army was thor- oughly hidden from the other. Hooker concentrated the Army of the Potomac in the valley of the Monocacy, a few miles south of the city of Frederick. The Pennsylvania Reserve Division having been recalled from the Army of the Potomac early in 1863 to the de- fenses of Washington, was located at different points within the Washington department, except the Second Brigade which had been ordered to West Virginia. The Eleventh Regiment, which I had the honor to command, was stationed at Vienna, Va., a small village some twenty-five miles south of Washington on the Leesburg and Alexandria railroad. Brigadier-General S. W. Crawford, a Pennsylvanian, but an old army veteran, had just been assigned to the command of the division, and under his order we broke camp on June 25, 1863, and started to join the Army of the Potomac. We moved by way of Dranesville, Va., crossed the Potomac at Edwards Ferry and reached the camps of the army on the evening of June 26, the same day that General Hooker had been relieved, and General George G. Meade had been designated by the President as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. Meade's appointment to this important command was received with much mistrust by many of the old officers and men of the army, as he was a com- parative stranger to most of them, but well known to every officer and man in the Pennsylvania Reserves, having entered the service in 1861 as commander of the Second Brigade, and remaining with us as brigade and division com- mander through the Peninsular, Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg campaigns. True he had been in command of the Fifth Army Corps a short time, but had gained no particular notoriety in this position. The announcement of his ap- pointment was made just as we reached the outer camps of the array and our men shouted themselves hoarse over the welcome news. Doubtless this demonstration on our part had something to do with the marching of our division through the camps of the army that evening, and I am satisfied that it created a feeling of confidence among the officers and men of the army, in the ability of the new commander. After reaching our camp that evening, a number of the officers rode over to 256 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. army headquarters to pay our respects to our old commander, and to congratu- late him on his distinguished promotion. We found him in close conference with Generals Reynolds, Hancock, Sedg-. wick and others. He seemed delighted in welcoming us back to the army. Thanked us for our congratulations, but said that he did not know whether he was a subject of congratulation or commiseration. He appeared anxious and showed that he fully realized the responsibility of his position. He said how- ever that he had all confidence in the bravery of the officers and men of the army and felt assured that we would achieve a glorious victory in the coming conflict. That, doubtless, was a sleepless night to the new commander, for before the suu rose the next morning the order directing the movements which culminated in the battle of Gettysburg had been prepared and sent out to all the subordi- nate commanders. Our division was designated as the Third Division of the Fifth Army Corps, then under command of Major-Geueial George Sykes. The orders directed the movements of the army from Frederick City in three columns. The left column under General Reynolds, consisting of the First, Third and Eleventh corps, was to move by way of Emmitsburg direct to Gettysburg. The center column, consisting of the Second, Fifth and Twelfth corps, was to move in the direction of Hanover, Pa., and under the eye and immediate direction of the command- ing general. The right column, consisting of the Sixth Corps under General John Sedgwick, was to move in the direction of Westminster, Md. Just before crossing the State line, which we did near Uniontown, Md., the commanding general issued a general order directing corps, division, brigade and regimental commanders, to address their troops on the importance of every man perform- ing his whole duty in the coming conflict, that an expectant nation was looking to the Army of the Potomac to drive the ruthless invaders from the free soil of Pennsylvania, and keej) the scene of war away from northern homes. On the receipt of this order General Crawford called together his brigade and regimental commanders, and here, for the first time, I made the acquaintance of the lately appointed regimental commanders of the division. The brigade commanders were William McCandless of the Second Regiment and Joseph W. Fisher of the Fifth, both of whom have gained some civil no- toriety since the war, both having served as State Senators. McCandless as Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania and Fisher as Chief-Justice of the Territory of Wyoming. The regimental commanders were as follows : First Regiment, Colonel W. Cooper Talley ; Second Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel P. McDonough ; Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel George Dare, afterwards killed in the battle of the Wilderness; Sixth Regiment, Colonel A. J. Warner; Eleventh Regiment, commanded by myself; Twelfth Regiment, Colonel M. D. Hardin, now on tlie retired list of the regular army as brigadier-general ; Thirteenth, or Bucktails, Colonel Charles F. Taylor (brother of the renowned Baj^ard Taylor), who was killed three days later leading his regiment in the memorable charge from Little Round Top. General Crawford read to us this late order of the commanding general and urged upon us the necessity of arousing our men to a full sense of their duty, to exert their every effort in the i^rotection of their homes and firesides, since they were now on the soil of their native State. Colonel Fisher, our brigade Pennsylvania at Gettysburg, 257 commander, always anxious for an opportunity to make a speech, called out the brigade and gave us a most excellent and eloquent talk, which seemed to arouse the men very much at the time, but the long night march before reach- ing Gettysbui^ took much of the spasmodic patriotism out of the boys. On the morning of July 1, 1863, we left our camp about 5 o'clock and moved rapidly in the direction of Hanover which point we reached about 5 p. m. During the afternoon we heard heavy firing toward our left and thereby knew that General Reynolds had struck the enemy. Just before reaching Hanover wfc passed over the ground where Kilpatrick had defeated the Confederate cav- alry the day before. The field showed all the marks of a well-contested battle, being strewn over with dead horses, broken caissons and sabers, and the accom- panying debris of a battle-field. On reaching Hanover town the head of the column turned square to the left and moved forward rapidly in the direction of Gettysburg. We ail knew from this that the concentration of the army was to take place on General Rey- nolds' column, which we supposed at this time was in the neighborhood of Gettj'sburg. Darkness came on, yet no signs of a halt appeared, on the con- trary, the word passed back along the line "keep well closed up and press forward." The men became tired, footsore and cross ; midnight passed, 1 o'clock passed, but they longed In vain for the order to halt. Many an exhausted soldier dropped out of the ranks, still the order ' ' press forward. ' ' Finally after passing the village of McSherrystown, Pa., the head of the column turned into a meadow on our right and the weary men were directed to lay down and rest. Poor fellows, they had hardly touched the ground till the}^ were fast asleep, the last sleep on earth for many of them. We were called up just as the sun began to crimson the eastern sky and moved out in the direction of Gettysburg with the same old order, ''press for- ward." As the head of my regiment filed out on the road. General Crawford who had just mounted his horse, called me to him and informed me that Gen- eral Reynolds had been killed in an engagement near Gettysburg the evening before. He told me not to let the men know it, saying it was a hard blow on the army and country just at this particular crisis. After marching a few miles we were halted and the men were allowed to make coffee. We were then moved forward to the rear and east of Big Round Top where we were halted and ammunition issued to the men. The undisturbed quietness in our front was painful, for we all well knew that the giants were .stripping for the contest, and that the movements for positions were now going on. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon a single gun was fired in the direction of and beyond Big Round Top ; this was followed by the sharp rattle of musketry and the heavy lx)oming of artillery. Very soon aides and orderlies began to gallop in all directions. One soon found his way to division headquarters when General Crawford and his staff quickly mounted and the order was passed along to fall in. We moved in the rear and east of the Round Tops, filed to the left and crossed the ridge between Little Round Top and the Cemetery. We were then moved to the left and took position on the western slope of Little Rouud Top» massed in a battalion front with the Third Brigade leading. This formation placed my regiment in the rear of the brigade. We remained in this position but a short time when the firing became very heavy on our left and in the di- 17 258 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. rection of Big Round Top. wlien a staff officer rode up and directed Colonel F'isher to move his brigade iu that direction and aid Colonel Vincent's Brigade in holding that important position. In obedience to this order the brigade commenced filing out from the head of the column, first the Twelfth Regiment, next the Fifth, and then the Tenth which unma.sked the right of my regiment, While these movements were going on the battle in our front became terrific and very soon we could see that our troops were being driven back. At this moment, and just as I was about to move off to the left with my regiment, Major Speer of the division staff, rode up and said, 'Colonel Jackson, General Crawford directs that you remain in position and hold this hill at all hazards." In obedience to this order I faced my regiment to the front and moved forward to the position just vacated by the Twelfth Regiment, and ordered the men to lie down and withhold their fire until I would give the command. This very trying order was most heroically obeyed as we were wholly exposed to the galling fire of the enemy from the direction of Devil's Den, and quite a number of my officers and men were here killed and wounded. Our position gave us a com- plete view of much of the day's battle-field, including the wheat-field and part of the peach orchard beyond, together with the woods on the right and left of the wheat-field and the greater ]x>rtion of Devil's Den, that stronghold so tena- ciously held by the foe. A discouraging, yet sublime view it was about 6 o'clock, that hot July after- noon. The enemy forcing back foot by foot the struggling heroes of the Third Corps and the First Division of the Fifth Corps, down through the wheat-field and the woods on the right and left of the wheat-field, while the artillery to our right and left were playing upon them with shot and shell. Still on they came, a seeming irresistible mass of living gray. The First Ohio Batt«ry, com- manded by a German captain, had gone into action on my left-front, and when it seemed that nothing could .stoi) the onward progress ot the enemy, this gallant officer became very much exercised over the safety of his guns and loudly an- nounced that he would be comjielled to limber to the rear to save his pieces from capture. I told him to double-shot his guns, hold his position, and we would see to their safety. The boys along the line of the regiment hearing this colloquy between the German captain and myself, holloed out, "Stand by your guns, Dutchy, and we will stand by you. " Tliis seemed to put new confidence in the captain, who returned to his guns and served them most heroicallj', inflicting frightful ex- ecution upon the foe, as he poured the .shot and shell into their very faces. All this time my regiment remainetl quiet and motionless save in carrying back our killed and wounded. The men hugged the ground closely, which, by the help of a scrubby growth ot pine which stood along the western slope of the hill, screened them pretty effectually from the enemy's view. The smoke by this time had literally filled the valley in our front, and it was almost impossible to even see the troops. It was a trying moment. AVe could with difficulty see a column commencing to ascend the slope, but could not tell whether it was our troops retreating, or the enemy advancing. Finally two men came up the hill and as they approached us, I iixiuired if the front was clear of our men. They replied, '■ Yes ; those fellows (pointing to the line moving uj) the hill a few rods in our tront) are Johnnies." I immediately gave the command to fire, which was obeyed with alacrity, and we poured a terrible volley into the \eTy faces of the enemy. This evidently was a surprise, lor they faltered in the onward march Pennsylvania ai Gettyshunj. 259 and began to collect in groups. Their galling lire, however, was kept upon our line, particularly from Devil's Den, and I soon realized the fact that the only way to hold the hill, was to charge forward. Therefore, T gave the command to lix bayonets and charge. This order was obeyed with a w ill and, with that familiar yell peculiar to the Pennsylvania Reserves, we rushed upon the foe with a determination to either drive the invaders back or sacrifice ourselves on our native soil. Our fondest hopes were realized. The tide ^^•as tiirne, the regiment, being the left of the brigade, moved out into the road, and after marching some two or three miles was halted and leave given to make coffee and get breakfast. We were given about thirty minutes to do this — then the march for Gettysburg began in good earnest. I do not know exactly when our brigade struck the Baltimore pike, but I remember marching along the Baltimore pike some distance before we filed off. The point at which we marched off the Baltimore pike was, I think, at what is known as the White Church, at which ijoint, whilst marching on the pike to Gettysburg, we filed off the pike and. marched along a country road for a distance of about one mile, when we were marched into a field on right-hand side of road looking towards Gettysburg, we lay here until about 3.30 or 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when orders were received to advance (I do not know where the First Brigade of our division was at this time). Our brigade marched along the same road we had entered on leaving the Baltimore pike, passed the rear of Big Round Top and passed up onto Little Round Top, when the brigade was formed en masse battalion front. We were then moved to^the right-front of Little Round Top and formed at the foot of the hill towards Gettysburg. This formation for some reason was not satisfactory and we were marched back onto the hill close to the artillery on the top of the hill. The brigade remained there a short time preserving the same formation, viz : en masse battalion or regimental front ; after a very short interval an officer rode up and directed the brigade to move over and retake Big Round Top, that the enemy had or were about to obtain po.ssession of that hill. The brigade in obedience to thisorder was moved rapidly, commencing ou the right. The Twelfth marched around our right and rear — as soon as the Twelfth had unmasked the Fifth, that regiment marched and the Tenth followed — aS'soon as the Tenth unmasked our regiment, Colonel Jackson gave the command, " ' Shoulder arms, right face. ' ' At this instant an officer rode up, gave the compliments of some general with directions that he halt his regi- ment and hold the hill at all hazards until reinforcements could be got up. Colonel Jackson, in obedience to this order, gave the regiment the order, ' ' front, forward marcli, " and we marched in line of battle to the position which had been held by the Twelfth in our brigade formation, on the slope of the hill looking towards the wheat-field, and woods to right of wheat-field. The Devil's Den, and woods to left of Avheat-field, were also in plain view of the position thus taken, and also in direct line of the enemy's fire from Devil's Den. I am positive that at this time the Eleventh Regiment, containing about four hundred men and officers, was the only infantry on this part of Little Round Top. This regiment was all of the Third Brigade that engaged in the action from Little Round Top. The other regiments, viz : Twelfth, Fiftb and Tenth regiments having been sent to Big Round Top, as already stated. When the regiments reached the position vacated by the Twelfth Colonel Jackson ordered a halt and directed the men to lay down, and further ordered the men not to fire under any circumstances until the command to open fire should be given by him. This order was obeyed to the letter, although the regiment sufi'ered severely from the enemy's fire, directed at it from Devil's 262 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Den, yet the men bore it with quiet bravery tmd with :i tirni (U'tenuiiuition to hold the hill in the face of all obstacles and all danj^ers. Matters looked gloomy at (i o'clock or thereabouts on that hot afternoon of July 2, the enemy driviuii our forces in our front, a reported taking by them of Big Round Top. The peach orchard in possession of the enemy, the wheat-tield and the woods around it and in view of the Devil's Den all iu their possession and all com- pletely tilled with their troops — infantry and artillery, and the valley in front and right and left-front of Little Round Top tilled with smoke, hiding from the view of the few anxious watchers on Little Round Top, the struggling, suffer- ing and dying combatants below in the valley of the shadow of death. The enemy's hosts seemed innumerable and unconquerable, and what of the little band of infantry and artillery on Little Round Top? They rested in quietness awaiting tiie order they knew must soon come ; removing their dead and wounded quietly and in silence, and finally the regulars were driven past the base of the hill, but what wonderful bravery did they display ! retreat whilst loading — about-face and deliver a tire in the face of the enemy. This was grand and inspiring ; finally two men came up the hill — Colonel Jackson asked, "How many of our people are down there?" They replied, "not one. Those people you see coming up the hill are "Johnnies." " Colonel Jackson then gave the order "'Fire.'" It was obeyed and some three or four rounds were fired when Colonel Jackson gave the order, "Fix bayonets— charge. " etc. This order was obeyed. .VUow me to remark just here — that I was near Colonel Jack- son when he received the order to hold the hill at all hazards. I was also near him when he gave the order to fix bayonets and charge. I would certainly have seen any officer giving him the order, and as certainly have heard such an order if it liad been given to him by any one. There were no orders given him and therefore am I positive in my belief, and deliberate in my statement, when I say, that Colonel Jackson alone determined the action of his regiment, and of his own motion and as the only possible way to hold that hill until reinforce- ments could be got up, gave his order to fix bayonets and «harge. The charge was made down the hill through the smoke across the valley of death to the fence at the wheat-tield and in the front of woods to the right^of the road and to the right of the wheat-tield. After our regiment reached this position, hear- ing cheering in our rear, I turned, looked back, and the Bucktails, that grandest of regiments, composed of men who were bravest among the brave, were coming on a double-quick. With them came the First, Second and Sixth regiments, the First Brigade of our division, and as they came up they formed line of battle on the right and left of our regiment as Ibllows : The Bucktails and First regi- ments on our left covering the wheat-field and extending over towards Devil's Den. the Sixth and Second regiments on our right extending along the stone fence in front of woods on our right. (This is as nearly as I can fix the forma- tion of First Brigade and our regiment ; our regiment being, as nearly as I can remember, in thecenterof this line of battle.) General Crawford, division com- mander, then rode up and speaking to Colonel Jackson said, "Colonel Jackson, your regiment is worth its weight in gold, worth its weight in gold, sir." This the t'eneral repeated three or fi)ur times. This was a compliment and all felt proud and were glad we were there. The line of battle remained in same position along the stone fence until the afternoon of od of July, when, after the repulse of Pickett's ciiarge. General Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 263 Meade came over to Little Round Top and ordered our line to go over and see how many people the enemy had in the woods at the head of the wheat-field. The enemy had a battery beyond the woods and when we moved over the stone fence into the woods this battery opened a close and galling fire. The Sixth Regiment was deployed as skirmishers with orders to silence that battery, and the line of battle, consisting of Second, Eleventh, Bucktailsand First regiments, moved diagonally across the wheat-field and just entered the woods beyond it, when the order was given to open fire. This was done, and after a few volleys (the Sixth having in the meantime silenced the battery) Colonel McCandless commanding the First Brigade gave the order ' ' by the rear rank right-about face, right-turn, march." This movement when completed threw us on the enemy's flank, right flank, and we drove them in great disorder. The prisoners stated they had six thousand men in their line, whilst we had scarcely fifteen hun- dred men. On we went and finally the recall was sounded, a mistake as we afterwards learned, as no order of that kind was either given or thought of. The fruit of this day's movements was all of the enemy's dead on that part of the field, about six thousand stand of arms and a number of prisoners. We lay in the edge of the woods the night of the 3d. The enemy's dead in the field vpere just at edge of woods, on the Rose farm. I do not know exactly the point we reached this evening before the mistake was made withdrawing us from the position we had won, but in my opinion it was considerably in advance of the Rose farm. During the night of the 3d a cold rain set in and on the morning of the 4th of July, 1863, we were withdrawn from our position near Rose's house to the position at the stone fence front of wheat-field and woods occupied by us prior to our charge on 3d. Shortly after being so withdrawn ammunition was issued and we were informed that there would be a general advance made by the whole army, but the rain was falling, literally in sheets of water, and we were afterwards told that the advance had been abandoned by reason of the severity of the rain, and so ended the battle of Gettysburg, so far as our regi- ment was concerned. In view of the statements heretofore given I feel that I can safely assert : . First. That Colonel Jackson with his regiment, the Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserves, and the artillery held that part of Little Round Top on the afternoon of the 2d of July, 1863, at the supreme crisis of the battle. Second. That Colonel Jackson assumed all the responsibility of issuing the order to his regiment and did make the charge successfully, driving back the enemy which had defeated the Third Army Corps and two divisions and one brigade (the First and Second divisions. Second Brigade Third Division) of the Fifth Army Corps, and this with a force of less than four hundred men. Third. That the First Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps did not reach the position in the front of the wheat-field and woods until some time after it had been occupied by the Eleventh Regiment under command of Colonel Jackson. Fourth. General Crawford was not seen by our regiment until after the First Brigade had come up and formed line of battle on the right and left of the Eleventh Regiment in the manner of formation heretofore given. Fifth. And that when General Crawford did join the line of battle, he gave the credit for leading the charge to the Eleventh Regiment, and did compliment Colonel Jackson as above stated on the wonderful results attained by the charge made by kis regiment under his orders. 264 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Sixth. At that time no man dreamed that the action of the Eleventh in leading the charge on that day and saving the day to the Union army would ever be belittled or ignored, both of which has been done. The above hasty and very brief statement has been written with a view of comparing notes and arranging the evidence relative to the duty performed by the Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps at the battle of Gettysburg — specially so as to the evening of July 2, 1863 — and is written solely with a view to obtain justice for a regiment that always performed its duty, whether in camp, on the march, or on the field of battle. Other regiments were as good, but none better ; and now when more than a quarter of a century has elapsed since the organization of this regiment, it is meet and proper that the survivors should gather the testimony and show that this regiment did its duty. Otherwise history will record that — it was organized, mustered into the service, served three years and was mustered out. This won't do — we must brighten our memories, refer to our diaries, look up and write up our history, and demand that the truth be told of us and justice be done to our dead and to the survivors of our regiment. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 41^^ REGIMENT INFANTRY (Twelfth Reserves) ADDRESS BY BRIG.-GEN. M. D. HARDIN, U. S. A. THE Gettysburg campaign, on the Union side, began with the battle of Brandy Station, one of the results of which was the knowledge that Lee's army was moving northwestwardly. This action was the moat important, as well as the most severe, the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac had fought. By it the Union cavalry not only developed the Con- federate plan of campaign, butalso learned its equality with the enemy's cavalry. As soon as General Hooker received certain information that Lee had extended his army from Fredericksburg to the Shenandoah Valley, he proposed to Gen- eral Halleck to attack Lee's rear at Fredericksburg. This movement was dis- approved. Hooker then gave orders preparatory to meeting Lee's army in its northwestward movement. There was some delay due to instructions from Gen- eral Halleck, but in a few days the Union army moved between the Confederate army and Washington, with the main body of its cavalry on its left (west) flank. The cavalry covered the Union army most thoroughly, it never performed its duty toward that army in a more scientific (military) manner. The fighting about Aldie, Upperville and Middleburg, Va., was admitted by the Confed- erates to have been the best the Union cavalry had ever done, except at Brandy Station (Beverly Ford). The cavalry was supported by a small infantry force both at Brandy Station (Beverly Ford) and in the region about Middleburg. The German officer Major Von Borcke, and others, state that Stuart's Con- federate cavalry was never more numerous (Von Borcke estimated it at twelve thousand and twenty-four guns), and never in better condition. Considering this, we can then better appreciate the fine work done by the Union cavalry in this advance northward. The Confederate cavalry considerably outnumbered PHOTO. By W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT : THE F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 265 •the Union up to the time that General Stahel's Cavalry Division, from the de- fenses of Washington, joined the Army. The Army of the Potomac moved slowly northwestward, crossed the Potomac, June 26-27. Lee's main army had crossed this river at or near Williamsport, Md., June 23-24. When Hooker reached the vicinity of Washington his army had been much reduced by ex- pirations of terms of service (Hooker said about forty thousand). He now learned that there was a large number of troops (about thirty-seven thousand) in the defen.ses of Washington. Inasmuch as the Army of the Potomac now covered Washington, he requested that some of these troops be sent to reinforce his armj'. He was authorized to take Stahel's Division of Cavalry and the Penn- sylvania Reserve Division of Infantry. He ordered the Pennsylvania Reserve Division (June 24) to join his army. When the Reserves heard that Lee again threatened to invade Maryland and possibly Pennsylvania, oliicers and men began to take on the military air which had been somewhat put aside after Fredericksburg, and talk of applying to re- join their comrades of the Army of the Potomac on their march northward be- came prevalent. This went so far, in one case at least, as to be put in the form of a written petition. Whatever the form, the feeling of the command, from drummer boy to chaplain, was to take another turn at the "Johnnies" — to go in for a fight — if Lee's armj' went as far north as Pennsylvania. June 24, 1863, the Twelfth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin command- ing, formed a part of the Third Brigade ; Colonel Fisher commanded the bri- gade and General Crawford the Reserve Division. The Third Brigade, consisting of the Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Dare ; Tenth, Colonel Warner ; Ninth, Colonel Anderson ; Eleventh, Colonel Jackson, and Twelfth, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, was in camp at Minor's Hill, Virginia. The First Brigade, Colonel McCandless commanding, consisting of the First Rifles (Bucktails), First. Second and Sixth regiments, was in camp at Fairfax Court House. Second Brigade, Colonel Sickel commanding, consisting of Third, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth regiments, was on provost duty in Alexandria, Va. In accordance with in- structions from General Hooker, General Crawford ordered the three brigades of the Pennsylvania Reserve Division to march on the 25th. The First and Third brigades moved accordingly, but the Second Brigade was detained by General Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria. He thought a veteran brigade neces- sary to keep convalescents in camp ! In violation of all military principles (and it might possibly be said in violation of patriotic motives) he retained this splendid body of veterans against their will and in disobedience of General ' Hooker's orders. However, he was sustained by the action of the military coterie which surrounded our noble President. This coterie never forgave Hooker for his first dispatch upon assuming command of the Army of the Po- tomac, namely, requesting that General Stone be made his chief-of-stafF. Not only did this coterie refuse to entertain General Hooker's charges against Gen- eral Slough, but it refused him control of the large force at Maryland Heights and ultimately forced him to throw up the command of the army. The Twelfth Regiment moved with the Third Brigade, in a rain storm, on the 26th, marching to Goose Creek, Va. The division had been delayed two days waiting for transportation. The First Brigade joined the Third en route the two brigades, about three thousand four hundred and seventeen strong, camping together at Goose Creek. On the 27th the division moved at daylight, marched along the Leesburg turni)ike. It was much delayed by the trains of 266 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the Army of the Potomac, and by its own train. General Crawford telegraphed General Meade commanding the Fifth Corps as follows : " On the Monocacy, June 27, 4.15 p. m. "General : I have received orders from headquarters Army of the Potomac to join your corps ; I am on my way and just in from the rear ; to-night I will encamp above the mouth of the Monocacy, as I find my train, which is entirely new, cannot go far- ther ; have two brigades ; Second detached at Alexandria. If I receive no instructions to the contrary, I shall move at daylight, to overtake, if possible, your command." The division crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry on pontoon bridge, and camped at night at mouth of the Monocacy. Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth, joinefl en route. "Sunday, 28th, clear and pleasant, moved atdaylight and soon crossed the aqueduct of Chesapeake and Ohio canal at the Monocacy, and passed through Buckeystown, bivouacked on Ballinger's creek about two miles from Frederick, Md. ; here joined the Fifth Corps." General Meade was this day assigned to the command of the Army of the Potomac, General Sykes to that of the Fifth Corps. Hooker had advanced a portion of his army through South Mountain passes, with the view of cutting Lee's communications, bixt this movement was disapproved at Washington, and the corps advanced through the mountains were ordered back to Frederick and directed to proceed up the east base of these mount- ains. This latter movement was taking place when the Reserve Division joined the army. The greater part of the Union army at this time rested near Fred- erick. At this date (June 28), Lee's army was stretched from Hagenstown to the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, and to York, Pa. Ewell's Corps at Carlisle and York ; Lee's headquarters with Longstreet's and Hill's corps near Cham- bersburg. Lee was preparing to cross the Susquehanna, but that night, he says, " he learned from a scout that the Union army hatl crossed the Potomac and was threatening his communications at South Mountain." " It was resolved," he says, "to concentrate the army east of the mountains." Meade states, ' ' That he had no special plan but to move northward until he made Lee let go of the Susquehanna." Meade learned, on the 30th, that Lee ■was moving with his main force to the east side of the mountains, and he de- cided to concentrate his army on Pipe creek. There was an assemblage of officers of the Reserve Division, whilst it was camped near Frederick, looking over maps of the country, and guessing at the future movements of the Union and Confederate armies. Colonel Warner of the Tenth, and Colonel Hardin of the Twelfth, agreed that the chances were in favor of a fight at or near Gettysburg, the next good cro.ssing place in the mountains, north of our then position, as shown by the maps we had. The morning of the 29th, the writer visited Frederick and conversed w'itli officers of General Rey- nolds' command' (First and Eleventh corps), all thought they were going to Gettysburg, or spoke of that place as their ultimate destination. Returning towards camp the writer met the division en route to Frederick. It had left Ballinger's creek about noon. We marched but a short distance •when the divi- sion was stopped to let other troops take precedence. The division remained here several hours, it then followed the artillery reserve. The writer during this delay, visited his old friend. Lieutenant "Cog" Hazlett, who commanded Battery " D," Fifth United States Artillery. The weather was very warm and Lieutenant Hazlett wore a small soft white hat. As the writer left him to re- join his command, he called back, "'Cog' we are going to have a light soon, don't wear that white hat into battle." " At 7 p. m., we crossed the JNlonocacy bridge on the Baltimore pike and turned up the bank of the stream heading Pennaylvania at Gettyshunj. 267, north, soon after we waded the stream and .struck across the lields, and al)out 10 p. m., bivouacked in a wood, iiaving niadt- a tiresome day's niareh of ten miles.'' The long delay before mentioned caused our division to get far behind the other divisions of the corps, we had to rush along, well into the night, to reach the corps camp, where the leading divisions liad arrived early in the even- ing and in good order. Having arrived in camp late, and it being very dark, we made a bivouac, whilst we saw the other divisions of the Fifth Corps in a regular camp. Most of us were so hot and tired we dropped down and went to sleep without even making cotfee. A bad beginning for a long march. "The morning of the 30th, we started early, passed through Ijiberty, Union Bridge and Uniontown (a pontoon train accompanied us this day), marched twenty miles and bivouacked. Near dark were mustered two miles beyond Uniontown. ' ' The marching all the forenoon was very slow with many stops, but in the afternoon we were again rushed along. This march was the cause of great injustice done the division by our new corps commandei-, in that he reported to the army com- mander that our division could not march as last as the other divisions. It will be noted that these other divisions had clear roads, no trains to follow, early start, no forced delays, nothing to jjrevent them from making their marches in time. The Twelfth Regiment, moving with the Pennsylvania Reserve Division, left . m,. when we arrived on the battle-field on the Baltimore pike, in rear of the center of the army. Our division in the very hot weather, marched in the worst possible manner, accomplished nearly seventy miles in three and a half days, and on the after- noon and evening of the fourth day went to the top of Big Eound Toji. In the meantime. General Buford, commanding a cavalry division, left Middleburg, Md., on 29th, amved at Gettysl)urg on 30th ; passing through Gettj'sburg at noon (June 30), he reconnoitred west and north. He was here long enough to see the advantages of the Gettysburg position, and he determined to hold it until he was driven away or lelieved by infantry. The night of June 30, he notified General Keynolds, "that Hill's Confederate Corps was camped nine miles west of Gettysburg, and Longstreet's behind Hill's ; that no Confederate force had yet passed through the mountains from the north toward Gettysburg, but that such force would soon be at Heidlersburg, ' ' This information was sub- sequently shown to be correct. General Meade had directed General Reynolds, " that if he has to fall back, to do so on Emmitsburg, that the Third and Twelfth corps will come to the assistance there of his and the Eleventh Corps." Wheu 268 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. General Reynoldi? reached Gettysburg, at 8.35 a. m., Jnly 1, Bnford was with his artillery and dismounted skirmishers, standing off Hill's troops. Reynolds joined Buford in the seminary tower, and as old companions in arms, with per- fect confidence in each other, discussed the position and the military situation. Reynolds decided at once to support Buford. He knew that if his troops could be brought up promptly to this position, Lee could be made to take the offen- sive, or be compelled to fall back with his whole force without fighting. And thus, if a battle took place here, the Union army would be enabled to light on the defensive. Buford promised to hold on until Reynolds' batteries and infantry could get up. Reynolds felt sure his corps with the Eleventh could hold on until the Third and Twelfth could reinforce them. The information he had of Lee's army, showed that it was almost as badly scattered as was the Army of the Po- tomac. Four corps of the Union army could reach this ground by the early afternoon, and the Second Corps by sundown. Force enough, with proper man- agement and good fighting, to withstand Lee's whole army coming up from sev- eral directions until the whole of the Union army could be assembled. It was most fortunate for the Union side that it had such intelligent and energetic gen- erals in advance as Reynolds and Buford, generals who had the confidence of the army commander. General Meade giving General Reynolds (a fighting gen- eral) his advance with three corps, proved to that general, as to the world, that General Meade was not attempting to avoid a battle, but was only anxious that the fight, which must take place, should be a defensive one, on his side, if pos- sible. A few minutes after liis arrival, as soon as he had taken a look at the ground from the seminary tower and had had a few minutes conversation with Buford, General Reynolds, who was a most accomplished artilleryman, seeing what fine ground lay in every direction to the front for artillery (the arm well known to preponderate in the Army of the Potomac, more powerful and more numerous than Lee's, the only arm in which the Union army was superior to the Confederate), a battle-field to make an artilleryman grow enthusiastic, re- quested Buford to hold on till his (Reynolds') batteries and infantry could come up. He sent off in hot haste several officers for his own and the Eleventh Corps batteries, and hurry up his own and Howard's infantry. He then went to select ground for his batteries (he had brought up with him Captain Hall, chief of artillery of his leading division), so that no time would be lost. Reynolds thus anticipated the present German instructions for battle ! In a few minutes Hall's Battery arrived and was immediately posted. Soon after, Reynolds' First Divi- sion came up and was posted to support the First Corps and Buford's batteries. In the expectation of the early arrival of Howard's batteries. General Reynolds now went to select positions for them, whilst doing so, he is struck down by a sharpshooter. Reynolds had already seized this good position, and had given such an impetus to his command, that it went on without a break, in carrying out his designs, under his able fighting successor, General Doubleday. Rey- nolds had planted the advance of the Union army in Lee's route, he had secured a ]}osition across all the roads leading east of the mountains at this point, a point where the Confederate army must assemble, if it united east of the mount- ains. Reynolds might have had three corps at Gettysburg, earlier in the day, but he would not run the risk of throwing this force against Lee's whole army, which might be at Gettysburg at the same time. He thus showed liis prudence, but when he arrived there in person and was satisfied that the information re- ceived from Buford during the past night was correct, and learned, that Lee's Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 269 army was still en route to assemble at this point, he acted as the prompt and in- telligent soldier that he was. Buford's batteries and dismounted skirmishers succeeded in holding the enemy on the west side of Willoughby run till Wadsworth's Division arrived. Captain Hall, commanding the artillery of this division, had preceded the infantry and had posted his own battery in aid of Buford's batteries, which were doing heroic service on the Chambersburg road. As soon as it arrived, Cutler's Brigade was posted on either side of the Chambersburg road and across an old railroad cut, to support these batteries. Meredith's (Iron) Brigade was sent to the left of the road to occupy a piece of Avoods which Hill's troops were entering. Heth (Confederate division commander) attacked with four of his brigades at once the position held by Reynolds' force. The three right regiments of Cutler's Brigade were forced back. Reynolds ordered Meredith's Brigade to attack across the front of the Confederate force. This attack was successful, the Con- federate General Archer and mauy of his men were captured. These dispositions were just comjjleted, in which his two brigades had de- feated and almost destroyed two brigades of the enemy, when this accomplished general was killed. The falling back of Cutler's right, left Hall's Battery ex- posed, but the Fourteenth Brooklyn, Ninety-fifth New York andSixth Wi.sconsin, changed front and charged the Mississippi troops attacking Hall's Battery and captured two Mississippi regiments in the old railroad cut. Rowley's Division of the First Corps was put in here ; Robinson's division of First Corps was held in reserve on Seminary Hill. Soon Rodes' division of Ewell's Confederate Corps attacked from the direction of Carlisle, and Robinson's Division was advanced to meet it. Baxter's Brigade went in on the right of Cutler, and afterward took Cutler's position. General Paul's l)rigade went on right of Baxter's. Robin- son's Division resisted well Rodes' attack and captured three North Carolina regiments. So far the First Corps had more than held its own. " If the Eleventh Corps had been as well handled and fought, the day would probably have seen no reverse." General Howard spread his two divisions. Barlow's and Schurz's to the right of the First Corps, but did not make strong connection with it. The Confederates seized Oak Hill, a prominent point between the Union corps, and charging from this point, turned the right of the First Corps and the left of the Eleventh. Fortunately General Howard had placed oneof his divisions, Stein- wehr's, in reserve on Cemetery Hill, and the left of the Fir.st Corps fell back in order and covered the retreat of the artillery and ambulances. But near live thousand prisoners were left in the enemy's hands. General Reynolds had. early in the day, sent word to General Meade that the enem^- was in force near Cashtown and advancing on Gettysburg, and that he would endeavor to hold Gettysburg till reinforced. Soon after General Reynolds was killed the cool- headed Buford thought matters were not being conducted very Avell, and he sent off a despatch to the effect that, ' • there seemed to be no head, ' ' and requested that some one be sent forward to command. It was, no doubt, in answer to this re- quest that General Hancock was sent forward to take supreme command. When he arrived, matters looked badly, so much so, that he at first thought the part of the army here would have to be moved back. Soon, however, the batteries got into position on the left of the town, and Steiuwehr's Division with Howard's batteries showed a good front on the right, and the advantages of the position were explained to him, when he saw that Lee would have to continue to at- tack, so that it was only a question whether the Union army could at this point 270 Pennsylvania at Getfyshurg. hold its ])osition. By sundown all was ready to meet an attack. The Union position at this time appeared so strong General Lee and his corps commanders concluded they could not assanlt it that evening with success. Thus, two Union corps, even with the loss of their commander, had been sulficient to hold Lee for an entire day. How much easier and with liowniuch less loss it could have been done if JJeynolds hud lived and been in command of three or four corps. General I.,ee's troops were disposed on Seminary Ridge, about one mile from the Union line and parallel to it. The Confederate line was about five miles long, concave to the T'nion line which was about three miles long. Lee's concave po- sition enabled him to utilize his large reserve artillery, both for connecting his wings and to crush the Union artillery, which latter had to be concentrated too much (on the third day the guns were only a yard apai't). The defects of Lee's position were, his inability to make the troops on his long line act together, and his inability to reinforce either wing promptly, and these were probably the causes of the lailure of his attacks. If he had entrenched his center and either of his flanks and had used his main army on either of Meade's flanks he would l)robably have succeeded in dislodging the Union army. It seems to have been the intention, that Ewell's Corps should attack earlj- on the 2d, also it wa.s thought Longstreet would be in position to attack on Confederate right by 9 a. m. Such Avas no doubt the understanding amongst the .senior Confederate generals (except Longstreet) when they separated for the night (July 1). How- ever, when morning came and the formidable position ofthe Union army crowned with earthworks and artillery was seen both by General Lee and General Ewell. CJeneral Lee (who went early to Ewell's front) hesitated to assault until he could have thorough reconnoissances made and until Longstreet's Corps .should be up. General Meade noticing the movements of Ewell's Corps and being strong him- self on his right, early in the moi'ning ordered an attack by the Twelfth and Fifth corps, to be supported by the Sixth. But Slocum, commanding the Twelfth, and Warren, chief of engineers of the army, reported the ground un- favorable ; also the Fifth Corps did not come up in good .shape to attack belbre noon, and the Sixth was then still far oft". There has been much controvei-sy between the Confederate generals, since the war, as to when Longstreet ouglit to have been ready to attack, also a.s to the time Ewell should have supported Longstreet' s attack. It would api^ear that General Lee .sent one of his staff" early in the day to reconnoitre in front of the Union left. This officer went over the ground about the peach orchard, when he returned he told General Lee that this was favorable ground for making an attack. At this time. Sickles' Third Corps was massed on the left ofthe Second, on Cemetery Ridge. The ground on Lee's right consisted principally of open fields. Longstreet's command was .sent in a round-about way to get to the peach orchard position, .so as not to be seen by the Union signal officer on Little Round Top. Longstreet himself was in no hurry,ashe did not Avantto attack without his Third Division (Pickett's). More- over, he states that the agreement on l)eginning the invasion was, " that there should be no offensive battle delivered by their army." If this is true. General Reynolds is entitled to credit for making Lee change his plan. Whilst Longstreet was moving around the Union left, Sickles was moving out his corps and tak- ing iKJsition on the Union side of the peach orchard. The controversy between Generals Meade and Sickles in regard to this movement is well known. It seems to the writer that this matter stands about as follows : General Meade had been all the morning studying his right with a view of attacking or of re- Perms iilvania at Getfyshimf. 271 ceiving au attack there, no report had reached him that Confederate troops were threatening his left. There was much open ground in front of his left ; Meade supposed his cavalry (which had covered itself with honor the day before) which had been directed to watch the flank, would be able to give him early warning of any extensive movement of the enemy in that direction. Pearly in the after- noon, upon request of General Sickles to have ground selected for his corps to occupy, General Hunt, chief of artillery of the Union armj% was sent to assist General Sickles in selecting a position. Sickles and Hunt could not find any good line in this region without going out very far to Sickles' front. It is now- well known that the ground in front of Little Round Toi) is a most difficult region in which to select a line of battle. Artillery could be of no u.se on the Little Round Top line, and how far the woods and difficult country extended to the left-front, neither Hunt nor Sickles knew. Taking into consideration the short time they had to select a position in .so difficult a country, it was probably a.s well done as it could have been. Between 2 and 3 p. m. the .signal officer on Little Round Top and the skirmishers of Sickles' command detected Ijongstreet's movement. At General Sickles' urgent request, General Meade went to his left about :>.8() p. m. to look up ground for Sickles' Corps. The fact seems to be that General Meade did not believe lie would be attacked on the left. He thought his cavalry would certainly give him ample notice of any threatened attack on that front .so that he would have time to prepare for it. If the cavalry had been where General Meade thought, and had reason to believe it to be, he would have had such notice. But it happened that Merritts Brigade of Buford's Division, Avhich had been ordered to relieve some of Gregg's Division, had left here before Gregg's Cavalry arrived to relieve Merritt ; thus, at this critical time of the day there was no cavalry on the Union left-front. General Meade arrived on his left just as Longstreet's attack was beginning, and as Sickles' line was very far out in advance of Hancock, being ignorant of the region, General Meade thought Sickles had moved his line unneces.sarily far out. However, when Sickles and Hunt told him what a tangled place the ground in front of Little Round Top was, he concluded to reinforce Sickles where he was. Moreover, there was then little or no time left to select a new line. The subsequent loss of the Third Corps position was due to the fact that the Fifth and Sixth corps were not brought up .soon enough, the one to Sickles' supp p. ni., he concentrated his artillery opposite the angle of Sickles' Corps at the peach orchard, and opened such a concentrated fire on the Union artil- lery at this point as to overwhelm it. He then began his attack M'ith his in- fantrj% on his right, with Hood's Division, which pushed into the woods and outflanked the Third Corps on its left. I^aw's Brigade of Hood's Division on extreme C(iufederate right, went over Big Round Top and come out on the 272 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Union ambulances, but this brigade had moved too far to its right, it had lost connection with balance of Hood's command, and it was ordered to move to its left. Hood's other brigades broke through the left of De Trobriand's line and began to pass up and around Little Round Top. The Union left being thus flanked and beginning to give way McLaws' Division was pushed in on Hood's left, it carried the center of the Third Corps position. This corps was too weak to hold so long a line. The Union troops would now have had to fall back, but reinforcements commenced arriving j ust as the Confederates reached the Union position. Humphreys, who was not at first attacked, sent Burling's Brigade to Birney's assistance. The whole Fifth Corps was ordered up to the support of Birney's line. Barnes' (First Division) arrived first, Tilton'sand Sweitzer's brigades of this division going in near the peach orchard ; Vincent's Brigade, at the request of General Warren, chief-engineer of the army, to Little Round Top ; then came Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps to the wheat-field, where its right was turned, and then two brigades of the Second Division of the Fifth Corps to the wheat-field, where they had scarcely arrived when their right was turned and they retreated to the position from which they had started, on the right of Little Round Top. Soon McLaws' attack was supported by Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps, and Humphreys although aided by Graham's Brigade, was driven back from the Emmitsburg road. Hancock sent two regiments of Gibbon's Division and Wil- lard's Brigade of Hays' Division to assist Humphreys. General Sickles was here wounded, and General Hancock, assuming command of the Third Corps, sent two additional regiments to help Humphreys. Finally General Meade brought up Stannard's Brigade, and a number of batteries were posted on Hancock's line, and the Sixth Corps came up and took the position on the right of Little Round Top, from which the Third Corps had moved out. In the meantime Hood's troops had made a desperate effort to carry Little Round Top and the ravine be- tween it and Big Round Top. General Warren going early in the action to the signal station on Little Round Top, had seen Hood's troops approaching that position. The signal service men were about leaving when Warren arrived. He ordered them to remain and he hurried off for troops to put on Little Round Top. The Fifth Corps was coming up, and as he hud formerly served most gallantly in command of a brigade of that corps, his request for a brigade was immediately answered by General Barnes vvho sent Vincent's Brigade, which, moving at a double-quick, beat the Texans of Hood's command to the top of Little Round Top. The fighting for this hill was fierce. Law's Brigade pushing through be- tween Little and Big Round Top contended with Vincent for this ravine. Vincent was soon supported by Weed's Brigade of the Second Division of the Fifth Corps, and Hazlett's Battery was carried to the top of Little Round Top. When the ammunition of Vincent's and Weed's brigades was expended (both these brigade commanders being killed), Fisher's Brigade of the Reserves was hurried to their support. By this time the Confederates had become exhausted, and those who had not fallen back were captured. Upon arriving on the battle- field about 12.30 p. m., the Twelfth Regiment, as the entire division of the Re- serves, was given time to rest and to make a full meal, the first since leaving Frederick, Md. As soon as we had feasted, many of the mounted officers of the division started out to see the line of battle. We rode up to the rear of the town of Gettysburg, then moved along the line of battle to General Meade's head- quarters, when we had a conversation with members of his staff', then we started Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 273 to ride down General Hancock's line, when we heard the commencement of Sickles' fight. We galloped over to our camp where we found the Fifth Corps moving off to Sickles' support. We, at that time, had never heard of Round Top, Big or Little. The First Division of the corps led, followed l)y the Second Division, General Ayres commanding. Then came our division, Third Brigade leading, which at that time was well filled and closed up. We moved westerly along a wood road and soon came to a place where the road was narrow and cor- duroyed, a fence on one side and brush on the other ; woods on both sides. As we advanced we began to meet wounded men returning, soon the road was so encumbered with wounded walking to the rear, and ambulances going the same way, we had to take to the woods along side of the road. This caused some delay. We filed up on the north side of the ridge to the right of Little Round Top. The ground here w^as rocky and covered with thick brush, some time was taken up in getting into position, eventually we got into line by brigade front, the Third Brigade in front. We then advanced to the crest of the ridge. As we reached the crest we got our first view of the battle on the left, it was not a reassuring sight ! The whole valley between ixsand the ridge opposite, about a third of a mile oft", was filled solid, with our retreating soldiers and batteries, thousands of the soldiers wounded and all the batteries disabled. Some of the men, especially toward the left-front, were retreating at a run. The enemy's line was only visible by the white j)ufis of smoke at the crest of the opposite ridge. Very few of our men were firing — a man now and then would stop and take a shot. This great mass of thousands in the valley was moving sullenly to the rear at a walk. There seemed no organized force, a mere mass of men, officers and men, inextricably mi.xed — all seeking safety behind the ridge upon which we stood, A battery was making its way into position in the underbrush on our right and a few guns in position on the ridge to our left (since called Little Roiand Top), were firing slowly at the enemy in the woods beyond the opposite ridge. As soon as the division got into position (there being a lull in the action at this time) the writer rode up the ridge to the left to get a look at the enemy's position, when near the top he met a party of officers and men carry- ing General Weed, who was mortally wounded. The writer who knew the gen- eral personally, stopped to see if he could be of any service. Whilst conversing here, another party came along bringing back his old friend, Lieutenant Hazlett, who in the haste of going into action had forgotten that fatal white hat. Ht- was shot through the head, probably by the same sharpshooter who had killed General Weed. Finding he could see little more here than at the position the division occu- pied, the writer started down ; he met the Twelfth Regiment coming up with the Third Brigade except the Eleventh Regiment. We scrambled up and over Little Round Top and , moved down the left-front, going to the assistance of Vincent's Brigade. As the Third Brigade moved away, the First Brigade was ordered to advance to the front. The Eleventh Regiment being still in its position when the First Brigade came up to the front line, it joined that bri- gade and advanced with it. We saw the First Brigade and Eleventh Regiment make their gallant advance through the retreating multitude, as we clambered over the rocks on top of Little Rouud Top. We joined in their cheer and started at a double-quick down the left-front of Little Round Top, stumbling over rocks, and the numerous dead of Vincent's and Weed's gallant brigades. As we advanced, a few scattering shots came from the retiring enemy. Our 18 274 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurq. advance was most fortunate as Vincent's and AVeed's brigades l)aon first descending to the foot of the mountain, sent forward two men to investigate the firstcamp fires seen. These scouts were answered by members of the Fifteenth Alabama. Our party then, after discussion, concluded to move around the mountain side toward the left or s:)uth in which direction we were sure of finding the Sixth Corps' pickets. We in this way. after an hour's very hard march, found the Vermont Brigade pickets and went at once to our starting point. In the meantime nearly all the members of the Fifth and Twelfth regiments had found their wa^' back to the same place. The Twentieth Maine skirmishers finding themselves unsup- ported had returned to this starting point. It was now suggested that the Fifth and Twelfth regiments .should march up the mountain by the flank, the Twentieth Maine skirmishers leading as before, this plan was adopted. Ad- vancing in this manner, all soon reached the top in good order. The Twelfth on the crest ; the Fifth on its right ; the Twentieth Maine skirmishers remained out as pickets toward the left-front. The Fifth and Twelfth regiments threw out pickets in their front and to connect with the troops on the right. The Ninth and Tenth Reserves had been left in line across the ravine between Little Pennsylvania at Gfttysburg. 275 and Big Round Top. Two regiments ol' Vincent's Brigade were posted in the interval between the right of the Fiftli Reserves and the Ninth and Tenth Re- serves, but almost at right angles to the general line. (See map accompanying the report of the commander of Vincent's Brigade.) The line remained thus until daylight when a regular connected line was formeil from the top of Big Round Top to the top of Little Round Top, and stone breastworks were thrown up, which still stand (1888) as we left them. There was some sharpshooting on both sides (July 3d), Frank H. Hench, Company A, Twelfth Regiment, was killed and Joseph Aikens, Company G, Twelfth Regiment, wounded. The Confederates on their right, about dark, slowly withdrew to the line the Third Union Corps ha'' Pennsylvania al (jettyshnrtj. Ill Ihrmation caused some surprise amonj; the Reserves. They felt, however, that no mistake hart been made in appointing General Meade to that command. Both these officers had commanded our brigade and division, and were well- known to the men. They knew their fighting qualities and were quite well satisfied that either one would command the army with distinguished ability. Being warm personal friends and wholly devoted to the cause, either would have the hearty support and earnest co-operation of the other. It was a source of great satisfaction to the officers and men of the Reserves to know that they would fight the next battle on their native soil and under the leadership of a Pennsylvanian who had commanded the division in the terrible battle of Fred- ericksburg. The Reserves were assigned to the Fifth Corps, commanded by Maior-Gen- eral George Sykes and wore the Maltese cross, being the Third Division. On Thursday morning, July 2. the Fifth, having been selected by General Meade as his reserve corps, took a position in the rear of the right wing of our army. From their position, owing to the peculiar formation of Meade's line, they could, in a very short time, reach any given point. General Sickles, with the Third Corps, Avas to occupy the left of the line, in the formation ot which he was to connect with Hancock's left and form on a prolongation of his [Han- cock's] line, with his left resting on Round Top. This would bring the line of the Third Corps along the crest of Little Round Top. For some reason, not necessary to discuss here. General Sickles advanced beyond the position assigned him and formed his line on a plain, his left cross- ing the Emmitsburg road, ^vith both flanks exposed. The ground upon which he formed his line is certainly more than half a mile in advance of the position which General Meade intended he should occupj'. About the time General Sickles had his line formed General Meade arrived at Little Round Top, and, seeing the mi.stake Sickles had made, sent for that officer and pointed out to him his error. General Sickles at once proix)sed to Avithdraw his corps and form on the line originally indicated. General Meade replied that the enemy would not permit his withdrawal, as it could then be seen he was preparing to attack. While they were talking Longstreet's guns opened, and soon his long lines of infantry began to emerge from the woods. It now became evident this was to be a determined effort on the part of that able Confederate chieftain to destroy the Third Corps before they could receive support. When the first gun was fired General Sickles hastened to the front, and General Meade ordered the Fifth Corps to march with all possible haste to General Sickles' support. The gallant Third Corps fought desperately to hold their ground, but the long line of Longstreet's extending beyond both flanks, steadily drove them back. On the right of the Third the line of the enemy was pushed rapidly for- ward, with the evident purpose of turning that flank and getting between the Third Corps and the main line of our army. At the same time Longstreet's right was thrown forward, making a vigorous attack on Round Top, while a very strong force from the Devil's Den made a determined as.sault on Little Round Top, breaking the line of the Third Corps, which at that point Avas thrown into confusion. By this time the Second Division of the Fifth Corps, compo.sed of regulars, arrived on the ground, and was formed on the left of Hancock's line. When the Third Corps broke. General Meade ordered the Second Division to charge in the direction of the wheat-field and peach orchard. 278 Pennsylvania at Gett)/shurg. The regulars; weut Ibiward in .splendid loiin ; when thej' reached the wheat- field they were met by a counter-charge of the now victorious troops of Long- street. The regulars received the charge gloriously, but, after stubborn fight- ing and very heavy loss on both sides, being largely outnumbered, they were forced back. They, however, kept their line and retired in good order, all the time keeping up a steady fire. In this manner they retreated, closely followed bv the Confederates, across the swamp and half way up the side of Little Round Top, or rather half way up the slope of the hill on the right of Little Round Top, the left of the Second Division, when it fell back, barely reaching the base of Little Round Top. On the right the euemy succeeded in capturing sev- eral guns, but were only able to hold them u few minutes ; a murderous lire from Hancock's batteries and the charge of the regulars checked their advance and re-captured the guns. At this moment the situation on the left was alarming, everything indicated a rout of that Aviug of the army. At this crisis General Meade, who Avas fortu- nately present at this point, ordered a charge from in front of Little Round Top by the First Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves. The Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Fisher, had been sent to the extreme left to the sup- port of General Vincent, at Round Top. Little Round Top, as its name indicates, is a round hill rising about two hundred feet above the streams which run at its base. The top and side facing the enemy are covered with rough rocks, some of them very large, that side is also very steep, and near the top difficult of ascent. At the foot and in our front there is a small stream known as Plum Run, the course of which is parallel with our line. The ground on both sides of this stream is swampy, forming a flafe some fifty or seventy-five yards wide. On the opposite side of the stream, on our right, the ground rises more gently, gradually falling oft" into a plain. In our front and on the left it grows rougher and steeper until it reaches the Devil's Den, a cluster of very large rocks on our left, the ground between them much broken and covered with scrubby timbci-. covering an area of perhaps three acres. At that time the woods extended down to the edge of the swamp in our front and continued over the hill till it reached the Avheat-field on our right. Beyond the wheat-field there was an- other strip of woods, and beyond that the peach orchard fronting on the Eni- mitsburg road. The stone wall or fence was located across Plum Run close by the edge of the woods and to the right of the crest of Little Round Top. The stone wall covered about one-half of our regiment when in line. The Pennsylvania Reserves arrived on the ground at the supreme moment. If Longstreethad obtained possession of Little Round Top, Meade's position would have been turned. From this point the guns of the euemy would have raked our center and left-center and from this position he could strike the right wing on the flank and rear. General Meade's presence at that part of the line would indicate the deep anxiety he felt in the result of the conflict for the pos- session of the Round Tops. He knew it was of the utmost importance that the advance of Longstreet's exultant troops should be checked before they reached the crest of the Little Round Top, the real key to his position, and which was. at the moment when we arrived upon the ground, almost within their grasp. The brigade marched upon the fleld in reverse order, throwing the Bucktails upon the left of the line with the rear rank to the enemy. Colonel Taylor gave the command to counter-march and while the movement was being executed a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 279 rebel yell indicated the presence of the enemy, which caused considerable con- fusion in the line, but when the command to charge was received, every one of those veteran soldiers quickly found his place, and presented a solid and un- broken line to the enemy, who had by this time almost gained the summit, those farthest in advance being only a few yards from one of our batteries, whose gunners were about to spike their gnns. Shouting to the gunners to hold their pieces the Bucktails. springing forward with a cheer, engaged tlie enemy in a desperate hand-to-hand conflict lasting but a short time when, for the first time that day, Longstreet's brave men were forced to retreat. With a broken line and in considerable confusion they fled down the hill and across the swamp, the Bucktails following close and capturing quite a number of prisoners. At the foot of the hill Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. Niles fell on the front line severely wounded. The Bucktails kept up a steady fire from their breech-loading rifles as they charged, the lines being very close they inflicted terrible punishment on the retreating foe. At the stone wall the enemy made a feeble attempt to re-form, but were not able to check the impetuous charge of the Bucktails. It is needless to state that Colonel Taylor and Major Hartshorue were to be found in the front line all the time. Not taking any account of what was occurring on the right of our line, the Bucktails pushed on after the now thoroughly routed enemy who fled through the woods, on up the hill, on, on, until near the edge of the wheat-field when Colonel Taylor, discovering that he was a con- .siderable distance in advance of our line and unsupported, ordered a halt. After we halted the enemy were either reinforced or concentrated their scattered lines, as they kept up a heavy fire in our front, but as we were still in the woods and our boys found good cover behind trees they did us but little harm. Up to this time we had captured a large number of prisoners. Just after the line halted we received a heavy volley from our right-center. Colonel Taylor with two other ofticers and fifteen or twenty men were on that part of the line at the time. Quickly facing to the left they discovered, but a short distance away, two hundred or three hundred rebels partly hidden by the timber. An officer promptly demanded their surrender when nearly every man in tlieir line threw down his arms. Just then a Confederate in the rear of tlieir line sang out with an oath, "'I'll never surrender to a corporal's guard. " The rebels again grasped their arms when Lieutenant Kratzer called out to the Bucktails, "Tree, every man of you," and, jumping behind a tree near him, he turned to Colonel Taylor, who was near by, and urged him to hurry. Just as tlie colonel laid his hand on Lieutenant Kratzer's shoulder, and was in the act of stepping under shelter of the tree, a rebel sharpshooter sent a bullet throu«^h his heart — when our brave and beloved commander died without speakino- a word. When the few men that were there saw Colonel Taylor fall they poured several volleys in quick succession into the enemy at the same time calling upon them to surrender. About forty or fifty threw down their arms and "-ave themselves up, the otliers retreatetl in the direction of the Devil's Den. The command of the regiment now devolved on Major Hartshorne, who was at the time on the left of the line. As soon as he was informed of the death of Colonel Taylor and knowing that there was a considerable force on our left and rear, he withdrew his line to the stone wall and sent Captain Kinsey witli his company out in the direction of the Devil's Den, with orders to form in line of skirmishers at right angles with the line of the regiment, attack the enem^ and develop his strength and position. When (Captain Kinsej' reached 280 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. tlie edge of the Devil's Den, he was met with a heavy volley from the enemy who were posted behind rocks and trees, taking such cover as they could find, and a lively skirmish ensued. The rapid firing attracted Major Hartshorne's attention, when he sent Lieutenant Kratzer to ascertain whether or not Captain Kinsey could hold his position. Captain Kin.sey urged Lieutenant Kratzer to support him with his company, insisting, that with some help he could carry the rocks and capture the force defending them. The lines were very close, only a few j'ards apart, and the exposure of any part of the body called forth a shot from the watchful foe. Lieutenant Kratzer agreed to go back, and if he could get Major Hartshorne's consent to bring up his company. Just as he turned to go back, several shells fell in their midst and exploded. This was promptly followed l)y a volley from the enemy in their front. Captain Kin- .sey was severely wounded by a shell. In the confusion following, Ijieutenant Kratzer got away and reported the situation to Major Hartshorne. It being then dark and the enemy still in strong force in his I'rout. Major Hartshorne deeming it unsafe to attempt without support to drive the enemy from his strong position, recalled Captain Kinsey's company, leaving only a few pickets to watch the movements of the enemy. A brisk firing was kept up all along the line till about 9 o'clock, when it ceased, seemingly, by mutual consent. So ended the battle of the 2d of July, in front of Little Round Top. The fighting from 2 o'clock p. m., had been of the most desperate character, and the ground all around was .strewn with killed and wounded. Side bj' side in death lay the Blue and the Gray, while here and there desperately wounded Yankees and Confederates lying on the field would talk over the day's work and .speculate on the result of the battle to be fought on the morrow. Very early on the morning of July 3, Major Hartshorne sent Captain Frank Bell, with Company I, and Captain John A. Wolfl' Avith Company F, to attack and develop the strength of the enemy on our left flank in the Devil's Den. These two companies, deployed in line of skirmishers, cautiously advanced. When they reached the edge of the Devil's Den, th.ey encountered the enemy strongly posted behind rocks and trees. The fighting at once became very se- vere ; the enemy's fire indicated a large force, and their position was .so strong that any attempt to carry it by storm with .so small a body of troops mu.st prove disastrous. Taking cover, the Bucktails opened a rapid fire, hoping to puni.sh the enemy so severely as to either compel him to retire or come out of his strong- hold to drive them off. The reader will bear in mind that the Bucktails were armed with breech-loading rifles, some of the companies with Spencer repeating rifles : the great advantage of these arms, when firing from cover, is known by all soldiers. Any object that will cover the body is all the protection a man armed with a breech-loading rifle wants. He is not exposed in loading, and can load on the run almost as well as when .standing still. This will account, in part, for the heavy lo.ss, on many occasions, inflicted on the enemy by the Bucktails when their loss was comparatively very small. On this occasion, the superiority of the arms, scon gave them a very decided advantage. Whenever a rebel exposed any part of his body he was sure to be hit and the result, not- withstanding their superiority in numbers, was only a question of time. The Bucktails were puni.shing them severely with no loss, since they had taken cover. The enemy discovered that they were playing a losing game, made a da.sh on the handful of brave men who were opposing them. Their numbers .surpiised the Bucktails. and to prevent the capture of their little ])arty, they beat a hasty FennsyJvania at Gettysburg. 281 retreat, glad to make their escape and get back to the regiment. In tliis re- treat Captain Bell received a wound which caused the loss of a leg, and several others were Avounded. The enemy, strange to say, did not follow up their advantage, but, seemingly satistied with driving off the party in their front, re- turned to their tirst position. Major Hartshorne, determined to make them develop their purpose, ordered Lieutenant Kratzer to take his company (K) and make another effort to rout them. The regiment ])eing constantly engaged in the front, no considerable force could be spared. Deploying his company in line of skirmishers. Lieutenant Kratzer gave them the word when they started forward on a run. The rebels permitted them to get so close that their features could be easily distinguished and the bore of their guns plainly seen when they .sprang from their cover and iired a volley that killed and wounded about one- third of the number. A Confederate officer close by called to Kratzer to sur- render; the brave lieutenant answered him with a. shot from his revolver ; the Confederate returned the shot, when Kratzer fired again and his foe fell. One of Kratzer's men called his attention to blood on his hand, the lieutenant re- plied that he was shot through the arm above the elbow. After firing this volley, the Confederate ofiicers compelled their men to lie down ; the lines were so close that their commands were distinctly heard though .spoken in an ordi- nary tone. It was now near 2 o'clock p. m. and preparations were being made fora gen- eral attack on this jjart of the line. Major Hartshorne therefore called in the party sent out with Lieutenant Kratzer. About '.i o'clock the brigade advanced in line, charging on the enemy they drove him through the woods to the wheat- field, on through the field and through the strip of woods beyond into the peach orchard, capturing several hundred prisoners and completely destroying the Confederate line in their front. Early that morning Major Hartshorne had in- formed Colonel McCandless, commanding the brigade, of the force on his left in the Devil's Den. Colonel McCandless having nothing to fear from the line in his front, determined to pay his respects to that party ; he therefore directed ISIajor Hartshorne to change front to the left and charge with the Bucktails in that direction, while he would form the rest of the brigade in column by regi- ment closed in mass and follow him at supporting distance. The Bucktails in line of skirmishers moved forward through the woods at double-quick for several hundred yards, when they came npon a line of the enemy in position. With a cheer they rushed on them, when they had another hand-to-hand fight with what proved to be the Fifteenth Georgia Regiment. The Georgians stood up bravely for fifteen or twenty mmutes when they threw down their arms, the Bucktails capturing the entire command with their colors. Turning the prisoners over to the troops in the rear the Bucktails pushed on through the woods into open country, when Colonel McCandless deployed the brigade into line and moved forward capturing quite a number of i>risoners. He continued till there was no enemy to be seen in our front and night put an end to our fighting, when the brigade rested for the night fully one mile in front of Little Eound Top. By this movement Colonel McCandless complete]}^ flanked the Devil's Den and forced the enemy to retreat from a position that it would have been next to impossible to have driven him by a direct attack. So ended the battle of Gettysburg. The last shot, the Bucktails claim, was fired by them on nearly 282 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the same ground where the battle of July :i was opened by Longstreet's attack on Sickles. Jn the two days' lighting the Bucktails" total loss was forty-seven. Killed, two officers and eight enlisted men; wounded, eight officers and thirty enlisted men. The loss in officers was unusually severe, nine officers out of a total loss of forty-seven. It will be observed that from the time the Pennsylvania lieserves entered the fight until the end the Confederates on this part of the line fought entirely on the defensive , up to that time they were the attacking party and were Hushed with victory. They had driven the Third Corps, with terrible slaughter, through the peach orchard, met the Kegulars in the wheat-field, and, after hard fighting and heavy loss on both sides, drove them back across Plum run and were on the eve of capturing Little Round Top, the real key to Meade's position, when they met the Pennsylvania Reserves and in less than twenty minutes the tide was turned and we became the attacking party. The "Bucktails" or ''First Rifle" Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Volun- teer Corps was organized early in May, 1861, under a State law passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor May 15. They were not called into the United States service until the latter part of June, when they, with the Fifth Pennsylvania Reserves and Captain Campbell's Battery A, Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, were ordered to West Virginia. The regiment never was regularly mu.stered into the LTnited States service. Some question arising in regard to pay, and the authorities refusing to date a muster back to the time when the regiment entered the service, and Colonel Biddle refusing to permit a muster several mouths after entry into service, the matter was compromised. We were instructed to enter upon our rolls as mustered into service "by order of the Secretary of War," May 29, 18H1." All the companies composing this regiment were enlisted prior to May 15, in fact these men enlisted under the first call for three-mouths' men, but found the quota of the State filled before they reached Harrisburg. The first battle in which the regiment was engaged was Dranesville, Decem- ber 20, 1861; the last battle was at Bethesda Church, May 30, 1864. A large number of the men re-enlisted and served until the close of the war in the One hu!idred and ninetieth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers. The peculiar field tactics employed by this regiment originated with Lieu- tenant-Colonel (later Brigadier-General) Thomas L. Kane. They were much the same as those recently adopted by the War Department for the United States Army. When exposed to a heavy fiie the Bucktails were instructed to scatter, and at all times were required to take advantage of whatever cover the ground aflbrded. If any part of the line was better protected than another, the men in that location would push forward and vigorously engage the enemy, under cover of their fire the more expo-sed part of the line would rush forward. Great re- sponsibility was thrown upon the individual soldier. They were taught to take care of themselves and to take advantage of every opportunity for an ad- vance of the line. In many instances the men have, of their own accord, with- out orders, rushed forward when under heavy fire and gained important ad- vantage. They were taught to estimate distances on various formations, the estimates being proven by actual measurements, and, except when in general line of battle, to fire only when they had an object fairly in the sights of their fT"" ART PHOTO. Or- W. H. TirTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT ; THE F. GUTEKUNST CO.. PHIL*. Pennsylvania at Gettyshimj. 283 rifif. In addition they were skilled marksmen and were constantly practicing at long range, from two hundred to one thousand yards. To their peculiar tactics, constant practice, individual resjionsibility and good marksmanship, can be credited the fearful punishment inflicted upon the enemy in every action iu which they were engaged, without a proportionate loss to them. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 46™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September 12, 1889 ORATION OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH MATCHETT FRIENDS and comrades of the old Forty-sixth : — Twenty-si.x years ago this last July we stood upon this ground to defend our country from the as- saults of those who in their madness would trample this glorious banner in the dust. What grand momentous days and nights these were on this 1st, 2d and 3d of July, 18(53, when the destiny of our nation hung in the bal- ance, and the people all over our Northland had their eyes tixed on this army, trembling for fear that your courage or prowess would fail you, as your enemy, flushed with victories iu Virginia, had boldly invaded our free northern homes, determined to crush this army, capture our rich cities, and plant their standard on the dome of the capitol, and there dictate terms of peace to our government. My dear comrades, it may be superfluous in me to recount to you the move- ments that culminated in placing us here in front of Gettysburg, on the 1st day of July, 1863. The disastrous battles of Chancellorsville on the 1st, "M and 3d of May is yet very fresh at this day in your memories, at least it is in mine, as well as all the more than a score of important battles in which we were engaged. They seem to be indelibly photographed on the tablets of my memory, so that, either wak- ing or sleeping, they often pass in panoramic view to my vision. It was after the success of General Lee in that engagement that he determined to move his army across the Potomac, and invade thesoilof the Keystone State, and to carry devastation to your homes and firesides. Little did he think that by this act he would be " bearding the lion in his den, " because, my comrades, you well know that heretofore, by your valor on many bloody fields, you had proven your willingness to do and die for our dear L^nion. Now, when your soil was desecrated with the tread of this traitorous band, your paternal patri- otic blood was so inflamed that you could give a double life to free your State from the despoiler. So, as bis army movetl northward, you were moved along on parallel lines between him and the capitol at Washington ; and late in June you crossed the Potomac at Leesburg and marched through Maryland, "'My ^Maryland " with ])anners flying, and with cheerful step to music of our band, through historic old Frederick City. There "Fighting " Joe Hooker left us, hut we cheerfully followed the faithful Meade, asking no questions ; our cause was just the same whoever was put in command of us ; we had no time for cavilling or fault-finding. You remember the dusty hot march through Littlestown, with the ripe. 284 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. tempting cherries overhead, that you had no time to gather ; some of the boys said they were sour. You had only time to grasp a cup of cold water, or a piece of bread or pie that the villagers (God bless them) handed out the gateway to you as you hastened on into old Pennsylvania, with words of cheer from our friends, and the songs of the children, as we marched to their tune of " March- ing along, we are marching along, for God and our country we are marching along." You went into camp beyond the town. Next day was the 30th of .June, and you were hastily drawn up in line to be mustered so as to have the pay- rolls sent on. You were then ordered to support the cavalry in their brush with the rebel cavalry at Hanover. Bright and early next morning, after a hastj' breakfast of coffee, crackei'S and pork, we took up our march in the direction of Gettysburg, infantry in the fields, artillery and wagons on the road. Reck- lessly tramping down the ripening golden grain in your pathway, the Twelfth (;orps moved along, led by the gallant Slocuni, marching towards the sound of the cannon as it echoed over the hill from Gettysburg, where the ball had opened and our men had met the enemy. My comrades, you felt then that you were approaching the momentous mo- ment of your life, and the life of the nation, and your courage and determina- tion rose with the occasion. You were going to redeem Chancellorsville ; you got your fighting blood again flowing through your veins, and there was not a man of you who was not willing to die if need be for our grand old State and the nation. And where, in all the wide world, and in all its history, was a more appropriate time or a grander incentive for man to give up his mortal life, a willing .sacrifice for God, and home, and this glorious land. Not but what your life was sweet to you, and those left in the dear old home were precious to you, and you to them. Oh, no! Your country at this time, and lier honor, and your honor, was transcendentlj' more dear, more precious (if such could be) for the time being, than father or mother, wife or children, for you stood now between them and their despoilers, their safety wrapped up in your suc- cess, as a world stood watching for the result of that battle. True, we were only boys then, but oh! what patriotic blood flowed in your veins, in commingling of the freedom-loving races. The Celtic, German, Norman, Scotch-Irish, Cymric, the Anglo-Saxon, all combining as one around the grandest of flags, the star-spangled banner. Blest emblem of liberty. Hope of the world. As you drew nearer, the sound of the cannon was plainer to you ; you could hear the bursting shells, then the steady roll of musketry, and you knew that death was reaping his harvest; the old Forty-sixth had been there many a time, and knew what it all meant. And the smoke of battle went up on high ; you were now in the battle zone, your whole surrounding atmosphere was changed. There was less of song, and jokes in general fell flat ; and playing cards — the boys had no use for them now, so they sowed them in the fields, .scattered them along the highway; watches and other valuables were given to non-combatants, to be sent home to dear ones, should you be among the slain. The cavalry and the First and Eleventh corps,itseems,had met the enemy in large numbers beyond the town, and had nobly kept them in check as long as possible until at last they doubled up our men, who were compelled to fall back through the town to Cemetery Hill, after losing their noble commander, the brave Reynolds, who Avas shot Avhile leading them on. Our cov\)s moved on past "Two Taverns," and then our division filed to the right towards Wolf Hill ; we uuslung knap- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 285 sacks, loading our guns, and deployed in line of battle in the woods, with the intention of making a connection with the right of the Eleventh Corps, but they had been forced to fall back, which changed the situation ; but our presence there prevented an intended flank movement which the enemy attempted to make. Night coming on, caused a lull in the battle, and ended the slaughter for that day. The regiment was moved over again to the Baltimore pike and rested on their arms that night. Hostilities commenced very early in the morning, and you were moved in here and took up this position, and hastily put up a line of works, with logs, stones and dirt, using what tools you could get, right on the line of the works you now see before you. Late that afternoon when Sickles' Third Corps was hotly pressed over on the left-center, the brigade was hastily sent over across the fields to his relief, to- wards Little Round Top, coming only in contact with the havoc of the enemy's shells in that sharp fight. The enemy were checked, and Sickles' men secured their new ground. Sometime in the night we were ordered to return to our works on the right at Gulp's Hill. But, alas! in our absence the enemy under Johnson, had taken our works, as there had been no troops put in our place to oppose them, and in fact he had marched his men as far over as the Baltimore pike. Then he became suspicious that there was a trap set for him, and ordered his men back again to our works, thereby losing his grandest opportunity of the war. He was right in behind our army. Comrades, there was to my mind a Providence in this. They were made afraid when there was nothing to fear. On coming back we found them in our works sure enough. In fact if it had not been for the forethought of our Colonel Selfridge, we would have marched by the flank right into their lines. It seems Captain Selfridge of Company H, had taken some of his men's can. teens and gone on ahead to Spangler's spring to fill them, when he disco% ered '".lohnnies" also there filling their canteens. He backed out with the best grace he could command, and reported it to the colonel. But Colonel McDougall, the brigade commander, did not believe it and got verj' angry, but the colonel insisted on deploying his men, and sent in a skirmish line, who found the enemy as stated and saved many lives. We were then formed around this point, our left on Geary's Division, and our brigade connecting on the right with the Third Brigade, when we rested ou our arms again until the morning. Bright and early our artillery which had been posted in our rear, opened on the rebels in the woods, the shells passing over us ; we were so near the enemy that six men of the regiment were killed by the explosion of our own shells. About 11 o'clock we opened on them with musketry, and a general advance was made, and they were driven from our works, which we again occupied, and kept the enemy at bay, while their sharpshooters on those tree 'tops gave us great concern, until in the afternoon when that grand event that stands out now at this day as the turning point of the rebellion took place. I refer to Pickett's charge on the center of the line. At a given signal one hundred and sixty of the enemy's cannon opened fire on the Union line, and were answered by one hundred cannon from our side, making the very earth shake. And then came their charging column over that wide field, only to be swept away before the leaden hail of the boys in blue, which you could plainly hear. Also their shells came tearing down our lines 286 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. through the tree tops. Johnson made repeated attacks on us that night, and many of liis men were cut down in our trout. Gettysburg battle had been fought and won. The morning light of July 4. showed no rebels in your front, except many of their dead a few steps in front of your works, and many in the woods beyond : many trees were cut to pieces with your bullets along your line. A reconnoisance of the brigade and a battery of artillery down the Balti- more pike, and over to Hanover pike and back around through the town, proved that the enemy had left us masters of the field. Your losses in killed, wounded and missing are not reported as large as some regiments Avho fought in this battle. You had somewhere about two hundred men in the battle. The otRcial report says two hundred and sixty-two, and killed, two men; wounded, one officer and nine men; missing, one man. I am convinced that our losses were greater than this. However, losses do not always denote success ; our sheltered position in this battle gave us an ad- vantage, while inflicting greater injury on the enemy than some perchance who had heavier los.ses. It was seldom that the Forty-sixth had the advantage of works, as the number of killed and wounded during your four-years' service wnll show, under the daring impetuous Knipe or the gallant gray-headed Sel fridge. Our capital city was saved, and our State redeemed, and the honor of our flag sustained. But oh! at what a cost. How proud should you be that you had a part in this achievement. Our hope had been that the enemy would be crushed and the war ended here but in this we were sadly disappointed. After resting a couple of days we fol- lowed him to the Potomac, and down into Virginia to the Rappahanock river, and at Brandy Station an order came to transfer the Eleventh and Twelfth corps to the Southwestern army, under General Sherman's command, in Tennessee, where you went by rail to Nashville. The old Star Corps and the Crescent Corps were there united, forming the Twentieth Corps, and retaining the Star as the badge to our delight, and were placed under command of the redoubtable "fighter," Joe Hooker again, and in the Army of the Cumberland under Pap Thomas and with old Pap Williams commanding our division. And the corps marched on to further glory in the southland. Fighting above the clouds at Lookout Mountain, and at Tunnel Hill, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Snake Creek Gap, Cassville. Resaca, Lost Mountain, Kolb's Farm, Kenesaw Mountain, Big Shanty, Marietta, Chattahoochie, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta 'and then on to the sea through Georgia and captured the fair city of Savannah at Christmas, 1 8(54. Where, after a brief rest and necessary supplies, you crossed the river into South Carolina, the hot -bed of treason, driving the enemy under Hardee in all directions, and got in the rear of Charleston, and took Colum])ia. Fought again at Averysboro, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Bentonville, Chesterfield C. H., arriving in Gold.sboro, N. C. the latter end of March, 1865. After getting clothing which you greatly needed, we moved on towards John- son's army at Raleigh, when we got the glad news of the surrender of Lee's army to Grant; what a joyful day that was. Then .soon thereafter, on April 27, Johnson surrendered to Sherman, and, thank God, the war was over, and the Union was saved. Then commenced your homeward march to Richmond, and Washington and the grand review, and your discharge at Harrisburg, Pa., July 16, IKO.'). with the thanks of Congress. -'. If Ajj O?. i..t ;, 0^ A.NlJ) :49TH PENNA.INf MTRT Pennsylvania af Gefti/sburg. 287 Ami now, luy coimades, iu closing I would add. that I congratulate you on having had this starry eiublem for j'our corps badge ; we believe it the grandest of them all. What memories clu.ster around this emblem. We read in the Bible of '' the star guiding the wise men to the manger in Bethlehem, '' ''and that the morning stars sang together;" also, "' can you bind the sweet bands of Orion, "etc. Our emblem is represented everywhere in nature. On the earth you find it as it is delineated on the beautiful flower; you find it portrayed in the beauti- ful snow, as it falls in tiny starry flakes, carpeting the earth in winter; you find it in the star-fish of the mighty deep, or as it flashes in phosphoric .stars at the vessel's bow as it plows the ocean, and all earth, and the heavens, as well as this granite monument, will continue to perpetuate the memory of the Old Star Corps. And, comrades, my prayer is "that Avhen your star shall set at life's close, it may set, as sets the morning star which goeth not down in the darkened west, but melteth away into the brightness of Heaven :' may (iod bless you. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 49^" REGIMENT INFANTRY .September ii, i88g ADDRESS 1!V lOSKPH B. DOWNING THE Forty-ninth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers was organized a^ Camp Curtin near Harrisbnrg, Pa., under the call of President Lincoln for three hundred thousand men for three years or during the war, in the month of September, 18(51, by the selection of the following field and staff oflicers : Colonel, William H. Irwin, of Lewistown, Pa.; Lieutenant-Colonel, William Brisbane, of Luzerne county, Pa. ; Major, Thomas M. Huliugs, of Mifflin county, Pa. ; Adjutant, James M. Miller, of Dauphin county. Pa. ; Quarterma.ster, John H. Gray, of Chester county, Pa. ; Surgeon, William H. Gobrecht, of Philadel- phia, Pa. ; Assistant Surgeon, John F. Huber, of Lancaster county, Pa. ; Chap- lain, Rev. William Earnshaw, of the Methodist Episcoiml Church. The companies were enlisted in diff'erent parts of the State; A and (x from Centre county, B and F from Chester, C and D from Huntingdon, E, H and K from Mifflin and I from Juniata. The companies were officered as follows: A — Captain, J. Miles Green; First Lieutenant. Andrew S. Davidson; Second Lieutenant. R. D. Harper. B — Captain, George F. Smith ; First Lieutenant, Baynton J. Hickman ; Second Lieutenant, Isaac B. Parker, Jr. C — Captain John B. ^Sliles; First Lieutenant, James B. Eckeberger ; Second Lieutenant, — . D- -Captain, James D. Campbell: First Lieutenant, John H. Westbrook; Second Lieutenant, F. Y. JSIcDonald. E — Captain, Henry A. Zol- linger : First Lieutenant, Amor W. Wakefield; Second Lieute:iant, John Han- cock. F — -Captain, Benjamin H. Sweeney; First Lieutenant, F. W. Wom- backer; Second Lieutenant, Don Juan Wallings. G — Captain, John Boal; First Lieutenant. A. B. Hutchi.son; Second Lieutenant, William Reed. H — Captain Ralph L. Maclay ; First Lieutenant, William G.Mitchell; Second Lieutenant 288 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. John Cox. I — Captain, Calvin DeWitt; First Lieutenant, K. iSI. McClellan; Second Lieutenant, David B. Spauogle. K — Captain, Matthias Neioe; First Lieutenant, John R. Keim; Second Lieutenant, Thomas F. Neice. Of the above named officers the following obtained distinction in other com- mands as follows: Chaplain Earnshaw resigned October 9, 1862, and was shortly afterwards ap- pointed chaplain in the United States army where he served during the war. At the close of the war he was appointed on a commission to collect the remains of our gallant dead and have them removed to the National cemeteries, and by his personal appeal to Hon. Henry Wilson, Chairman of the Military Committee of the Senate, an appropriation was passed providing for a marble head and foot stone for every Union soldier so buried. After the completion of this service he was sent as chaplain to the Soldiers' Home in Dayton, Ohio, where he re- mained until his death in 1885. Captain George F. Smith was, in March, 1862, appointed to the majority of the Sixty-first Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers with which command he re- mained until nearly the close of the war, being promoted in the meantime re- spectively to lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the regiment. Lieutenant William (t. Mitchell was appointed aide-de-camp on the staff of General Hancock, with whom he served until his death in 1883. During the war Mitchell rose to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers and at the close of the war was appointed captain of the United States army on the staff, and one of the last official acts of the lamented President Garfield was to pro- mote him to major and assistant adjutant-general. Lieutenant John Hancock, brother of the general, was appointed captain and assistant adjutant-general at General Hancock's headquarters with whom he remained until the end of the rebellion. Lieutenant Isaac B. Parker, Jr., was also appointed an aide-de-camp to Gen- eral Hancock and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and was mustered out at the close of the war. On September 19, 1861, the quartermaster's department issued the arms to the different companies. They consisted of Harper's Ferry muskets that had been changed from flint lock to percussion of .68 caliber. The ammunition was a cartridge made with powder, a round bullet and three buckshot. The mus- kets were very unserviceable, being about as dangerous to the soldier who used them as they would have been to an enemy in his front. During the following winter, before the regiment had been engaged with the enemy, they were exchanged for Austrian rifles of .54 caliber, using a minie ball cartridge. On September 20, 1861, after the dres.s-parade, Governor A. G. Curtin and his staff appeared and presented to the regiment the National and State flags, which were received in an able, eloquent and patriotic speech by Colonel Irwin. In the course of his remarks the colonel said " that while he had an arm to wield a sword or a man to fire a gun, the colors should never drop in the face of an enemy nor be desecrated by the touch of rebel hands, ' ' and that promise was faithfully kept although the dear old colors were torn to shreds by the shot and shell of the enemy. On the next day, September 21, reveille sounded at 4 a. ra. with orders to break camp and prepare to move to the seat of war, and later in the day the regiment was loaded on cars of the Northern Central Railroad Company. The Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 289 traiu was run in two sections. When within twelve or fifteen miles of Baltimore the second section ran into the first, in which accident two men of Company G (Parker and Fulton) were killed and three others injured. Arrived in Balti- more about midnight, disembarked and marched from the Northern Central to the Baltimore and Ohio station. Early the next morning the command was fed by the Union Relief Association and about 9 a. m. took oars and arrived in Washington about 2 p. m., went to the Soldiers' Retreat for rations and then into camp on the common about one mile north of the capitol. Here we re- mained five days, drilling, doing camp duty, etc. On September 27, we struck tents and moved out through Washington and Georgetown up the Potomac al)out eight miles to Chain Bridge which we crossed into Virginia and went into camp about 9 p. m. at Camp Advance. It had rained hard all day and when camp was reached, tired, wet and hungry and no trains arriving, without tents and rations, the men felt that they had fallen on hard lines. On September 28, Hancock's famous brigade was formed consisting of the Fifth Wisconsin Volimteers, Sixth Maine, Forty-third New York and Forty- ninth Pennsylvania. This brigade, with Brooks' Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Vermont regiments, Seventh Maine, Thirty-third and Forty-ninth New York and the Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers made up the division and was commanded by Brigadier-General William F. (Baldy) Smith. On this day there appeared great warlike movements. Many regiments moving, strong fortifications in view and a battle looked for. Two companies of the Forty- niuth ordered out on a reconnoitering expedition, marched very lapidly at first, then cautiously for some miles. No enemy being found they returned to camp about midnight. The next day, September 29, about 5 a. m., an alarm was .sounded and tlie Forty-ninth immediately fell into line expecting an attack until 11 a. m. After dress-parade in the evening Colonel Irwin drilled the regiment in battalion drill until after dark. September 30, moved a few miles to the front and went into a new camp, "Vanderwerken." The next day again moved forward to the villages of Lang- ley and Lewinsville and went into camp at Camp Grifiin and remained here until March 10, 1862. The first place at which we pitched our tents in this place being on low ground, moved about one-fourth of a mile onto higher ground wliere we went into winter quarters. On October 24, the regiment was first mustered into the United States ser- vice. Through some technical informality the first muster in at Harrisburo- had been decided illegal and owing to this a great wrong worked to those of the regiment who did not re-enlist, compelling them to serve from two to three months more than the three years. Notwithstanding the informality alleged, the men were paid from the date of enlistment and not from the date of muster into the United States service. During the stay at Camp Griffin drills were regular in the school of the soldier, squad, company, battalion and skirmish and the evolutions of the brigade, and during this work of discipline and becoming acclimated, many of the members died and when in the following spring we moved away, we left a right large sized burial ground. On November 20, the regiment participated in the grand review at Mun- son's Hill, in which the divisions of McCall, McDowell. Heintzelman, Porter. Franklin, Bleuker and Smith, about ninety regiments of infantry, twentv 19 290 Pennsylvania at (reftyshnnj. batteries (100 pieces) of artillery and nine regiments of cavalry, in all about 70,000 troops, took part. Immediately after the Forty-ninth had i)a.ssed the reviewing stand, Colonel Irwin commenced drilling- the regiment and l)locked up the troops that were passing in review. General Hancock rode up rapidly when he had found the cause of the trouble placed Colonel Irwin in arrest, and the regiment worn out with the fatigues of the day, straggled back to camp where they all arrived during the night. For this breach of discipline Colonel Irwin was tried by conrt martial. About this time several changes took place among the line officers. Lieutenant Harper, of Company A, resigned. Lieutenant Keed, of Company G, resigned and Sergeant J. T. Stuart was promoted ; Lieutenant Spanogle, of Company I, resigned and Sergeant John Stewart promoted; Lieutenant John R. Keim resigned and SergeantWilliani B. Freeburn promoted: Adjutant J. M. Miller resigned, and Sergeant Major E. D. Smith promoted. On March 0, regiment went on a reconnoisance to Hunter's Mill, and re- turned to camp on the !)th. The next day the whole army moved to Fairfax Court House, and finding the enemy had evacuated his position at Bull Run and Centerville we retraced our steps to Alexandria and embarked for Fort- ress Monroe, and the peninsular campaign was inaugurated. At the time of the embarkation of our brigade it seemed necessary to put two regiments on one boat and the Forty-third New York and Forty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers were placed on board the steamer North America. Shortly alter an altercation took place Vjetween the men of the two regiments Avhich rendered it necessary to re- move the Forty-third New York to another vessel and they departed from the steamer to the tune of '•Bully for Yon" from the Forty-ninth band. After which episode the North America jjroceeded on her way and landed us safely at P^ortress Monroe. Upon our arrival upon the Peninsula the army was organized into corps and Smith's Division with Couch's and Casey's formed the Fourth Army Corps and was commanded by General E. D. Keycs. Went into camp near Hampton, Virginia, moved forward by slow and (» and Malvern Hill July 1 and arrived at Harrison's Landing on July 2through a drenching rain and mud knee deep. The retreat ended and the l)ase chan"-ed. The regiment and the arnn' i-emained at Harrison's until August 15 then moved down the peninsula to Fortress Monroe and eml)arked on the steamer Montreal and arrived at Alexandria on Sunday afternoon, August 24, where we remained until the 29th. On the morning of this day we marched off in great haste to the relief of Pope and arrived at Annandale in the evening, having made the prodigious march of four miles in one day. The next day marched to Centerville but arrived too late to do anything for Pope as the second battle of Bull Run had been fought and lost before our arrival. We occupied the 292 Pennsylvania at Gettyslmrg. forts around Centerville and prevented the further advance of the enemy in that direction. But while in this position, were in great danger of being cut off by the advance of the enemy to Chautilly. The regiment returned with the army to "Washington, crossed the Potomac at Long Bridge, through Wash- ington and Georgetown to Tennallytown. Then on the Maryland campaign to Crampton's Gap into Pleasant Valley and remained thereuntil Harper's Ferry capitulated and the battle of Antietam well on, when the regiment with the corps moved in rear from left to right of the whole army through Boonsboro, etc. , and went into the engagement on the extreme right, relieving Sumner's Corps. Upon our arrival at the front, General Richardson having been mortally wounded, General Hancock, our beloved brigade commander, was appointed to the command of Richardson's Division of the Second Corps. Our loss in the battle was slight ; one killed and a few wounded. The one killed was Charlie King of Company F, drummer, a bright boy of about thirteen years of age. After the battle moved to the I'otomac near Shepherdstowu, thence to Bakers- ville where we encamped about two weeks, then marched to the Pennsylvania line in an attempt to intercept the enemy's cavalry raid. On this movement the regiment did picket duty in our native State facing north. The enemy succeeded in making his escape and recrossed into Virginia. Regiment re- turned to Hagerstown and Avent into camp and remained there until the army again moved south. While at Hagerstown, Lieutenant-Colonel Brisbane and Cliaplain Earnshaw resigned and Major Hulings promoted to lieutenant-colonel and Captain John B. Miles to major. From Hagerstown the regiment moved through Boonsboro, Middletown and Petersville, crossed the Potomac at Berlin, down Loudoun Valley to White Plains, where we went into camp for a few days. While here, the first snow storm of the season occurred, accompanied by very cold weathei', causing considerable suffering among the men. A number of the regiment who went out foraging from this camp were captured by the guerrillas under Mosby. The next move brouo-ht us to iSTew Baltimore. Here General McClellan was relieved of the command of the army and General Burnside assigned in his stead. Shortly after this event, the army was organized into three grand divisions. The First and Sixth Corps formed the left grand division commanded by Major-General W. B. Fraukliu, the Sixth Corps by General W. F. Smith, our division by General Howe, General Pratt retaining the comnuind of the brigade. From New Baltimore marched to Aquia Church, to Stafford Court House, to Stafford Heights opposite Fredericksburg. The Sixth Corps going into camp near White Oak Church. Participated with the left grand division in the battle of Fredericksburg, December 12 to 14, 1862. Recrossed the river on the pon- toon bridge on the night of the 14th and returned to our old camp and remained until the Chancellorsville campaign. On January 11, 1863, the regiment having become very much depleted in numbers, by a special order from the War Department, was consolidated into four companies. Companies H and I formed new A, Captain Wakefield, First Lieutenant Thompson, Second Lieutenant Hilands. Companies K and F and part of E formed new B, Captain Freeburn, First Lieutenant Swain, Second Lieutenant Barr. Companies G and D and the balance of E formed new C, Captain Hutchison, First Lieutenant Wombacker and Second Lieutenant J. P. Smith. Companies A, B and part of C formed new D, Captain Quigley, First Lieutenant Sherwood, Second Lieutenant, B. H. Downing. Captain Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 293 Hickman was serving at division headquarters as ordnance officer ; Captains Campbell and DeWitt resigning. Colonel Irwin, Major Miles, Captains Sweeney, Eckeberger and Cox, Lieutenants Ritner, E. D. Smith and D. J. Wallings and all the supernumerary non-commissioned officers were sent to Pennsylvania on recruiting service. The colonel and major only i-emained during the balance of the winter and then rejoined the battalion. The rest remained in different parts of the State until November 19, 1863, when, by an order from the War Department, the supernumerary line officers were mustered out and honorably discharged and the non-commissioned officers were returned to the regiment and assigned to the new companies then being organized. The battalion under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hulings took part in the "Mud March." Shortly after the army again exchanged commanders, Hooker succeeding Burnside, and the army went back to the corps organization. Among other general officers, Franklin and Smith were relieved and Major- General John Sedgwick was assigned to command the Sixth Corps, General Brooks the division and General Russell the brigade. About this time the light division was formed, and two regiments from our brigade (Fifth Wiscon- sin and Sixth Maine) were assigned to it. Their places in the brigade were filled by two other regiments. On May 1, the Chancellorsville campaign opened and the Forty-ninth crossed the Rappahannock in pontoon boats under the fire of the enemy. They succeeded in crossing and held the ground while the pontoon bridge was thrown across. In this engagement Colonel Irwin and Captain Freeburn were wounded, the latter mortally. Corporals Cresswell and Bruce were also wounded. After the corps succeeded in crossing, the regiment took part in its movements and after being almost surrounded after Hooker's defeat, succeeded in escaping across the river at Banks' Ford. After Chancellorsville, nothing of importance occurred until Lee made hia movement north. On June 20, the Forty-ninth and brigade again crossed the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg in pontoon boats and captured the enemy's pickets and picket reserves and again established our line south of the river and entrenched from Deep Run to the Bernard House. After completing the works, re-crossed the river and followed the army now in pursuit of Lee. Ar- rived at Fairfax Court House June 26, Edwards' Ferry on the Potomac, June 28, crossed to Poolesville, Maryland, and after two days' marching arrived at Westminster, Maryland, on the eveningof July 1, and the first days' battle had been fought at Gettys])urg. From Westminster marched to Gettysburg, thirty- two miles, in a broiling July sun, with but one halt to make coffee and get some- thing to eat. Arrived on the battle-field about 2 p. m. of the second day and formed the reserve. On the night of the 2d, took position on the side of Round Top but were not engaged. On the morning of the 3d took position on this ground covering the left flank of the army. Grant's Vermont Brigade with Russell's formed in line at right angles with the main line of the army. Fifth Wisconsin Volunteers on the extreme left and the Forty-ninth joined it on the right. In this position held the ground under heavy artillery fire but no cas- ualties are reported. After the retreat of the enemy, the Sixth Corps led the advance in pursuit, first in the direction of Chambersburg, then to the left in the direction of Emmitsburg, arriving at the foot of the Catoctin Mountains about dark and attempted to cross during the night but, owing to the darkness and heavy rains, were compelled to go into camp on the top of the mountain 294 Pennsylvania at Getty shurg. near Hamburg. Early the uext morning continued our march west through Middletown, crossed the South Mountain at Turner's Pass and camped at Boonsboro. The next day the Forty-ninth, being in the extreme advance of the army, were deployed as skirmishers on either side of the National turnpike in the direction of Hagerstown. Skirmishing continued during the day; we advancing and the enemy falling back on his main body. When near Wil- liamsport, Maryland, in the evening of that same day, in skirmishing, Lieuten- ant Swain was wounded through the thigh. No attack in force being made that evening the enemy withdrew across the Potomac. The Union army crossed at Berlin via Boonsboro, marched through Loudoun Valley and went into camp at Warrenton, Virginia, and remained comparatively inactive until November 6, 1863. While in camp here, on October 24, Colonel Irwin resigned and re- turned home, the command devolving on Lieutenant-Colonel Hulings. On November 6, moved in the direction of Rappahanock Station. On the 7th, the Forty-ninth again in advance, did the skirmishing until near evening when the Sixth Maine took our place and we returned to the main column. By this time we were in front of the enemy's works on the north side of the river near the station, held by Hoke's and Hays' brigades of Lee'.'i army. The works were carried by storm and almost all of the enemy captured. The se- verest loss on our side fell to the Fifth Wisconsin and Sixth Maine who lost heavily. The loss in the Forty-ninth was three killed, three mortally and fif- teen others wounded. Among the latter was Captain Hutchison and Adjutant J. T. Stuart. Among the severely wounded was Quartermaster-Sergeant J. D. W. Henderson who gallantly borrowed a musket and went into the fight and was badly wounded. From this point the regiment moved to Brandy Station and went into camp near Hazel creek where the winter was spent. Early in December a movement ■was made to Mine run where the enemy was found in force. No strong attack "was made, but for two days the regiment was under artillery fire, during which a shell burst in the regiment, Avounded slightly Captain Quigley and four men. Returned to the camp and put up winter quarters. About this time the super- numerary non-commissioned ofiicers rejoined the regiment, and drafted men and substitutes also arriving, four new companies, E, F, G and H, were organized and commanded respectively by Wombacker, Sherwood, Stuart and Swain. A new company of volunteers recruited by Sergeant Kepliart also joined the regi- ment and was commanded by Captain W. P. Kephart. The regiment now filled to the minimum, Colonel Hulings, I^ieutenant-Colonel Miles and Major Hickman were mustered in as the field ofiicers. The supernumerary non-com- missioned ofiicers were assigned to the new companies. Eight new lieutenants were mustered, Lieutenant Hilands promoted to adjutant, and the regiment was well manned and ofiicered lor the spring campaign, having nine companies well filled, about seven hundred and fifty strong, a large regiment for those days. On May 4, the regiment moved with the army in the direction of the enemy, crossed the Rapidan at Germanna Mills. On the morning of the 5th formed line of battle and moved forward into the Wilderness. Struck the enemy about 10 o'clock who opened a volley on us at about thirty yards. More than fifty per cent, of the men in the regiment were new and untried and many of them had been compelled to serve by draft, but they stood the shock with an invin- cibility that would have done honor to Napoleon's Imperial Guard in its palmiest I*niri,s//Jrtains Wake- field and Wombacker. The two relieved ecjmpanies. I) and G, returned to the regiment and rested until about 4.30 p. m., when f^usti.s' Brigade with Upton's and another, making a division of twelve regiments of infantry, under the command of Colonel Emerv 296 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Upton, of the One hundred and twenty-tirst New York Volunteers, moved for- ward to assault the enemy. The storming column was formed in four lines with a front of three regiments and the lines twenty paces apart. The same cart road which liad been so gallantly fought for and held by the skirmishers during the day was the A^ery spot where the assaulting columns were formed and from which the charge was made. The Forty-ninth was upon the right of the second line and was represented by six companies Companies A and E were still on the skirmish line in front, and Company C was detailed to picket the right of the corps. Upon the firing of a signal gun the assaulting column dashed forward, first tlirough the timber about seventy-five yards into an open field of about one hundred and fifty to two hundred yards wide and then into slashed timber about one hundred yards, to strongly entrenched works, well manned with infantry and artillery. It seemed that when we emerged from our cover of timber, the first line of battle had melted away before the de- .structive fire of the enemy and we who had been in the second line now led the charge. We moved rapidly forward under a terrible fire of infantry and artil- lery, across the open field, through the slashed timber and over the first line of earthworks filled with the enemy, who threw down their arms and were sent to the rear, then forward through another line of rifle-pits. While between these two lines we suftered dreadfully from a battery about one hundred yards dis- tant on our right which threw canister into us by the bushel. A little later the battery was captured, Captain Honey of the Sixth Maine cutting down an artilleryman with his sword with his hand on the lanyard. The charge was up to this time a complete success, but a little while after, owing to the failure of the supports to arrive in time to protect our flanks, the enemy on the flanks changed front and compelled the withdrawal of the whole force who were able to leave the field. The Forty -ninth with the other regiment did all in this charge that could possibly be done by the same number of men and with the support received, but at dreadful cost. Colonel Hulings, Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, Captain Kephart and Lieutenant Ly tie were killed; Captains Barr, Quig- ley and Stuart wounded, the former mortally; Lieutenants Irwin. Eussell, Hilands, J. B. Downing wounded, and Lieutenant Barton wounded and cap- tured. Seventy-one enlisted men killed, twenty-one mortally wounded and one hundred and eighty-two others wounded and mis.siug. A total of two hun- dred and eighty-six officers and men out of about four hundred and fifty en- gaged, a loss of sixty-three and one-half per cent, of all who went into the en- gagement. The total loss to the regiment in this day's fighting was about three hundred and twenty-five men. The next daj% May 11, it was comparatively quiet in our front. Lieutenant John M. Thompson was badlj' wounded in the left arm by a sharpshooter while on picket. On the morning of May 12, General Hancock, with the Second Corps, charged at what afterwards was known as the "Bloody Angle," captured two general officers and several thousand prisoners, but was unable to continue the move- ment and the Sixth Corps was sent to his relief. The Forty-ninth fought the enemy for the whole day at only a few yards distance, as many as two hundred rounds of ammunition being used per man, and the muskets became so foul and heated that the rifle in the bore was worn smooth, and after this fight they would not carry a ball thirty yards. They were afterwards changed for Springfield rifles. In this fight large oak trees were literally cut off" by bullets ; no artil- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 297 lery could be used. The regiment lost in this engagement, sixteen killed, two mortally wounded and about thirty others wounded. Among the latter was Captain Wombacker, Lieutenants B. H. Downing and Howell. The losses in officers in these engagements made the following promotions: .Major Hickman to lieutenant-colonel, Captain Wakefield to major, Lieutenant Thompson to captain Company A, Second Lieutenant Wix to first and Sergeant J. B. Rodgers to second lieutenant A, Lieutenant Byers to captain of 1, Hackenberg first lieutenant and D. .\. Stahl second lieutenant, John S. Brat- ton to captain B, Samuel H. Irvin first and John J. Hight second lieutenant, Joseph W. Wallace first and O. S. Rumberger second lieutenant of H and Howell and Davison first and second lieutenants of F. After the sanguinary engagements at Spotsylvania were ended, moved by the left flank to the Pamunkey river and Cold Harbor where the regiment was under fire and partly engaged daily from June 1 to 7, losing nine killed, two mortally wounded and about thirty others wounded and missing, among the latter Lieutenant James P. Smith and several men were captured by the enemy. Lieutenant Smith was held a prisoner until the following spring and rejoined the regiment after Lee's surrender. From Cold Harbor moved again by the left and crossed the James river and took part in the siege of Petersburg until Julj' 7, 1864. While here Colonel Oliver Edwards of the Thirty-seventh Massachusetts Volunteers succeeded General Eustis in command of the brigade. On July 7, 1864, a strong force having been sent to menace Washington and Baltimore, the Si.xth Corps cut loose from the Army of the Potomac and took transports at City Point for the National Capital, arriving in Washington on the evening of July 9. We raced the enemy from Fort Stevens in the defenses of Washington to Snicker's Gap, but they succeeded in crossing the Shenandoah and escaped. Returned to Washington passing through our old Cami> Griffin on the way. Marched through Maryland to Frederick City and to Harper's Ferry. By this time the Middle Military Division was formed and composed of the Sixth, Eighth and Nineteenth corps, all under the command of Major-Gen- eral Philip H. Sheridan who gained for his troops additional glory and they in return made him world famous by the time the campaign ended. Shortly after our arrival at Harper's Ferry the small-pox broke out in the regiment and it was isolated at Bolivar Heights for about a month. On Septem- ber 13, rejoined the division then encamped near Berryville. Early on the morning of September 19, moved in the direction of Winchester. Struck the enemy near Opequou creek and fought a fierce battle during the whole of the day, the enemy's forces falling back towards Winchester. About noon two brigades of Early's forces which had been sent in the direction of Martinsburg returned and made a desperate attack on the left of the Nineteenth Corps, driving them back. This repulse uncovered the right flank of Russell's Division of the Sixth Corps. Russell put himself at the head of the brigade and hurried in to retrieve the disaster, and succeeded in stopping the enemy, but in the movement the general Avas killed, .shot to death with a cannon ball. General Frank Wheaton succeeded to the command of the division. Towards the closeof theday, and while the infantry and artillery were driving the enemy, the cavalry division struck them on their left flank, doubling them up and sent them ''Whirling through Winchester," winning a glorious victory on the open field. In this engagement First Lieutenant Joseph W. Wallace was killed 298 PeMnsylvania at Getty shu7'g. and Captain John M. Thompson desperately wounded in seven places by tlie explosion of a schrapnel, directly in front of him. Ten enlisted men were killed and about thirty wounded, eight of tliem mortally. While the tight was at its height Major Waketield, who had been away on special service, was returning, and hearing the sound of the battle, with two or three comrades were hurrying up from Berry ville to rejoin their commands, and when within a mile of the line of the Union army in action were captured by a gang of Mosby's men and carried around the flank of our army to Richmond. He was confined at Danville, Va., until the next spring. After this engagement the brigade was detailed to guard the post at Win- chester, guarding trains to and from Martinsburg etc., imtil after the battle of Cedar Creek, on October 19. 18«4. While encamped at AVinchester the regiment received from the State a new stand of colors which were presented by Colonel Edwards, and received on the part of the regiment by Captain James T. Stuart. On October 24, the brigade rejoined the corps at Cedar Creek and remained there until after the presidential election, then moved midway between Mid- dletown and Winchester until about December 6, when the Sixth Corps left the valley and returned to the siege of Petersburg. Went into the line in front of Yellow House near Fort Wadsworth. The regiment succeeded in finding splendid winter quarters built by some soldiers of the Fifth Corps. Here we remained, with the exception of a reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run, until April 2, 1865. In the last days of Marcli troops in large l)odies were passing in the rear of us to the left, moving to Five Forks and the series of battles were commencing to end the rebellion. On Sunday morning. April 2, the regiment and brigade (having formed dur- ing the previous night in front of Fort Fisher) at the early dawn charged the works in our front and broke through the enemy's lines. The regiment turned to the left and emptied the rifle pits for about a mile, when troops from the Second Corps took our place and continued the movement while we faced about and closed in on Petersburg, the Sixth Corps holding the line from the Appo- mattox river to the old rebel line of works. Loss of the regiment in the en- gagement, one killed and about a dozen wounded. Among the latter was the adjutant who received a slight .saber cut in the left hand in going over the rebel entrenchments. The movement of this day compelled the evacuation of Richmond and Pet- ersburg. Early on the morning of the Ikl, started in pursuit of the enemy in the direction of Amelia Court House. General Sheridan had been pleading for the Sixth Corps from the beginning of the campaign but until now Grant had work for them and they could not be spared. The Sixth Corps now moved rapidly across the army to the extreme right to Sheridan's heli). We caught up with him at Sailor's creek about 5 p. m, , of April 6, and immediately formed line of battle under Sheridan's direction, the brigade in the following order : Fifth W^isconsin on the right joined by the One-hundred and nine- teenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, the Forth-ninth in the center joined by the Sixth Maine to the left and the Thirty -seventh Massachusetts on the left of the brigade. While forming Major Gray of the One hundred and nineteenth asked the general of the situation. He replied aloud, "Boys, Custer is across there (pointing) about two miles with his cavalry and fourteen pieces of artil- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 299 lery and we're here, and Ewell with his corps is between us and if we press them they will be in a tight fix." As soon as the lines were formed we "pressed." Moved forward in line of battle down sloping ground to the creek which we crossed, it being from knee to waist deep. After crossing we lay under cover of a knoll a few minutes to perfect the alignments. In a lew min- utes Captain Colt of Edwards' staff rode along and directed an advance on the double-quick. The enemy was under cover of a woods about one hundred and fiifty yards in our front and between us open ground. The regiment advanced rapidly through a perfect storm of bullets but in fifteen minutes it was all over and General Ewell commanding the corps, with seven other general officers and about 7,000 officers and men were captured. The regiment in this engagement was opposed by a regiment of marines from Richmond who had never been in an engagement but thej'^ fought valiantly and Avhen flanked and surrounded hardly knew enough to surrender. The loss of the regiment in this battle was excessively severe. Owing to the bard and wearisome marches made for four days; we carried only about 250 men into the battle. Of these fifteen were killed including Lieutenant Hackenberg, six mortally wounded including Lieutenants John B. Rodgers and John D. Gil- lespie, about sixty others were wounded. The most distressing part of these losses was that this was our last battle and a number of those killed were men who bad been with us from the organization of the regiment. Notably, Lieu- tenants Rodgers and Gillespie, Sergeant-Major J. Roy Hackenberg and First Sergeant Calvin Cain. Shortly after the end of the fight the Forty -ninth Avas detailed to guard pris- oners at Sheridan's headquarters. During the night Custer's cavalrj' brought in a large number in addition to those previously captured. About 8 a. m. of the 7th, the regiment was ordered to conduct the prisoners to Burkeville Junction which was a full day's march from the battle-field. Arrived at Burkeville about dark and turned the prisoners over to the provost marshal, drew rations and went into camp for the night. Early on the next morning (April 8) we started for the front, marched rapidly in the direction of Appomattox Court House, pas.sing through Farmville and reached the front and joined the brigade on the morning of the lOth, after the surrender of Lee which had occurred the day be- fore (April 9, 1865). We then returned with the army to Burkeville Junction and went into camp where we remained until the 25th. While in camp here, on April 16, Adjutant Downing was mustered as captain of Company F and Lieutenant Robert Davison of Company F as adjutant of the regiment. Here also we were joined by a com- pany of volunteers from Allegheny county, Company K, commanded by Caj)- tain J. F. Reynolds, First Lieutenant James H. Bascom and Second Lieutenant Thomas M. Gillespie. On April 25, General Johnson not having yet surrendered to Sherman, the Sixth Corps marched to Danville in the very southern edge of Virginia, making the march in four days. Here we found many men from Lee's army awaiting transportation further south. The old corps marched through the city with colors unfurled and the men never felt prouder nor marched better than on this occasion. We went in camp south of the city on the edge of North Carolina and remained until after Johnson's surrender. While here one recruit arrived and was assigned to Company F, which lacked one man of the minimum, and as a result, First Sergeant Glass was mustered as 300 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. second lieutenant of the company which event occurred just in time, for the mail arrived while Glass was at the mustering officer's which brought news of the death of George Stanford, wounded at Sailor's Creek, and two others discharged for disability. Had Glass been an hour later he would have failed in being mustered. On May 6, we returned by rail to Burkeville and the corps was distributed along the Southside railroad. The Forty -ninth headquarters were at Wellsville with eight companies, while two companies under the command of Captain Wombacker were stationed at Blacks and Whites Station, about eight miles further south. While here the Army of the Potomac, with the exception of the Sixth Corps, returned to Washington. Sherman's army from Atlanta also passed by us on their way to the National Capital. After the grand review of the two armies in Washington, the Sixth Corps, about June 1, broke camp and marched to Petersburg and Manchester opposite Richmond, went into camp for two days, then marched through Richmond, reviewed by General Halleck, on to Mechanicsville and Fredericksburg, and arrived at Hall's Hill opposite Wash- ington, where we remained until July 15. In the meantime, however, the Sixth Corps also passed in review through Washington. On July 12, orders were received to make the muster-out rolls, preparatory to discharge. Everything being prepared Captain A. M. Tyler, mustering officer, visited us and mustered the regiment out of the service on July 15, 1865, three years and ten months after organization. We proceeded through Washington and Baltimore to Harrisburg where the officers and men were paid and finally discharged, and the Forty-ninth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers had passed into history. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 53° REGIMENT INFANTRY September ii, 1889 ADDRESS OF FIRST LIEUT. CHAS. P. HATCH, ADJUTANT COMRADES : — We meet to-day for a noble and glorious purpose, and one which cannot but appeal to the heart of every soldier here who was a member of our old command. At the same time it would be strange indeed, if the occasion did not engender within us emotions of a con- flicting nature. As I look around me and see how few there are of us left, memories of the past come crowding before me. I recall to memory those days in '63 when we were battling with the enemy upon this very field. I am carried still farther back to '61 when Ave started out upon our military career, and, compar- ing that starting out with to-day, one cannot but be profoundly impressed not alone by the changed and happy conditions now existing, but sorrowfully as well, as we recall to memory our former comrades, now dead and gone but then with us brave, eager and enthusiastic. The records of the War Department show that from '61 to '63 our regiment had already gone through ten principal engagements, not counting the numer- ous minor ones, and in each many were stricken from our ranks, and when, iu PHOTO. BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. NT : THE F. GUTEKUN8T CO., PHIl Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 301 I8G0, we marched upon the tield of Gettysburg, our ranks had already been sadly depleted, but again our thin ranks were further reduced in numbers. From Gettysburg to Appomattox inclusive the Fifty-third took part in sixteen addi- tional principal engagements, making twenty-six in all, averaging one princi- pal engagement or battle for each fifty days of service, including the time spent in winter quarters, and not counting the reconnaissances, special services and incidental encounters with the enemy between battles, in all of which however we suffered constant losses in killed and wounded. Our regimental reports of casualties during the war foot up thirty-five ofticers and seven hundred and two enlisted men, giving a total ot seven hundred and thirty-seven. Of these, the record of killed in action or died of wounds received in action is four officers and one hundred and ninety -six en- listed men, a total of exactly two hundred killed. These facts and remin- iscences vividl}- recall the past and we would be indeed singularly constituted were our feelings not wrought upon by the retrospect. Still, with it all comes over us the proud consciousness of a soldier's faithful service, and associated with it a .sentiment of pride and admiration in the gal- lantry and fortitude of our old comrades who glorioiisly laid down their lives in the cause which we had all alike a.ssumed, and when we remember that our presence here to-day is at the bidding of our State, as being worthy of its honors for the service they and we perlbrmed, we experience feelings of profound gratitude and satisfaction, in that it is our privilege to see this memorial monu- ment erected and dedicated in honor of those old comrades and of our gallant old regiment, for it was a gallant regiment, as its official record bears witness, and we are amply entitled to all our feelings of pride in having been members of it. That it served in line with the numerous other gallant commands from our own as well as other States, would alone be sufficient glory for the Fifty- third, even though it had no other claims for credit, but I believe the evidence will show that probably few regiments in our whole army saw more arduous or severe service during the war, a fact not realized by us at the time but now demonstrated in the statistical summing up. It will however be out of place for me here and at this time to even attempt to trace the career of our old com- mand during the war, or enter upon its active participation in the many en- gagements m which it bore a part and I but touch upon the general facts. As with many another, our regiment had its origin in that great uprising in 1861, a year we well remember who lived and moved in its excitements, but of which the younger and present generation can have no adequate conception. An economic and political question which had, at the time the constitution of the country was first under discussion and being formulated, already been the cause of anxious thought and then adjusted by compromise, a question which later on was the cause of renewed discussions and new compromises, •which had passed all the stages, from anxious debate to acrimonious contro- versy, finally reached its culmination in 1861, when, though I cannot say with- out warning or premonition, the blow fell which was the knell of war between the two sections of the country. There were those no doubt on the one side who had early determined to strike the blow, there were those in the North who saw its coming, yet the country at large could not believe in the possibility of such a calamity and was amazed as well as astounded when it come, but be- fore that first shot upon Fort Sumter had ceased echoing over the land, the revulsion came in a mighty cry of denunciation for those who had done the 302 Pfun.si/lraiiic at (reftyshurg. deed, aud men in countless muubeisaiul Ironi all sides of the loyal North d< - mauded to be led to the defense of our country's flag. So, and then, the Fifty-third rennsylvania was born and organized, not for hope of personal reward, not for love, Ijut through that exalted aud vivifying patriotism which pervaded the hearts of the loyal North, asking only to be led to the front to meet the enemj'. There was but one thought, that in the Providence of God there was one duty above every other presented to us, and that was the defense of our flag, the maintenance of our government and glo- rious nationality' in all its integrity, and for this the men of '61 freely volur.- teered their services and if need be their lives. As was natural under the ten- sion of public feeling then existing, the people were in advance of the constituted authorities, coming together intuitively and by, a common impulse, taking the initiative in organization and selecting their leaders under whom they desired to serve. We found ours in Cujitain John K. Brooke who had already served as an of- ficer in the preliminary three-months' service, and he became our colonel, and as corroboration of the worthiness and fitness of the selection, as well as testi- fying as to the quality of the command under him, I have but to mention that after the close of the war he was commissioned in the regular military service of the United States and is to-day holding the rank of brigadier-general. Our lieutenant-colonel was Richards McMichael of Pottsville, Pa., a veteran of the Mexican war, while our major was Thomas Yeager of AUentown, ]':>.> who lost his life at Fair Oaks. On the one side, therefore, were arrayed those who had taken up arms in de- fense and for the perpetuation of our National life. On the other were arrayed those who, though doubtless equally as sincere in their convictions, yet sought the destruction of our National government, and the right to maintain a sepa- rate confederate government. The issue at stake was a momentous one and upon the outcome of those days of conflict upon which we were about to enter, depended consequences to our country aud humanity which would shape the destiny of generations. Our grand government, which had already done so much to raise the dignity of man and labor, which had long been the wonder and admiration of civilized people as they viewed the progress and prosperity already attained by a peo- ple living under constitutional guarantees of liberty and freedom, was now threatened with subversion. In the principles involved it was as a struggle between giants. It was in fact a war between men of kindred blood and an- tecedents. With the great issues before us, and with the spirit prevailing and which ani- mated our regiment, therefore, how impatiently were passed those earlj^ days of necessary jjreparation in Camp Curtin, until that, to us, eventful day, Novem- ber 7, 1861, when, a completely organized and e(iuipped regiment, the Fifty-third was drawn up in line and presented with its colors by the Governor of our State, Andrew G. Curtin. That which we had asked had come to us, and the emblem which we were to defend had been placed in our charge. How that charge was fulfilled, our duty performed, is attested here and by these ceremonies to-day, with our colors re- stored to the State unsullied and without stain, though they may be and are in fact ragged and torn by service and exposure on the numerous fields of battle where they had been so gallantly borne by the Fifty-third, and they rest to-day Pennsylvania at (Tefti/s/ni/nj. 303 ill honored companiousliij) in the oapitol of the State. From the moment the P^ifty-third received its colors they were never ont of its possession until the day they were af;ain returned to the State at the close of th(! war and the regi- ment disbanded. Following the presentation of our colors we received marching orders, and at 9 a. m., November 9, 1861, left Camp Curtin, being transi)orted by rail from Harrisburg to Washington, by way of York and Baltimore, where we became a part of the Third Brigade, Sumner's Division, afterward known as First Divi- sion, Second Army Corps. We remained connected with the Third Brigade until April 14, 1863, when a Fourth Brigade for our division was organized, to be (commanded by Colonel Brooke,to which our regiment was naturally transferred. Originally enlisting for three years our regiment re-enlisted for the war, De- cember 22, 1863, and thus became entitled to be known as the Fifty-third Penn- sylvania Veteran Volunteers. It was present at Appomattox Court House at the surrender of General Lee and was mustered out of the service of the United States, June 30, 1865. Gettysburg will, I think, be hereafter, if it is not already, classed among the great battles of the world, a crucial period in the war, governing the eventual out- (;ome or fate of a cause. It is true, battles had been fought by us, successes achieved by our arms, but none had yet seemed to jwssess that potent and de- cisive influence which presaged defeat or victory to the cause at large. At the period there were two great points of conflict, Vicksburg and Gettysburg. Upon the 3d day of July, Vicksburg asked terms of surrender, on the same day and almost the same hour the Army of the Potomac, under command of General Meade, dealt the Confederate armj^, commanded by General Lee, its final blow, one it never recovered from, for though it fought bravely and vig- orously through the Wilderness Campaign of '64, after withdrawing behind the defenses of Richmond and Petersburg it was never again able to take the of- fensive in the field and only left those defenses in the spring of '6") to surrender in a few days to the illustrious commander of our armies. General Grant. The defeat of the main army of the Confederates at Gettysburg, probably the strongest and best equipped they had at any time sent into the field, composed of veterans, and encouraged by their advantages at Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville, was irreparable. Their cause was thereafter hopeless. That its importance was read right at the time by those who had watched the drift of events and knew the art of war is without doubt. In this connection I need but quote the words of our old corps commander, noble generous-hearted Han- cock, spoken while on the field and but shortly prior to the final charge of the enemy under Pickett. It was while the artillery fire of the 3d was in full progress, and which you will remember had opened on Ixjth sides about 1 p. m. About 2.30 p. m., Colonel Brooke with his stafi', including myself, had ridden out to a small farm house some two hundred yards in front of our line of battle, a little to the left, observing the effect of our artillery fire upon the enemy's lines and watching their movements, when General Hancock, accompanied by some of his staff, also rode up. After some general conversation pertinent to the occasion, Hancock started to return to our lines again, as he did so however he drew himself up in the saddle in the manner which gave him the name of "Superb," and remarked: "Gentlemen, after this artillery fire is over it will be Ibllowed by an infantry attack upon our lines. This battle is the turning point of the war : if we win 304 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. this fight the war is practically over,"' and as giving a lurtlier portrayal of his admirable qualities, I cannot refrain from also quoting his closing remarks which were as follows: "We cannot tell where any of us may be before this day is over; before leaving you I wish to say I speak harshly sometimes. If I have at any time ever said anything to oflend or hurt the feelings of any one of you I wish now to offer an apology.'" Those who had the good fortune. to know General Hancock personally, can easily recall and fully appreciate his characteristic nobility, generosity and magnaminity ; he was actuated by all these graceful attributes of the true soldier and as well gave evidence of his clear military sagacity when he thus spake, and then, as though hismiud at ease and prepared and ready for any fate which might be in store ibr him, he rode off, and, as is well known, was, not much later on during the charge on our lines, badly wounded and borne from the field. We none of us of course understood him to imply that this was to be the last battle to be fought, but that its loss would be disastrous and vital to the enemy, that the end was thereafter a foregone conclusion in a military sense, and such was the case, for the enemy never recovered from the blow it received here. It is therefore because Gettj'sburg was the turning point, the great culminating battle of the war, that it has been accorded such prominence, that it has been thought well to mark this field with these imperishable memorials to stand iereafter to the glory and credit oftho.se who particiijated in its dangers, and the monuments will certainly lose none of their significance; in truth it should be all the greater, in being located and dedicated by those who themselves had taken part in the conflict, while to the student and historian of the future, their value must prove inestimable, for who will question the correctness of the story of Gettysburg written in these imperishable characters by those who fought the fight. When, in 1863, the enemy, being then around Fredericksburg, started, northwest upon his Gettysburg campaign, our regiment was in camp near Fal- mouth, Va., opposite Fredericksburg, and at the time constituted a part of the Fourth Brigade,First Division, Second Army Corps, the other regiments being the One hundred and forty-fifth Pennsylvania, Second Delaware, Sixty-fourth New York and Twenty' -seventh Connecticut. The brigade was under command of Colonel John R. Brooke, colonel of our regiment, while the regiment was under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Rich- ards McMichael, I, your adjutant, being on the staff of the brigade commander as acting assistant adjutant-general At the period named our brigade received orders at 2 a. m., June 14, to be ready to march at 8 a. m., and at the latter hour we were under arms awaiting orders. It was at the time part of our duty to "picket'' a portion of the front before Fredericksburg and we therefore had but about five hundred men for duty in the brigade. We remained under arms until 2 p.m., when, a section of artillery having been added to our force, we received orders to move in haste and occupy Banks' Ford on the Rappahannock; we marched at once and upon reaching our destina- tion found the Fifty-second New York of the Third Brigade already arrived there and which for this duty was placed in our brigade. Our duty was to pro- tect the ford, prevent its use by the enemy and observe their movements, their columns being then in movement up the south side of the river. We held the ford until 9 p. m. that night, when, leaving the Fifty-second New York at the ford, the brigade withdrew to Berea Church about two and one-half miles from the ford where we took up position for attack and then went into bivouac. The Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 305 next morning early the regiment at the ford was also withdrawn and at 5.30 a. m., the brigade took up the line of march for Stafford Court House to reach which we had to retrace our route through the camps around Falmouth, all of which were now silent and deserted. That portion of our brigade which had been on picket duty before Fredericks- burg was at the same time withdrawn, and rejoined us as we passed Falmouth. Our brigade was the last to leave the front ot Fredericksburg. Our march to Staf- ford Court House was a rapid one, as we reached there about 10 a. m.. making the distance about twelve miles, in about four and one-half hours; upon reach- ing Stafford we found our corps and division, which had halted, anxiously awaiting our withdrawal, when after a further halt of about two hours we with our corps resumed our march and that afternoon about 5 p. m. went into bivouac at Aquia creek. The day had been intensely warm, some thirty men of the corps being sunstruck on the march, while hundreds almost exhausted by the heat and unable to keep up with the column struggled in the rear as best they could, but most came in after dark, though many were captured by the enemy's cavalry. June 16, at 6 a. ra., our corps again resumed its march, our brigade with a section of artillery now acting as rear guard for the column. At 11 a. m. we forded the Occoquan and passing beyond a short distance went into camp about 2 p. m. This day like the preceding was exhausting and the heat oppressive, our men suffering severely. June 17, 7.30 a. m., we again struck camp and, moving via Dumfries, went into camp at Sangster's Station about noon, where, acting under orders, all extra baggage and all men not able to endure the march were forwarded to Washington. We remained at Sangster's until 4 p. m. June 19, when, breaking camp, we moved to Centerville, which we reached at 7.30 p. m. At this point our brigade was ordered to occupy and hold Thoroughfare Gap, while our corps moved on, and for this purpose our brigade broke camp at noon June 20, reaching and occupying the Gap at 11 p. nu that night. We held the Gap until 9 a. m., June 25, the enemy making occasional demonstrations on our pickets, and at times forcing us to go into line of battle, but beyond some skirm- ishing, by which we lost one killed and five or six wounded, nothing of moment occurred, and at the hour mentioned we withdrew and marched to Gum Springs, being followed from the Gap by the enemy's cavalry, where we again came up with our corps. At 6 a. m., June 26, our whole column was again on the march and now directly for the Potomac river, which we crossed at Edwards' Ferry at midnight, going into bivouac about 2.30 a. m., June 27, on the north side, where we halted until 3 p. m. when we again resumed our march, going into camp near Barnesville, Md., about 11 p. m. June 28, 6 a. m., we started for and at 4 p. m. reached the Monocacy river, where we halted, and our brigade went into camp on the same ground occupied similarly by us the year previous when on our march for Antietam. June 29, 6 a. m., we crossed the Monocacy by the stone bridge and marching via Frederick City and Union Bridge, went into camp near Uniontown, Md, alwut 9.30 p. m., mak- ing for the day an unusually long march of thirty-three miles. Here we re- mained until the morning of July 1. On this day, which witnessed the open- ing of the three days' battle at Gettysburg, we broke camp at Uniontown at 6 a. m. and took up our line of march via Taneytown. After making a few miles the familiar sound of artillery firing was heard in the advance, which we then 20 306 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. had learned was at or near Gettysburg, toward wliich our coluiuns were now rapidly converging. You no doubt all remember our crossing the boundary line into Pennsylvania and what riniring cheers went uji from our regiment when we found ourselves, after so long an absence, once more treading the soil of our native State and that we were to do battle so near our homes. Footsore and jaded as all were, the step became more springy, the gait quickened as our forward movement went on, while the sound of artillery l)e<»ame momentarily more rapid as ^vell as more distinct as we advanced. In fact the great fight had fairly begun, and we knew must be in full progress in the front, and as we recall the scene there is even now the old thrill and inspiration in the contemplation of our veteran column pushing on with all the determination and speed possible toward the field which we knew was the prelude to the desperate encounter we were our- selves to engage in with the enemy. It was about 2.30 p. m., while our column was thus pushing forward, our brigade being in the lead and our regiment leading the brigade. General Han- cock with Colonel Brooke and their respective staffs were at the time riding at the head of the line, when a mounted orderly came rapidly down the road to- ward us and, approaching General Hancock, handed him the communication from General Meade apprising him of the death of General Reynolds and di- recting him to at once take command of the forces in the front and then en- gaged with the enemy. Delaying only to announce the purport of the order and to give Colonel Brooke some instructions as to our further march, Hancock rode off rapidly in the direction of Gettysbuig. In a short time after the am- bulance bearing the body of the lamented Reynolds pas.sed us in the contrary direction. That night about 10 p. m. we went into bivouac about two miles from Gettys- burg, the battle for the day having ceased, but by 7 a. m.. July 2. we were as- signed position on Cemetery Ridge about one mile north of Little Round Top on the right of the Third Corps, the enemy being in our front across the valley about, one mile. The weary hours we .spent in this position I need hardly men- tion, being varied only by shifting our position here and there, but never far, and this continued from 7 a. m. until 4 p. m., when all our weariness vanished as we unexpectedly and .somewhat to our surprise, saw the Third Corps under General Sickles advancing from our left and moving acro.ss the valley to the peach orchard and the Emmitsburg road. At first uncertain what it meant we soon saw them penetrate the peach orchard, and realized by the rattle of musketry which followed that the second day's fight had opened. Entertain- ing no doubt but that we would shortly be ordered forward to join in it, we were intently watching the fighting going on betbre us, when we were, about 5 p. m., suddenly called to attention and our brigade Avas ordered to the left, at double-quick, our movement being left in front. We were soon in line of battle at the edge of the wheat-field, where by the time of our arrival the First Brigade of our division, under command of Colonel Cro.ss of the Fifth New Hampshire, had already become hotly engaged and were being pressed by the enemy. Halting only to rectify our ranks, our brigade was ordered to advance to the relief of the First Brigade, and we at once moved forward faced by the rear rank, having no time to form by the front, and passing the line of the Fir.st Brigade at the edge of the field, struck the enemy and we also ibund ourselves hotly engaged. Our brigade however pre.ssed forward steadily, firing as it ad- Pennsylvania at (reffysburg. 307 viiuced, opposed by botli iul'antry and aitillerv, the latter being posted on the liigli ground beyond, but we nevertheless soon drove the enemy's front line by our tirm advance, but the enemy's artiUer\' fire was now felt by Colonel Brooke to be telling too severelj^ upon us at this time and he therefore ordered a charge by the brigade which gallantly responded, and. dashing forward, broke the enemy's second line and mounting the high ground beyond the run, drove the enemy's artillery from its position, and it was in this charge and at this time the Fifty-third Pennsylvania reached the identical spot now marked by this monument, the Sixty-fourth New York being on our left, two companies of the Twenty-seventh Connecticut on our right, with the One hundred and forty-fifth l^ennsylvania on the right of the line and their respective monuments stand with our own on this glorious and advanced line. A part of the Third Brigade of our division i our original brigade) was not far off, and hoping to maintain our position, Colonel Brooke, in the emergency, at once assumed command over them, ordering them to our aid, to hold what we had gained, but we were too far in advance of our lines, and the enemy .still being in strong force in our fi-ont and moving upon both our right and left flanks, .seeing no troops coming to our assistance. Colonel Brooke was obliged to order our line to fall back, which it did slowly and in good order, firing as it retired. In fact we retired none too soon, as our brigade was almost enveloped by the enemy before it had reached and repassed the wheat-field, where we reformed behind .some stone walls in line with our other troops, prepared to continue the fight, but at this time fresh troops came up and relieved our lirigade, when we withdrew to a point nearer Little Round Top to reform, it being then about 7 p. m. and the fight for the day practically over. After reforming, we moved to a position near that occupied by us before the battle where we rested under arms until early the next morning, July ;], when we again moved with our position in the front line on Cemetery Ridge, the enemy having our movement in plain view, .shelling us severely ; we lost several of our brigade in killed and wounded. Here we dug rifle pits and then awaited further events. That the fight would reopen we knew was inevitable, and there was apparent evidence that both armies were preparing for its renewal, but, beyond some desultory firing here and there, there was comparative quiet until about 1 p. m. when the silence was broken by the cra.sh of artillery firing which opened on each side with a terrific roar. This was kept up without appreciable diminution on either side until about 3.30 p. m. when our own guns gradually slackened their fire, though that of the enemy continued in full volume until about 4 p. m. when it also diminished in volume and we saw their iniantr\- Curtin with nearly eight hundred officers and men destined for the Army of the Potomac, then at Wa.shington. Sixteen months of active field service and the sun of that July morning shone down upon the regiment as it came upon this field with its effective force reduced to seven- teen officers, two hundred and thirty-five men; and true is it also, that the regi- ment was back within the borders of our State, and within so short a distance from the camp of rendezvous, and that tlie great struggle in which it had been engaged was still undecided. If we follow the track of the regiment's march, we shall find, however, that it had already marched a great distance, that it had already crossed many fields of battle, had moved over roads covered with stifling du.st, or bottomless mud, through exhausting heat, through biting cold, through rain and hail and snow, had forded rapid streams and crossed rugged mountains. The exjwsure incidental to these marches liad brought many a .stout-hearted comrade to the hospital cot, to rise only after months of agonizing pain, and perhaps with health irreparably shattered, or there to end his days upon earth. Add to these cases, the long list of comrades killed and Avounded in the battles, and the absent at that morning's roll-call are accounted for. Moving by rail, that factor so essential to success in modern warfare, the regi- ment arrived at Washington on the morning of March 9, and encamped on Kalorama Heights. Then moved to Fort Albany, west of the Potomac river. April 4, it moved by boat to the "LoAver Potomac" to guard government stores left there by Hooker's Division, which had gone to the Peninsula. On the 24th, the regiment was carried to Aquia Landing, then the northern ter- minus of the Richmond and Washington railroad. There the regiment was engaged for some time in repairing the wharf, rebuilding the railroad, cut- ting wood and other uncongenial duties: \ineongenial. because at the time Pennsylvania at Getbjshurg. 313 deemed to be unsoldiery duties. Long before tlie war had been brought to a close, it was learned that destroying and rebuilding railroads, and the gen- eral use of the pick, and the spade, and the axe, formed in fact a legitimate part of a soldier's duty. May 7, found the regiment at the Rappahannock river, engaged in guarding the railroad back to the Potomac creek bridge. It was now assigned to the brigade commanded by General A. Doubleday, and known as the Second Brigade, First Division (King's), First Corps (McDowell's). On the afternoon of August 9, the regiment joined the brigade column, crossed the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, and entered upon the march that led to Cedar Mountain, thence to the battle-fields of Rappahannock Station, to Sulphur Spring, then to Gainesville, where Captain Corman gave his life to his country, and where Colonel Meredith was severely wounded, and for his gallantry here was promoted to brigadier-general. — Then to Groveton, and to Manassas, each of these in turn claiming a sanguinary tribute from the regiment. Then recrossing the Potomac river at Washington, the march led through Frederick city and Middletown to the foot of the eastern slope of the South Mountain, about a mile north of Turner's Gap, the crest of the mountain at the time glittering with the arms of the enemy. A gallant ascent of the steep slope, in line of battle, a four hours' fight, and the victory was won. Under cover of the night the enemy retreated. Early in the battle, General Hatch, commanding the division, was wounded, and was succeeded by General Doubleday, the command of the brigade then devolved upon your lieutenant-colonel, and remained in my hands until the early part of November ; the command of the regiment devolved upon Cap- tain F. Williams. This, as an index of the severity of our losses in a campaign then extending not over five weeks, for, on leaving Fredericksburg my name stood only number seven in the order of seniority upon the brigade roster. I pause a moment in the narration to pay a well-earned tribute to two officers whom it became necessary now to detach from their company for duty upon my improvised staff, Lieutenant (now Colonel) Laycock and his friend Lieu- tenant Samuel Healy- Although new to the duties that now devolved upon them, the energy, zeal and efiiciency with which these were performed, con- firmed my admiration for them, awakening in the night battles at Gainesville and at Groveton, and which was never lessened thereafter, whether, in many changes which followed, they served in the line or on the staff. Nextmorning, September 15, the road was again open for the march that now led to the field, memorable in the annals of warfare, as the battle of Antietam. A battle of charges and counter-charges, but a victory so fruitful in its results. The enemy Avas driven back into Virginia, Maryland was saved to the Union. The intense anxietj' oi the people of the North for the .safety of the National Capital was re- lieved. President Lincoln utilized the victory as a fulcrum for his pen, and sent forth the edict, one of the mightiest, most just, most humane of any issued by a ruler during historic times — the edict that expunged for all time the word slave from our statute book. Thenceforth all who stood beneath our country's flag stood there as freemen. Such were the results that were wrought by the victory achieved by the valor of the Army of the Potomac upon the field of Antietam. October 30 found the regiment again crossing the Potomac river into Virginia, now by a pontoon bridge laid at Berlin. The Army of Northern Virginia, under General Lee, was retreating southward in the valley of the Shenandoah. The Army of the Potomac, under General McClellan. was pursuing in the Loudoun 314 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. valley. The First Corps, under General IJeynolds, with our division, under General Doubleday, leading, was in the advance : our cavalry, under General Pleasonton, was in front, engaged in driving the enemy's cavalry, under General Stuart, into the gaps of the mountain that Ibrnis the wall dividing the two val- leys. When in front of Philomont, General Pleasonton requested an infantry support. Our brigade was honored by being detailed for this special duty, and on the morning of November 2, it reported to him while in front of the town of Union, and at the time sharply engaged with the enemy. In conformity with his directions, the brigade was formed in line of battle, and then advanced steadily from point to point throughout the day, and steadily the enemy was driven back. The next day the brigade held the ground that had been gained and the cavalry, aided by the First New Hampshire Battery, then forming part of the brigade, drove the enemy through Upperville into Ashby's Gap. General Pleasonton, in his note from Upperville, on the evening of November 3, in- forming General Doubleday that he will not need the services of the brigade any further, pays a well-earned tribute to your gallantry on the preceding day. Gratifying to the soldier, as is the commendation of his commanding officer, no less so is that extorted from his enemy. Since the close of the war, a number of those who were against you in battle on that day, have placed them- selves upon record, freely according your gallantry and success in your several attacks upon them. Rejoining the division at Rectortown on the evening of the uth, the march led to Warrenton, where General McClellan was relieved, and General Burn- side was placed in command of the army. Then the march led back to Aquia Landing. Then to the battle-field of Fredericksburg; and after the sanguinary repulse the army met with on the right — to the winter's camp, near Belle Plain on the Potomac river, where it rested till the close of April. During the battle of Fredericksburg the division, under General Doubleday, was in line along the Bowling Green road, on the left of the army, ready to advance. When the army withdrew on the night of the 15tli December, although you were not the extreme left, you had gained the confidence of General Reynolds so fully, that, by his direct order, you were detailed to cover the withdrawing of the troops from that part of the field, and were the last regiment to leave it. The only incident of special note during the camp life that uoyv followed be- ing that known, and vividly remembered by those who participated, as the '■ mud march," and another change in commanding officers; General Hooker assuming command of the army. General Wadsworth that of the division and General Cutler that of the brigade. Then followed the second Fredericksburg. Then Chancellorsville, with humiliating and depressing results. Then the regi- ment rested again in camp for a few weeks, now near the Fitzhugh House on the left bank of the Rappahannock, a few miles below Fredericksburg. Late on the afternoon of .lune 7, the regiment entered upon the Gettysburg campaign; again honored by special detail. Some days previous our cavalry had gone on a reconnaissance in force in the direction of Culpeper. An infantry force was now sent to its support. The Sixth and the Eleventh corps each furnished a brigade. The First Corps furnishing a provisional brigade, consist- ing of the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and the Seventh Regiment and two com- panies of the Second Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. The whole of the in- fantry assembled, about midnight, at Hartwood Church, under command of General Russell of the Sixth Corps. On the morning of the 8th the detail from reiinsylvania at Gettysburcf. 315 the First Corps moved to Kelly's Ford on tjie liappahannock river, and on the morning of the 9th, when the cavalry under General Gregg had crossed, lorded the river and moved to near Brandy Station. At noon the Fifty-sixth was de- tached, and moved to Beverly Ford, where it covered the recrossing of a part of our cavalry, the regiment recrossing at dark, and beinp the last of our troops to recross at that point. On the 13th the regiment rejoined the brigade at Bealton, the whole division having arrived there. Then the march led to Cen- terville. then to near Leesburg. The army under General Lee having again crossed the Potomac, was now moving on Harrisburg. via the Cumberland Valley. The Army of the Potomac pursued, the First Corps crossed the river, over a pontoon bridge laid at the mouth of Goose creek, on the 25th, then moved via Jefferson, the Catoctin Mountain and Middletown, to Frederick City. General Hooker having asked to be relieved from the command of the army. General Meade, then commanding the Fifth Corps, was assigned to the command and entered upon his new duties by issuing the following modestly-worded, soldierly and effective order : "By direction of the President ef the United States I hereby assume command of the Army of the Potomac. As a soldier, in obeying this order, an order totally unexpected and unsolicited, I liave no promises or pledges to make. The country looks to this army to relieve it from the devastation anrl disgrace of a hostile mvasion. Whatever fatigue and sacrifices we may be called on to undergo, let us have In view constantly the mag- nitude of the interests involved, and let each man detennine to do his duty, leaving to an all-controlling Providence the decision of the contest. It is with just diffidence that I rel ieve in the command of this arm j' an eminent and accomplished soldier,whose name must ever appear conspicuous in the history of its achievements, but I rely upon the hearty support of my companions in arms to assist me in the discharge of the duties of the important trust that has been confided to me." George G. Meadk. Major General Commanding. On the 29th our brigade was detailed for duty as the rear-guard of the corps. The regiment — which had been on picket duty during the night under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Osborn, as gallant an officer as ever drew sword, and as efficient as he was gallant — came in about 5 a. m., and was soon formed in column ready for the march. But a long wagon train was passing, and there was a tedious delay; it was after 9 a. m. when the column was put in motion, and then kept in rapid motion, with but two .short rests, until after midnight, when it went into bivouac near the .southern end of Emmitsburg. At a very early hour on the 30th, it was in line of battle in front of the town, and at noon went into bivouac on the south bank of Marsh creek, near where it crossed by the bridge on the Emmitsburg-Gettysburg pike. During the afternoon there was the usual bi-monthly muster for pay, then a formation in line of battle to resist an apprehended attack by the enemy, then came tattoo with its roll call. How many brave comrades answered that roll call "Here" for the last time ! Then came" taps," and the regiment slept, slept all the moresoundly because of the brief, early broken rest of the previous night; and all unconscious of the mo- mentous events that the morrow had in store for it. On the morning of July 1. the brigade'moved out at about 8 o'clock, crossed the creek by the bridge on the pike, and moved on Gettysburg, distant about four miles. The Seventy-sixth New York led the brigade, the Fifty-sixth Penn- sylvania followed, and was itself followed by the One hundred and forty-sev- enth New York, Ninety-fifth New York and the Fourteenth Brooklyn. The Seventh Indiana was detailed for special duty. In rear of the brigade followed 316 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Hall's battery. In front of the brigade rode General Cutler and staff, in front of him, General Wadsworth and staff, in the advance rode General Reynolds and staff. At the farm, now known historically as the Codori Farm, the column left the pike, inclined to the left and crossed the Seminary Ridge near the sem- inary building, descended into the swale in front of it; then the Seventy-sixth, Fifty-sixth and One hundred and forty-seventh were moved north across the Gettysburg-Chambersburg pike, and beyond the railroad grading, and were then formed in line of battle near the gentle elevation upon which you now stand. The regiment was then moved forward a short distance. As the hori- zon opened, a line of battle was seen approaching to the right and front, Gen- eral Cutler being in your immediate rear, having decided that the line was a line of the enemy, you received the command to aim to the "right oblique," and then the command to "fire," when you delivered the opening fire of the in- fantry, in the great and decisive battle of Gettysburg. Thus the honor of hav- ing delivered the opening fire of the infantry, belongs to no individual officer or man, but to the Fifty -sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers as a unit. And it is doing you but simple justice to state, as an indication of the coolness and steadi- ness of the officers and men under the exciting circumstances, that a more solid volley, "by battalion," has seldom been heard. General Cutler, a few months afterwards, deemed the event so well worthy ot note, that he wrote to Governor Curtin. setting forth the fact that it was the Fifty -sixth Pennsylvania Volunteei"s thai opened the battle, and requested him to have it so recorded in the archives of the Commonwealth as an act of justice to the regiment. And so it has been done, and so it now appears to your honor, in the enduring bronze memorial now before you. The event cannot be relegated to the chap- ter of accidents. You were not the leading regiment that morning, the result was owing in fact to long persistent efforts, to cheerful compliance with all orders, many involving great .sacrifice to personal comforts. Comrades, this it was, constant cheerful obedience to all orders, that enabled you to give prompt response to commands when the instant for action arrived; and it has there- fore, been deemed proper that the event should be, as stated, so recorded in the enduring bronze, together with the long list of battles, before and since the bat- tle of Gettysburg, in which the regiment bore an honorable part. There is also recorded in the bronze the fact that the regiment re-enlisted and became a vet- eran regiment serving until the close of the war. The severe losses sustained on this ground by the three regiments, caused General Wadsworth to order them to retire for a time. General Cutler then moved the Fifty-sixth and the Seventy-sixth to the railroad embankment east of the Seminary Ridge; but when they were rejoined there by the One hundred and forty-seventh, which had not received the order at once, by reason of Col- onel Miller being wounded, and had held on to its ground heroically, as the other two regiments had done until the order was received — the three reel- ments were at once moved forward and again occupied their original ground. In the meantime, the Fourteenth Brooklyn and the Ninety-fifth New York, which had been detached after having crossed the Seminary Ridge, and sent westward, under Colonel Fowler, to support Hall's battery which went into position near the McPher.son barn — being joined by the Sixth Wisconsin under Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes, of the First Brigade, that had now arrived upon the field — had captured a large number of the enemy who had taken shelter in the railroad cut upon their approach. The First Brigade, upon its arrival, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 317 chiirged into the woods south of the pike, and met with a brilliant success, capturing a general officer and a large part of his brigade. It is deserving of note to state that in this first onset with the enemy, Wadsworth's Division, which consisted of only the two brigades, and also the division of Heth's with which it was then engaged, both lost a greater percentage, in killed and wounded than was sustained by the column of the enemy that made the charge on the afternoon of the third day of the battle, and which has commanded so much attention as a grand exhibition of valor. Early in this onset an irre- parable loss had befallen us, the army and the country ! General Reynolds, then commanding the First, the Third, and the Eleventh Corps, constituting the left wing of the army, had fallen. Among those of the regiment who had fallen, was Lieutenant Gordon, who had earned his commission bj^ brave and faithful service in the ranks. General Doubleday, our former brigade and divi- sion commander, now commanding the corps, directed the movements after the fall of Reynolds. Subsequently General Howard arrived, and, by virtue of seniority, Jissumed command of the left wing of the army. A lull in the battle now followed. It lasted for over an hour. Additional forces of the enemy came from Cashtown on the west, from Carlisle on the north, and from York on the east. The Second and the Third Divisions of our corps also arrived, and, later, the Eleventh Corps. The three right regiments of Cutler's were now moved to the north end of the wootl on Seminary Ridge, in front of which was a field of grain in full ear. Here they became immediately engaged with Iverson's Brigade of Rodes' Di- vision. They were now soon joined by the Fourteenth and Ninety-fifth, and then supported on the right by Baxter's Brigade of Robinson's Division of our corps, and by joint action a large part of what was then left of Iverson's Brigade was then captured. The ammunition of Cutler's Brigade was now expended, and it was relieved by Paul's Brigade and moved to the east slope of the ridge, but Avhile here, it was enfiladed by a battery that the enemy ha<^l placed in position on Oak Hill. The extreme right of our corps was at this time gallantly held by the Ninetieth Pennsylvania of Baxter's Brigade. The Eleventh Corps was then formed nearly at right angles with the general direction of our corps; but an opening was left on our right, and into this the enemy penetrated, and our line then became untenable. Then came the order to retire, but it came late, so that while passing through the thronged streets of the town the brigade lost heavily by capture. It reformed in the cemetery, and was there rejoined by the Seventh Indiana. But that regiment was at once sent to Gulp's Hill, by order of General Hancock, who had been sent forward by General Meade to as- sume command of all the forces then present; there that regiment, under Col- onel Grover, rendered invaluable services in capturing a scouting party, or rather a part of it, for some escaped and the report which these made influenced General Ewell in postponing the attack on the hill which he had proposed to make that evening, until next day. Never was delay more fatal ! A short time sufficed to reinforce the thin line of the Seventh by the remnant left of Wadsworth's Division, and then came shortly, a division of the Twelfth Corps, having upon its battle flag a silver star. And when Ewell 's Corps made the attack on the following evening, you had the honor of aiding in inflicting the sanguinary repulse that it then met with. During the afternoon of that day the enemy had made a vigorous and persistent attack on the left of our lines then resting far out in front of the Round Tops, and at first gained some ground, 318 J^ennfff/lvanid at Gettysburg. ]>re,s.siiig our troops back to the general lino; but there they met with a san- guinary repulse. On the afternoon of the thiid day of the battle, the enemy opened a cannonade from his guns stationed along the Seminary liidge, and di- lected against our troops liolding the Cemetery' Ridge, hoping to shake the morale of our troops, then penetrate there and cut our army in two ! The cannonade lasted for two hours, during which the very hills seemed to be shaken by the roar of the two hundred guns that were brought into action. But the can- nonade failed in its object: the morale of our troops remained \inshaken, as the enemy discovered, when, allowing his overheated guns to cool, he launched Ibrth that great column of infantry in which he had jilaced his last hopes Ibr success, and he saw that great column torn, broken and .shattered to jiieccs. Thus upon its left, upon its right, and at the center, the armj' had in turn been attacked; and at the left, at the right and at the center, it had inflicted a san- guinary repulse upon the a.ssailant. and had thus proved itself worthy of the confidence that was repo.sed in it by its new commander, the illustrious Meade. Late on the afternoon of this day. the Fifty-sixth, Seventh and the Ninety- fifth, were detached from the brigade and moved to the foot of the eastern slope of Cemetery Ridge, to support the batteries upon the crest, and within the cemetery grounds, and remained in support of these during the night. Next morning (July 4) the Fifty-sixth and the Seventh were moved through tho town to the northea.st angle, with the view ol bringing in the wounded that might be found on the field in that direction; but after some delay after having arrived at that point, the movement was su.spended, and the two regiments re- joined the brigade then still upon Gulp's Hill. On the morning of the 5th, the l)rigade moved to the western slope of Ceme- tery Ridge, and bivouacked near the ground charged over by the enemy on the afternoon of the third day of the battle, and remained there until the morning of the (>th. The field return of the regiment for that day, shows "present for duty" eleven officers, one hundred and eleven men. Of the losses, one hun- dred and twenty occurred on the first day of the battle. A terrible loss, but the victory was won I And the Army of Northern Virginia under General Lee, was again moving rapidly for the Potomac river. Comrades, the great losses sustained on this field by the Army of the Potomac. and by its adVersarj'. would alone cause the battle of Gettysburg to rank as one of the greatest battles of the world; but beyond, are potent reasons why it will be so classed. It culminated in defeating a great and powerful host, one of a number that had been organizetl and marshalled to destroj' that, which in the language of the immortal Lincoln wa.s — and let us thank Providence that it still is — "a gov- ernment of the people, for the people and by the people," it was upon this field that that great ho.st which you had met on so many fields of battle, was tlel'oated and turned back iipon the march that thereafter ever led southward; and al- though at times .standing at bay, and obstinatelj- fighting, still, ever thereafter marched southward, until at Appomattox it finally surrendered its colors to the grand, undaunted, indestructible Army of the Potomac. C-omrades, when the grand master of the art of warlare had carried his army t« the foot of the Pyramids, and was surrounded by an active, vigilant foe, de- siring to animate his troops to renewed deeds of valor in the impending l)attle. he turned to them. and. pointing to the Pyramids, exclaimed, '" Soldiers ! Forty centuries are looking down upon you!" Comrades, no voice calls upon you Tht KlV*' YORK "'""C LIBRARY PHOTO. BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. HE F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at (refiysbtirg. 319 toKlay for renewed deeds of valor ! Your worlc is doue, your arms are stacked, and your battle flag, rent and torn so oft by shot and shell, is fuiIed. Ten times forty centuries will not obliterate from the pages of the world's history the deeds of valor which you and your comrades of the Army of the Potomac per- formed on the many battle-fields whose names cluster around that of Gettysburg. But hark I There comes a voice, softly, calling to you ! It comes from yon- der slope where victory on high tenders the wreath of laurel. It comes from the many battle-fields that border the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Kapi- dan, the North Anna, the Totopotomoy, the Chickahominy, the James and the .Vppomattox rivers. It comes from the graves of comrades who fought at your side, and who, while gallantly fighting, fell. It asks a kind recognition at this hour for those who sleep in a patriot-soldier's grave I Comrades, in appre- ciation of their gallant deeds, in the appreciation of the .sacrifice which they made, and all that these have brought to their surviving comrades and to all who dwell in the land, let us respond by embalming their memory sacredly within our hearts. And let us thank Providence, that in taking a retrospective view from this field to-day, there comes, irresistibly, the conviction, that the great and incomputable expenditure of treasure and of life, and, incidentally, the un- told suftering and distress extending far beyond the lines where the hosts were contending, that the sacrifice has not been in vain ; that the victory will redound to the happiness of millions who will follow us in the distant future; that al- ready a quarter of a century has passed since the last Confederate banner dis- appeared from the land ; that upon this very field the survivors of the Army of the Potomac have extended, in amity, the fraternal hand to those who were their adversaries on so many fields of battle; that again the flag of the Republic, with its union glittering with an intensified luster, waves unchallenged and gracefully, over all the land, from the pine-crested hills of Maine southward to the Rio Grande, and from the Atlantic ocean westward to the Golden Gate, the symbol of a free and reunited people. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT D?""^ REGIMENT INFANTRY September ii, 1889 ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN E. C. STROUSS /'COMRADES : — The men composing the Fifty-seventh Regiment Pennsyl- I vania Volunteers as.sembled in skeleton companies at Camp Curtin at \ / Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the autumn months of 1861. These companies receiving recruits from time to time, were, about the middle of November, merged into the Fifty-seventh Regiment. The men of the differ- ent companies were principally from the following counties of the state, viz : Company A, Susquehanna and Wyoming; Company B and C, Mercer; Com- pany D, Bradford and Tioga; Company E. iMercer and Allegheny; Company F, Mercer; Company G, Bradford; Company I, Mercer and Venango; Company K, Crawford. The original field, staft'and line olficers of the regiment were as follows: Colonel. William Maxwell, of Mercer: Lieutenant-Colonel, Elhanon W^. Woods, of Mercer; Major, Jeremiah Gulp, of Bra*lford; Adjutant, William B. 320 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Neeper, of Allegheny; Quartermaster, Horace Williston, of Bradford; Surgeon, Jonas W. Lyman, of Clinton; Assistant Surgeon, A. W. Fisher, of Northumber- land; Chaplain, William F. McAdam, of Mercer. The company commanders were: Company A, Captain Peter Sides; B, Cap- tain Samuel C. Simonton; C, Captain Jerome B. Hoagland; D, Captain Hiram W. Caulking; E, Captain James B. Moore; F, Captain Ralph Maxwell; G, Captain George S. Peck; H, Captain John Grifiin; I, Captain Thomas S. Stro- hecker; K, Captain Cornelius S. Chase. Non-commissioned staff: Sergeant- Major William Wert Chase; Hospital-Steward William Bollinger; Quarter- master-Sergeant George Snell; Commissary -Sergeant John H. Rodgers. The original strength of the regiment was almost eight hundred and fifty, including officers and men. About the 1st of December, the regiment received its arms. Companies A and K had the Belgian rifle, the other companies the Harper's Ferry muskets. These were exchanged about the 1st of .January, 1862, for the Austrian rifles. The latter were discarded in August, 1863, for the Springfield rifled muskets, which remained the arm of the regiment until the close of the war. On the afternoon of Saturday, December 14, the regiment received its colors, with appropriate ceremonies, from the hands of Governor Curtin, and was then marched to the railroad near camp, where it boarded the empty freight cars en route for Washington, D. C. The next day we were in Baltimore where we were well fed by the " Union Relief Association '' of that city. During the fol- lowing night we arrived at Washington, where we were quartered at the large building known as the "'Soldiers' Retreat, " adjoining the Baltimore and Ohio railroad depot. The next day, after receiving a sufficient number of "Sibley tents," the regiment was marched to a point about a mile northeast of the capital, where it encamped near the toll gate on the old Bladensburg road. While we remained in the camp we formed a part of the Provisional Brigade commanded by General Silas Casey. In February, 1862, we moved across the Potomac, and encamped near Fort Lyon, about two miles southwest of Alex- andria, ;Virginia. While here we were assigned to Jameson's Brigade of Heintzelman's Division. On March 8, 1862, by order of President Lincoln, the formation of " Array Corps " was adopted. General Heintzelman was assigned to the command of the Third Corps. He was succeeded in command of his di- vision (the Third) by General C. S. Hamilton. The First and Second Divisions were commanded by General Fitz John Porter and Joseph Hooker respectively. The composition of Hamilton's Division was as follows: First Brigade, General C. D. Jameson, Fifty-seventh, Sixty-third and One hundred and fifth, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and Eighty-Seventh New York Volunteers. Second Brigade, General D. B. Biruey, Third and Fourth Maine Volunteers, Thirty-eighth and Fortieth New York Volunteers. Third Brigade, General H. G. Berry, Thirty-seventh New York Volunteere, Second, Third and Fifth Michigan Volunteers. The artillery of the division consisted of the fol- lowing batteries: Thompson's Battery G, Second United States Artillery; Beam's Battery B, New Jersey Artillery, and Randolph's Battery E, First Rhode Island Artillei-y. Colonel Maxwell of the Fifty-seventh resigned March 10, 1862, and was succeeded by Colonel Charles T. Campbell, formerly colonel of the First Pennsylvania Artillery. On March 17, Hamilton's Division began to embark for the Peninsula. The Fifty -seventh marched to Alexandria on that day, but as the transports were not all ready we passed the night on the wharves Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 321 at that place, and next morning got on board the steamer " Kennebec." on which was also a part of the One hundred and fifth Pennsylvania, and steamed down the Potomac. The next afternoon we landed at Fortress Monroe during a rain storm. For .several days we were quartered in the lofts of some cavalry sheds, after which we went into camp near the burned town of Hampton. Here for two weeks we were abundantly exercised in drill, inspections and reviews. On the morning of April 4, we struck tents, and started towards Yorktown, Va., arriving before that place on the afternoon of April .5. The first picket duty of the regiment was performed by companies A and K, on the night of the 6th. On the left of the line, where Company K was stationed, the enemy opened fire on the morning of the 7th. Their fire was returned with good eflect, as they were seen carrying off several bodies, while on our side there were no casual- ties. While the regiment was on picket near the same place, a few days later, we were fired on by a piece of the enemy's artillery from a small fort in our front. One of their shells exploded near a group of our men, killing one in- stantly. His name was George Varrick, of Company G. He was the first man killed in the regiment. The first skirmish the regiment had with the enemy occurred at Palmentary's peach orchard near the Warwick road on the after- noon of April 1 1. The Sixty-third Pennsylvania was on picket and was fiercely attacked by the enemy, when the rest of our brigade was ordered out in sup- port. The Fifty-seventh formed line in the edge of the woods, behind a rail fence, and soon became briskly engaged with the enemy. Some of our artil- lery also opened fire, and for a while considerable noise was made. The rebels were driven back to their works and theaftair was soon over. In this skirmish four men of the Fifty -seventh were wounded, one of them dying a few days afterward. We were kept busy while at Yorktown, constructing earthworks and roads, picketing and skirmishing with the enemy. Out of the thirty days we were in front of the place it rained at least twenty. The inclement weather together with the bad water we were obliged to drink while there, greatly in- creased our sick list, so that we were obliged to leave forty-five sick in the hospitals when we left the place. General Hamilton who had protested against the excessive fatigue duty re- quired of his men, was relieved from command of the division on the 1st of May, and succeeded by the famous one-armed soldier General "Phil Kearny." The enemy evacuated their stronghold at Yorktown on Saturday night. May 3, and the next morning Stoneman's Cavalry and Hooker's Division led the advance in the pursuit, followed by our division about 2 p. m. We marched to a point about three miles west of Yorktown, and then encamped for the night. It becran to rain during the night and continued to do so throughout the next day. We were up by daylight on the 5th, and had finished our breakfast, expecting to move at once toward the front. We did not go forward, however, until 9 o'clock a. m. Meanwhile we were watching the troops of all arms moving past us toward the front. When we did start we had gone but a short distance, when we found our march much obstructed by wagons .stuck in the mud, and by the troops of Sumner's and Keyes' corps. Hooker, about 7 a. m., tecame engaged with the enemy at Williamsburg, twelve miles west of Yorktown, and Kearny was striving hard to go to his assistance. Our brigade was the rear one in the division that day, and from the horrible condition of the roads it seemed as though we were making little or no progress toward the front. When within about two miles of the battle-field, we were ordered to throw otF 21 322 Pennsylvanlo at Geitynhurg. our knapsacks -which were lel't in charge of guards— and ]»roceed to the front with all possible speed. Night was last approaching, and Hooker whose regi- ments were hard pressed, thought he must yield totheenemj- his hard fought lor position, when Kearny, with two of his brigades, arrived to support him. Our brigade arriving on the Held, was formed in line near the enemy, the Fifty- seventh on the left of the William.sburg road, with the One hundred and fifth Pennsylvania in its rear. The Eighty-seventh New York was formed on the right of the road. Avith the Sixty-third Pennsylvania in its rear. We were con- .siderably exposed to the fire of the enemy, but did not become actively en- gaged. At night we moved to the front line and bivouacked for the night among our dead and wounded comrades. This was the first real battle on the Peninsula, and the night spent on that field, in the cold rain, among the dead and dying, will long be remembered by the men of the Fifty-.seventh, as one of the most harrowing in all its experience. The next morning it was found that the enemy had again retreated, when, at daylight, we advanced and occupied the town, the Fifty-seventh going a mile or so in advance on picket. On A[ay 7, we resumed the advance, marching a few miles each day, until about the loth when we reached Cumberland Lauding in New Kent county. The wholearmy was concentrated here, 1>ut moved forward the day after our ar- rival. The place, which is on the ]*aniunkey river, was made a temporary de- pot of supjdies, and the Fifty-seventh remained here for a week doing guard duty aft«r the rest of the army had left. A new depot having been established further up the river, at White House Landing, the one at Cumberland was aban- doned, whereupon the Fifty-seventh moved on and rejoined the division at lial- timore Cross Roads. On Sunday, May 2o, we crossed the Chickahominy at Bottom's bridge, thir- teen miles from Richmond via the AVilliamsburg stage road. On the afternoon and night of May :50 it rained in torrents, which raised the Chickahominy bank full and overflowed the low land on its borders. At this time the corps of Sumner, Franklin and Porter were on the left or east bank of the Chickahominy, and the corps of Heintzleman and Keyes were on the right bank. Casey's Division of Keyes' Corps Avas in atlvance, at a place called "'Seven Pines," on the Williamsburg road, about seven miles from Richmond. The camp of the Fifty-seventh was about five miles in rear of this, in a pine grove near the Richmond and York River railroad. General Joseph E. Johnston who commanded the rebel forces, knowing that the swollen .state of the Chickahominy would render it difficult or impossible for the right of our army to as.sist the left, concluded to attack that portion on his side of the river. About 1 o'clock p. m., of May :{1, he suddenly and fiercely attacked Casey s Division which soon was overpowered and driven from the field. The other divisions ot Keyes' Corps, and part of Kearny 's Division, were next engaged. In the camp of the Fifty-seventh Ave Avere ordered to fall in. and after being told to remain in camp and be ready to mo\e at a moment's notice, we stacked arms, broke ranks and lounged about wondering Avhere Ave Avere to be sent. About 2 p. m. the regiment left camp, and marched through the AAOods for a short dis- tance, until we reached the railroad, Avhen Ave filed to the left, and started up the road on the double-quicfk in the direction of Richmond. On reaching the battle-field Ave Avere ordered to support the Third Maine, who were in position behind a rail I'ence a lew ii)ds in o>ir front. We were there Pennsylvania at Getty.shurfj. 32^ but a few minutes when we were ordered to go to the snpix>rt of tlie Fii-st J-ong Island (Sixty-seventh New York) whic-h was suj)i)osed to be somewhere in the woods on the left of the Williamsburg road. Captain Hassler of General Jameson s staft' was to guide lis to the pla«;e. After rioundering about in the woods, through swamps and over logs, further search for the First Long Island was abandoned. The Fifty-seventh then formed line <>n the edge; of the woods, with the light resting near the road. We were soon attacked by the enemy who were thrice our strength, Vjut our little regiment made a gallant stand, and it was not until our colonel and major were stricken down, and we were outflanked on our right, that the regiment retired from the field. Our los.ses in this engagement, which is known as the battle of "Fair Oaks,"'' were Major Gulp killed, Gaptain G. S. Ghase wounded (died June 17), Colonel Campbell severely wounded in arm and groin, and several other othcers slightly wounded. Enlisted men. ten killed, forty-nine wounded and three missing. The battle was renewed next day when Hooker's Division and a part of Sum- ner's Corps drove the enemy from the field and occupied the ground in advance of Casey's tormer }K».sition. From .June 1 to June 25, the regiment was engaged in picketing and in constructing roads and fortifications. On the morning of .June 25, tiie divisions of Kearny and Hooker were oi-dercd to advance, which soon brought on a brisk engagement, resulting in a loss on the Union side of about three hundred killed and wounded. The loss in tlie Fifty-seventh was two men wounded. Although the enemy was driven back- ward for about a mile, in the evening our forces returned to the position occu- pied in the morning, h\ orders from army head(iuarters. This engagement is called "Oak Grove:'- the enemy call it "King's School House." The regiment remained in the front line until June 28, when with the division it moved a mile to the rear, and occupied the breastworks at the crossing of the William.s- burg road, and near Savage Station. The day previous the enemy had defeated our right wing at Gaines' Mill, and the retreat to the James river had com- menced. In the evening one hundred and fifty rounds of ammunition was issued To < ach man, and at the same time, by order of General Kearny, every otficer and man of his division was ordered to wear on his cap a red patch about an inch and a half .square, in order that they might be readily distinguished in battle and on the march. This was the first distinctive badge worn in the Army of the Potomac, In April, I860, when "Corps Badges" were adopted by that army, the badge assigned to the Third Corps was in the shape of a diamond or lozenge. "Kearny's Old Division " continued to wear its " Ked Diamond " until the close of the war. The swamps among which we had been encamped at Fair Oaks, and the bad water we were obliged to drink, had greatly increased our sick list, and many of the Fifty -seventh had died in the hospital since the 1st of June. When the retreat commenced the sick and convalescents were ordered to Savage Station, and from there were conducted, in charge of proper ofticers, to James river. Of this party the Fifty-seventh furnished at least a hundred. Of tho.se who re- mained with the regiment and carried muskets, the number Avas about two hundred and many of the.se were barely able to stand the fatigue of the march- On the morning of the 29th the regiment was .sent across a large field and into the woods near the camp we had left the day previous. We remained here on 324 ( Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. picket until noon, when we moved back again and retook our jwsition at the breastworks. The rebel General Magruder was advancing with his division, and shells from his artillery were bursting near us. About 1 o'clock p. m., we moved a short distance to the rear, and formed line in a large field, and soon after we took a road leading through the woods, and were on our way to White Oak Swamp, which we crossed at JJrackett's Ford. General J. C. Kobinson had command of our brigade, succeeding General Jameson, who was injured by the falling of his horse at Fair Oaks. General Jameson died at his home in Maine in November following. Having crossed the "White Oak Swamp, we arrived about 10 p. m. on the ground where, next day, June 30, was fought the battle of "Glendale, " better known by the men of the Fifty -seventh as the battle of "Charles City Cross Koads." The object of making a stand here, was to hold the enemy in check until our long train of wagons and ambulances had passed in safety to James river. Had the enemy succeeded in breaking through our line at this point great dis- aster would have befallen our army. On our side the battle was fought prin- cipally by three divisions, Slocum on the right, Kearny in the center and McCall on the lelt. These troops were reinforced during the battle by troops from other divisions. The Fifty-seventh had a good position, behind a low rail fence, on the edge of a small chaparral, with the left of the regiment in rear of Thompson's bat- tery. The battle commenced about 4 p. m., the enemy making the most des- perate charges in heavy masses. Their ranks were fearfully decimated by the fire of our artillery and infantry, and their most persistent efforts failed to make a lodgement within our line. The firing was kept up until 10 p. m., when silence reigned over the field. In his report of this action Lieutenant-Colonel Woods states that the Fifty- seventh had fourteen officers and one hundred and seventy-four enlisted men engaged. Our casualties were seven men killed, three officers and fifty-four men wounded and eighteen men captured. Among the officers woiinded was acting Major Simonton. We held our position in line of battle until 1 o'clock in the morning of July 1, and then took up our march for Malvern Hill. In the battle which occurred at this place the Fifty-seventh did not become heavily engaged, although we suffered some loss from the enemy's artillery fire. We had one officer and one enlisted man killed, eight enlisted men wounded and four missing. During a lull in the battle, while Lieutenant Charles O. Etz and the first sergeant of Company D were lying side by side fast asleep, a rebel shell exploded nearby, the fragments of which killed both instantly. We left the field of Malvern Hill about daylight of the 2d, and after a weary march through mud and rain, we reached Harrison's Landing on the James river about 6 p. m. We remained in camp at this place until the middle of August, during which time we performed the usual routine of camp duties. General Kearny used to drill the whole division together three times a week in a large field about two miles from camp. While in this camp Lieutenant-Colonel Woods was taken sick and sent to the hospital, and was soon after honorably discharged. This left us without a field officer present. There were but two captains present. Maxwell and Strohecker, and these at different times had command of the regiment. On August 12, the Fifty -seventh was transferred to General Birney's Second Brigade. About Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 325 the same time Major William Birney of the Fourth New Jersey Volunteers was temporarily assigned to the command of the regiment which he retained until the following October. General Lee having moved a large portion of his army northward to confront General Pope, who was moving southward from Culpeper, Va., preparations were made by our army to evacuate the Peninsula and go to Pope's assistance. • Kearny's division began its march on August 15, and the evening of that day found us at Jones' bridge on the Chickahominy. On the 16th, we marched to Liberty church at Diascond bridge. The next day the Fifty-seventh was detached from the division, and took a road to the right of the main column, acting as flankers. We had a long march but the roads were good, and after dark we reached the old Williamsburg road, and encamped near the rest of the division a few miles west of Williamsburg. On the 18th, after a hot and dusty march, we arrived at Yorktown about o p. m. The next day we got on board a steamer (where we were packed like herring in a box), and on the afternoon of the 25th, we disembarked at Alexan- dria, Va. About dark we boarded the cars of the Orange and Alexandria rail- road, and the next morning found us near Warrenton Junction, where we \eft the train and encamped. Our division was among the first troops of the Army of the Potomac to reach Pope. For several days we moved to various points along the railroad and on night of the 26th, we were on picket at Bealton Station, near the Rappahannock. General Lee having flanked Pope's right, and gained out rear, our army began to fall back towards Centerville. On August 27, our regiment began the rear- ward movement, and marched from Bealton to Greenwich. On the 28th, we moved via Bristow Station to Manassas Junction, where we halted for .several hours. Here could be seen the smoking ruins of the depot and long trains of cars destroyed by Stonewall Jackson the day previous. Resuming our march we arrived at Centerville after dark, and halted in what had been a rebel camp the previous winter. At daylight next morning we moved toward the enemy, and were soon upon the ground where was fought the second battle of Bull Run. Our division occupie, General Hooker succeeded General Buruside in command of the army. General Birney our division, and General Ward our brigade. Soon after the battle of Fredericksburg, certain evil-