THE

SPANISH VERB

WITH AN INTRODUCTION ON

SPANISH PRONUNCIATION

BY IST LIEUT. PETER E. TRAUB, IST U. S. CAVALRY

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF FRENCH AT THE U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

PROFESSOR E. E. WOOD

DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES, U. S. M. A.

NEW YORK - : - CINCINNATI - : - CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

COPYRIGHT, 1900, BY P. E. TRAUB

THE SPANISH VERB E-P 1

PREFACE

OWING to the acquisition of our new territory in the Atlantic and Pacific as the result of the Hispano-American War of 1898, an intimate knowledge of the Spanish language has suddenly become of great military, naval, industrial, and commercial importance. The Pronunciation and the Verb are the prime factors of this knowledge, since without them the intelligent expression of thought would be impossible.

The necessity for writing this book lies in the fact that there is no treatise on the Spanish verb in existence, and no satisfactory work on Spanish pronunciation.

This book embodies the results of the corresponding portion of the system in vogue at the United States Military Academy, whereby a thorough knowledge of the essentials of Spanish is imparted to the cadet in the short period of three months.

The portion treating of pronunciation is in accordance with the latest teaching of the Spanish Academy, and takes into account the peculiarities attending the Spanish-American speech as found to-day in our Island possessions. The system followed in the verb is that of constant repetition, every verb being fully written out, even the English translation in each case. Experience in teaching convinces nearly all instructors that constant and unabridged repetition, not only for the ear but also for the eye, is the only correct way to teach a lan- guage, and more especially the verbs of a language.

A constant reference was of course necessary to the Grammar of the Spanish Academy, the foundation of all works on this language pub- lished here and abroad.

iv PREFACE

I wish to tender my grateful acknowledgments to Professor E. E. Wood, Department of Modern Languages, U. S. M. A., for nearly everything of value and originality in this book, both in the material and in the arrangement. The explanation of the reflexive substitute for the passive, the lucid method of writing out the imperative affirmative and negative, the presentation of the reflexive verbs, the uses of ser and estar, and nearly all the remarks concerning the formation of the verb and the use of the tenses, are original with him, have been constantly made use of by him in the section-room at West Point, and now appear in print for the first time. Even when occupied with most pressing duties, he would kindly consent to go over the manuscript patiently, ad- vising, correcting and suggesting points that invariably enhanced its value.

PETER E. TRAUB.

WASHINGTON, D. C., October i, 1899.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPANISH PRONUNCIATION

PAGE

The Alphabet . i

Pronunciation ... . i

Vowels ........... 2

Consonants ........... 3

Exercises for Vowels and Consonants ...... 5

Diphthongs and Triphthongs ....... 6

Exercises for Diphthongs and Triphthongs ..... 6

The Written or Graphic Accent ....... 7

Syllabication .......... 8

Capitals and Punctuation ........ 9

General Exercises ......... 9

Reading Exercise .......... 10

Spanish- American Pronunciation . . . . . . . 12

THE SPANISH VERB

Classification of Spanish Verbs . . . . . , . 13

The Three Conjugations . . . . . . . . 13

On the Use of the Tenses . . . . . . . . 15

General Remarks on the Formation of the Verb . . . . 17

Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb Haber ..... 20

Regular Verbs : Terminations of the Three Conjugations . . 21

Conjugation of the Model Verb Hablar ...... 24

The Formation of the Compound Tenses . . . . . 27

Compound Tenses of Hablar . ....... 28

The Interrogative Conjugation ... ... 30

The Negative Conjugation ... .... 31

The Negative-Interrogative Conjugation . . ... 34

Conjugation of the Model Verb Comer ...... 36

Conjugation of the Model Verb Vivir . . . . . . 38

Orthographic Changes ......... 40

Table of Orthographic Changes ....... 40

Conjugation of the Verb Sacar ....... 42

" " " Pagar 44

" " '' Averiguar ...... 46

" " " Lanzar . . .... 48

VI CONTENTS

PAGE

Conjugation of the Verb Veneer . . . . . . . 50

" « " Esparcir ....... 52

" « " Coger 54

« " " Dirigir 56

" « « Delinquir 58

" " " Distinguir ...... 60

" " " Mullir . . .... 62

" " " Brunir . . .... 64

" « « 7#«*r . . . . . 66

« « « Crar 68

" " " Continuar . . . . . • . 70

" " Auxiliary Verb Estar ..... 72

" " Progressive Verb Estar Comiendo . ... 74

Pronominal Verbs ......... 76

Table of Personal Pronouns and their Inflections .... 79

Conjugation of the (Accusative) Reflexive Verb Lavarse ... 80

Negative and Interrogative Conjugations of Reflexive Verbs . . 82

Conjugation of the (Dative) Reflexive Verb Permitirse ... 84

Conjugation of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . . 86

Impersonal Conjugation of the Permanent Reflexive Verb Alegrarse . 88

Impersonal Reflexive used for the Personal Reflexive ... 90

Conjugation of the Reciprocal Verb Abrazarse . . . . 91

" " Auxiliary Verb Ser ...... 92

" " Passive Verb Ser Amado . . . . 94

Reflexive Substitute for the Passive ...... 96

Impersonal Verbs .......... 97

Conjugation of Impersonal Verbs . . . . . . . 99

Irregular Verbs .... . . ... .104

First Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Pensar . . . . .108

" « " " Errar . . . . .112

" " " " Sonar . . . . . 114

« « « « Jugar 116

" « « " Perder 118

" " « « Mover 120

" " « " Oler 122

" « « « Cocer 124

" " « " Discernir 126

Second Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Sentir . . . . .128 " " " « Erguir • . . . .130

" « « " Adquirir . . . .132

134

CONTENTS vii

PAGE

Third Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Servir . . . . .136

" " " Reir . . . ' . .138 Fourth Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Conocer ..... 140

« « " « Lucir 144

Fifth Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Atribuir . . . . .146

" " " " Argiiir . ... . . 148

Sixth Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Andar . . . . .150

« « « " Caber 152

" « " " Decir 154

« " " " Traducir . . . .156

" " " " Hacer 158

« « " " Poder 160

" " " " Poner 162

" " " '• Querer . . . . .164

" " « " Saber 166

" " " " Tener 168

" " " " Traer 170

« " " " Venir 172

Seventh Class :

Conjugation of the Irregular Verb Asir . . . . . 1 74

« " « « Caer 176

« " " « Dar 178

« « « " 7r 1 80

" « " " /rj^ . . . , 182

" " " " Olr .... '.*- 184

" " " " Salir . 1 86

" " " " Valer 188

" « « " Ver 190

« « " « Ffl^r 192

Table of the Classes of Irregular Verbs . . . . . .194

Defective Verbs . . . . . . . . . .195

Conjugation of the Defective Verb Abolir . . . . .196

Other Defective Verbs ......... 198

Irregular Past Participles . . . . . . . . 200

INDEX 203

SPANISH

PRONUNCIATION AND ACCENT

THE ALPHABET

I. The Spanish alphabet comprises thirty letters ; twenty-six simple and four compound, as follows :

aracters

Names

Pronunciation Characters

Names

Pronunciation

a

a

a in mama

n

ene

ff nay

b

be

bay

n

ene

ain'yay

c

ce

tha in thane^

0

0

o in lone

ch

che

cha in chafe

P

pe

pay

d

de

they

q

cu

coo

e

e

d in bale

r

ere

a' ray

f

efe

a fay

rr

erre

air1 ray

g

ge

hay

s

ese

a say

h

hache

a' tchay

t

te

td in take

i

i

ee in fee

u

u

oo in pool

j

jota

ho'ta

V

ve

vay

k

ka

ca in carry

w

doble

u though' b lay oo

1

ele

a' lay

X

equis

ct kees

11

elle

ail' y ay

y

ye

yay

m

eme

a' may

z

zeta

tha ta, (th in thane}

2. These letters, consisting of- vowels and consonants, are all of the feminine gender and, with the exception of c and g, have always practically the same sound. Ex.: la i, las ics; la jota, las jotas.

3. TTand w are used only in words from foreign languages. Ex. : Washington, kilogramo.

PRONUNCIATION

4. In Spanish the vowel sounds preponderate. They are full and sonorous, whereas the consonant sounds are more or less slurred and even suppressed.

2 PRONUNCIATION — VOWELS

5. With the exception of k and of // when the latter is placed after q (see 27), and in certain cases when placed after g (see 20, 3), there are no silent letters in Spanish; for, excepting the above, every letter in a word is pronounced.

6. The sounds in Spanish are not given as sharply as in Eng- lish, tonic accent being nothing more than a lengthening of the accented syllable. This indolent intonation produces a more or less drawling effect in the language, when spoken slowly.

NOTE: Until the written or graphic accent is explained (see 44), the vowel to be pro- longed in sound will be indicated in heavy type. Should a written accent O appear over a vowel in heavy type, the sound is not at all affected thereby.

VOWELS

7. The vowels are a, e, i, (y,) o, u.

a sounds like a in mama. Ex. : la, ma, na, ta, fa.

e sounds like a in bale. Ex. : le, me, ne, te, fe.

i (y) sounds like ee in fee. Ex. : li, ly, mi, my, ni, ny, ti, ty.

0 sounds like o in lone. Ex. : lo, mo, no, to, fo.

u sounds like oo in pool. Ex. : lu, mu, nu, tu, f u.

NOTE : In these and similar monosyllabic examples the vowels in Spanish are pronounced without the slight glide at the end. so common in English, and making almost an additional syllable. Therefore do not pronounce as though it were Iduh, leuh, Huh. 16uh, liiuh, etc., but do pronounce -without this addition, clear, full, and prolonged, la, le, li, lo, lu, etc.

8. Double e (ee) occurs in some words. Each e is sounded.

Ex. : lee, cree.

9. Final unaccented e is shortened in sound like ai in said.

Ex. : vase (va-se, not va-say).

10. Before n and r, ending a^ syllable,

e sounds like ai in fair. Ex. : comer, romper, goWrnar. 0 sounds like o in long. Ex. : el humor, el honor, la honra.

11. U, when sounded before another vowel in the same syllable, is like the English w in way. Ex. : agua = a-gwa, bueno = bweno, Gudnica = Gwd-ni-ca (not a-goo-a, boo-e-no, Goo- &-ni-ca). But gradiie = gra-doo-e, because u and e are not in the same syllable (see 46).

12. Y is a vowel when it stands alone or at the end of a word. Ex.: y, ley, rey.

PRONUNCIATION — CONSONANTS 3

CONSONANTS

13. The consonants are b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, 1, 11, m, n, n} p, q, r, rr, s, t, v, w, x, (y,) z.

14. B is almost like the English b, but the lips are not pressed together in sounding the Spanish b. Owing to this, b and v sound very much alike and are often mistaken one for the other : Spanish Habana is written and pronounced in Eng- lish Havana. Ex. : bomba, bonito, d£bil, de"bito.

15. C has two distinct sounds.

1. Before e or i it has the strong sound of /// in thin. Ex. : cita, cena, Ponce.

2. In all other situations except ch, it has the sound of k. Ex. : cabo, alcoba, cubo, electro.

3. Qu takes the place of c before c or i to give the sound of k. Ex. : tocar, toque, chico, chiquito.

16. Cc occurs only before c or i; hence in accordance with the preceding rule it has the sound of kth. Ex. : accesible, dicci6n.

17. Ch has the sound of cJi in church. Ex. : chulo, china, chico, chisme. Ch usually follows c in the dictionary.

18. D has the soft sound of th in then ; especially between vowels, and before r. At the end of a word it approxi- mates the sound of t. Ex. : vivido, hablado, Madrid.

19. F, k, 1, m, n, p, t, have the same sound as in English. Ex. : feble, kil6metro, luna, mano, notable, pena, tocado.

20. G has two distinct sounds.

1. Before e or i it is a palatal guttural like ch in the Ger- man ich. Ex. : general, gengibre, San Germdn.

2. In all other situations, it is hard like g in go. Ex. : gato, goma, gusano.

3. To make g hard before c or i, u must be inserted be- tween them. The u is not sounded. Ex. : gueta, guincha, guindo, gueltre, Aguinaldo.

4. If necessary to sound the u oigue, gui, a diaeresis ( " ) must be placed over it. Ex. : verglienza, averigiie'is, argiiir, Mayagiiez.

4 PRONUNCIATION — CONSONANTS

21. H is always silent except before ue, in which case it has the sound of // in hole. Ex.: hablar, hambre, huevo, hueso.

22. J is always a strong guttural produced by depressing the chin and clearing the throat, causing the soft palate to vibrate. Ex. : jota, junta, jamds.

I. In reloj, pronounced reld,/ is silent. In the plural it is sounded, relojes.

23. LI has the sound of ///' in William. Ex. : llorar, llevar, Agoncillo, silla. It follows / in the dictionary.

24. Nm takes the place of mm in English words. Ex. : immer- sion = inmersidn.

25. Nn occurs in some words, each n being sounded. Ex. : en- negrecer.

26. N sounds like gn in mignonette. Ex. : ano, lena, otOno. It follows ;/ in the dictionary.

NOTE : This mark («,) is called tilde in Spanish.

27. Q occurs only before tie or ui. Qu is then equal to k in sound. Ex. : que, qui, querido, quiero. The English sound of qu in quart is represented in Spanish by cu, Ex. : cuanto, cuarto.

28. R has the sound of r in English ; but at the beginning and end of words and after /, ;/, 5, it is slightly rolled. Ex. : roto, hablar, alrededor, Enrique, ara.

29. Rr, each r is distinctly sounded, thus producing a strong roll. Ex. : perro, ferrocarril, error.

30. S always has the hissing sound of s in sun. Ex. : su, se, solo, son.

31. V is like the English v, except that the upper teeth are not firmly pressed against the lower lip ; owing to this, v and b sound very much alike, and are often mistaken one for the other. Ex. : vara, vela, visto, votos.

32. W imitates the' sound it has in the language from which the word is taken, for, like k, it is used only in foreign words. Ex. : Wdldersee, West Point {pronounced Vdldersee, Uest Point).

33. X has the sound of x in wax (waks}. Ex. : sexo, extran-

PRONUNCIATION — EXERCISES 5

gero, extreme. In older Spanish x was guttural, but/ now takes the place of guttural x. Ex. : Mejico.

34. Y is a consonant when it begins a syllable ; it then has the sound of y in you. Ex.: leyes, reyes, Cayo, Arroyo.

35. Z always has the strong sound of tli in thin. Ex. : zeta, zapadOr, haz, zanja, Luz6n, Muiioz, Martinez.

EXERCISES

SIMPLE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

NOTE : In the following words, if a vowel has an accent (') over it, lengthen that vowel. If there is no accent (') over any vowel and if the word ends in a vowel or n, s, lengthen the vowel in the syllable next to the last ; but if the word ends in y or a consonant not n, s, lengthen the vowel in the last syllable. The syllable that is lengthened should always be a little higher in pitch than the others.

36. Amo, aya, toro, tela, vive, lima, uno, cuyo, nina, vine, ley, rey, otro, tintero, amigo, amputar, capa, escabeche, modista, mogote, purismo, santidad, gobernador, triste, humanidad, ber- lina, encorvar, encorvada, todos, usted, canon, rifle, pistola, grano, hacha, cruz, caballo, cenceno, cepita, comiste, hablaste, corromper, proveer, yacer, asen, asgan, boveda, conozco, muchi- simo, chiche, chiquito, cigarra, ciclo, cigiieno, cincho, certificado, dolor de cabeza, fechar, filosofador, garganta, girofina, glandu- Icso, gerifalte, gitano, gorgojoso, gorro, guzmanes, gutural, borracho, guindilla, guerrilla, guedejudo, hombre, hocico, juez, juzgado, joya, judas, jarapote, reloj, giralda, gesticular, liguilla, libertadamente, lucir, llovido, llevadero, conmigo, chiquirritm, motin, motines, motilon, motilones, ennoblecer, quemar, quere- llarse, quintanon, quiromantico, santazo, sanmigueleno, samp- suquino, expansive, extranamente, proximo, contrahaz, con- trabandista, azucena, revolver, tipografico, cloroformo, carac- tenstico, sinopsis, aproches, virulento, enfermiza, cable, capitan, soldado, cabo, sargento, coronel, ejercito, electrometro, ellos, vosotras, ustedes, gramatica, adjetivo, nombre, pronombre, castellana, ejemplos, hija, silabas, acento, culebrazo, damnifica- dor, desasosegadamente, musica, mojiganga, regocijadamente, segundogenito, sencillez, villancejo, yasquero, zipizape, Malate, Malolos, Quebradillas, Manila, Luneta, Fajardo, Culebra, Man- zanillo, Filipinos.

6 DIPHTHONGS

DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS

37. The strong vowels are, a, o, e ; the weak vowels are i

00. «•

NOTE : y takes the place of * at the end of a word.

38. A diphthong is a combination of a strong vowel with a weak vowel or of two weak vowels with each other, counting as a single syllable, although each vowel has its own individual sound.

39. A triphthong is a combination of a strong vowel between two weak vowels, counting as a single syllable, although each vowel has its own individual sound.

40. In a diphthong or triphthong, the strong vowel is pitched a little higher than the weak and is prolonged at the expense of the weak vowel or vowels. If the diphthong consists of two weak vowels, it is always the last one that is prolonged.

41. Two strong vowels coming together count as two syllables. Ex. : a e, a o, oje, e o, e a, o|a.

trae, maestro, aecho, acaece ; nao, rao, aova, aojo ; toesa, moeda, roer, poeta ; meneo, deseo, veo, trineo ; oc6ano, zea, lea, scan, aspeado ; boa, boato, poa, roano ; zee, lee, roo, zoofito, Humacao, Mindanao, Coamo, guineo.

DIPHTHONGS. (Strong and weak vowels)

42. i. ai, ay, au, ia, ua; oi, oy, ou, io, uo; ei, ey, eu, ie, ue. aire, hay, paraiso, caiga; pausa, aun, causar; aliviado, ro-

ciada, biasa, piache ; cuando, cuatro, Juan, mengua ; zoilo, oigo, oidor, hoy, soy, vOy, doy ; bou, toucdn, coutelina ; Dios, biombo, diobre ; fatuo, duodeno ; aceite, reino, reir ; rey, bey, dey ; deuda, feudar, viene, tiempo, nadie, efigie ; nuevo, pues, puerto, bueno, Cayey, Siboney, Jauco, Yauco, Santiago, Guanajay, El Caney, Cauto.

DIPHTHONGS. (Two weak vowels) 2. iu, ui, uy. viudo, ciudad, diurno ; zuiza, fuir, huimos, ruido ; muy.

TRIPHTHONGS — GRAPHIC ACCENT 7

TRIPHTHONGS

43. iai, iei, uai, uay, uei, uey.

varidis, varie"is, averigudis, averigiie'is, Paraguay, Uruguay, buey, Chiluey.

NOTE: The vowels in the order of sonorousness are a, o, e, i, u; so that the division into strong and weak is not arbitrary but natural.

It is belived by some that unless a diphthong or triphthong gets the tonic ac- cent each vowel is of exactly the same length. Ex. : baile, bailarin.

In the first case, a is prolonged at the expense of z, because bai gets the tonic accent ; whereas in the second case, since the tonic accent is not on bai, it is claimed that a and i are of exactly the same length. This might be the case if the division into strong and weak vowels were arbitrary ; but being a natural division, based upon the organs of speech, diphthongs and triphthongs should always be pronounced more or less the same way, whether they get the tonic accent or not.

THE WRITTEN OR GRAPHIC ACCENT

44. The graphic accent (') indicates to the eye the fact that- the word over which it appears is an exception to one of the two general laws of Spanish pronunciation, or else it shows that the word is used with exceptional meaning.

These laws are :

1. Words of more than one syllable ending in a vowel (except j), or in a diphthong, or either of the consonants, n, s, have the tonic accent on the next to the last syllable. Ex. : amigo, ven- tana, hablan, reyes, porque, seria, nadie.

2. Words of more than one syllable ending in y, or in any consonant except n or s, have the tonic accent on the last sylla- ble. Ex. : estoy, Paraguay, hablar, corned, mortal.

45. If the word is not pronounced in accordance with the above laws, a graphic accent must be used to indicate which syllable gets the tonic accent. Ex. : rinc6n, hueVfano, Andre's.

46. If the syllable requiring the graphic accent is a diphthong or a triphthong, the graphic accent must be placed over the strong vowel, or over the last of two weak ones. Ex. : pi£lago, des- pues, caustico.

But, if the Spaniard pronounces the word (consult Spanish dictionary) with the tonic accent on any other vowel, the

8 GRAPHIC ACCENT — SYLLABICATION

graphic accent must appear, of course, over such vowel, thus dissolving the diphthong or triphthong into two syllables. Ex. : leido, gradue, dias, bahia.

47. The following monosyllables are always written with a graphic accent:

1. The preposition a and the conjunctions e, o, n.

2. Monosyllabic forms of verbs in the Past Definite. Ex.: fin, fue", di, dio, vi, vio, etc.

3. The more emphatic one of two monosyllables of identical form. Ex.: £1, he, el, the; mas, more, mas, but; tu, than, tu, thy.

48. The graphic accent is used to distinguish between the uses of the same word in different meanings. Ex. : solo, only, solo, alone; que? what? que, that; como? how? como, as; bajo, I go down, bajo, under.

49. The graphic accent is used in certain correlatives : cuales . . . cuales.

NOTE : The graphic accent over the / does away with the dot, i. The initial letter of a sentence, although a capital, takes the graphic accent when necessary. Ex. : A decir verdad, no puedo comer.

50. The foregoing is the method of using the graphic accent adopted by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1888. Up to that time n and s had been considered as consonants ; by this system, they are considered as vowels, for purposes of written accentua- tion.

SYLLABICATION

51. A single consonant between two vowels always goes with the following vowel to form a syllable : ca-sa, me-sa, a-mor, flu-xion.

52. The letters ch, II, n and rr are considered as simple con- sonants : chi-co, ca-lle, ni-no, tie-rra.

53. Generally two or three consonants between vowels are separated ; the first one belonging to the preceding syllable : con-ten-to, in-mer-sion, ac-cion, en-no-ble-cer.

54. Diphthongs and triphthongs are indivisible : bue-no, la-bo- rio-so, a-ve-ri-gii6is, ver-giien-za, a-ve-ri-guais.

CAPITALS — PUNCTUATION 9

CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION

55. Capitals are used as in English. El es Juan. Quiero estar en Paris.

56. The following are exceptions :

1 . The names of the days of the week and of the months of the year :

January, enero, June, junto, August, agosto ; Monday, hines, Saturday, sabado, Sunday, domingo.

2. Proper adjectives :

El libro frances, the French book ; el comerciante aleman, the German merchant.

But el France's, the Frenchman, el Aleman, the German.

3. The pronoun yo, unless it begins a sentence or introduces a direct quotation :

Yo estoy aqui. El ha dicho : " Yo tengo dinero." dQue he dicho yo?

57. Rules for punctuation are the same as in English, except that interrogative and exclamatory sentences require in addition an inverted mark at the beginning ( £ ) ( \ ) unless the sentence commences with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, which, al- ways having an accent, will indicate sufficiently the kind of sen- tence. This, however, is not always followed, and it is always correct to use the two marks in any interrogative or exclama- tory sentence. Ex. : <; Quiere V. este libro ? Que tienes, Juanito ? Que lastima ! \ Ay de mi !

GENERAL EXERCISES

DIPHTHONGS, TRIPHTHONGS, AND TWO STRONG VOWELS

58. Aire, airoso, cantais, hay, causa, caudal, heroico, voy, soy, sois, bou, rey, reinado, veis, feudo, eunuco, lluvia, diablo, cual, agua, aprobacion, nacion, cuota, mutuo, fiel, nieto, nadie, pues, fuego, pueril, ciudad, viudo, muy, cuidado, cuita. Cambiais, va- rieis, fraguais, guay, santigueis, buey, pais, aun, oido, lei, armonia, periodo, confie, falua, continue, continue, fluido, dia, tio, duo, leido, caida. Caer, traemos, aecho, aereo, aerometro, aoristo,

I O EXERCISES — READING

aovado, oenas, oeste, oenate, eolico, veo, leo, ea pues ! marea, galantea, cojea, bautismo, toreador, canoa, canoero, canoi, cano- ita, guardia, faccioso, droguena, juez, creere", reunir, he"roe, cua- dro, cuaderno, cuestion, cuestiones, matiguelo, parihuela, san- guisuela, sanglieso, excepcion, argliimos, cuesta, recuerdo, hierro, suelo, sueno, yuxtaposicion, conmociones, giiepil, relampaguea, meajuela, piernas, agonia, debio, menguada, cuotidiano, melifluo, zuizon, mausoleo, toalla, meauca, mauseolo, Vizcaino, Camague- yano, Nicaragiiense, caracteres, regimenes, tengase, buitre, anda- mio, ganzua, ciguena, cazuela, cuidadoso, tortuoso, imbuido, Escorial, majuelo, Malagueno, matrimonio, narracion, ocurren- cia, cuarenta, curioso, distraido, Guipuzcoano, Leonds, idioma, ingeniero, leudo, juicio, monstruo, revuelto, tejuelo, santiguarse, viajero, lisonjean, aeronautas, titubeo, bailadores, pies, aver- giienzo, aguardo, salteador, naufrago, hubiesemos, mareado, oigo, usario, albaceazgo, votacion, Sierra Maestra, Guayama, Aibonito, Utuardo, Vieques, Cienfuegos, Chihuahua, Puerto Rico, Puertoriquena.

READING

NOTE : Spanish vowels coming together, whether in the same or different words, are sounded with a smooth glide of the voice from one to the other, without the distinct separa- tion made in sounding the vowels in English words. Ex. : M

LA HERMANA DE LA CARIDAD

59. " — Oyeme, y pasmate, Eduardo., Yo he visto aqui, un ministro poderoso, dueno de la voluntad del rey, caer en des- gracia. La gente lo sabia, y 61 lo ignoraba. Un baile fu£ la serial de su desgracia. La reina acostumbraba a bailar todas las noches de sarao el primer rigodon con 61 : la noche des- tinada a herirle, no lo bailo. Apartaronse de 61 los cortesanos como si estuviera apestado ; rieronse de su catadura los mismos que le prestaban homenaje ; encontrose en aquellos salones donde todas las frentes, hasta las frentes coronadas, le acata- ban, solo, aislado, sin un amigo. Su desgracia crecio, y un dia se vio preso, y otro proximo al cadalso, y hoy anda acaso en tierra extrafia, pidiendo una miserable limosna para mantener a sus hijos.

READING I I

— <;Y nosotros podemos temer eso mismo?

— Podemos, debemos temer mas, no lo dudes.

— Nos iremos a un pais extrano.

— No te dejaran.

— Pero, dijo Eduardo mirando el reloj, aun no es hora, no, ni con mucho, de que venga.

— j Oh ! j Si no viniera, Dios mio ; si no viniera, como he oido susurrar a mis enemigos por los jardines ! . . .

Y Margarita se pasaba la mano con delirio por la frente, como para alejar una sombra.

Tanta era su preocupacion, que se habia olvidado de Angela. Su ambicion eclipsaba su amor. Sin embargo, muy grande era el peligro, cuando ella, que tanto se acordaba siempre de sus rivales, y que tanto se complacia en martirizar a Eduardo, no le echaba en cara ironicamente, como de costumbre, la dramatica escena de Angela. Margarita vivia en la tempestad por el ruido de las grandes pasiones, por la adoracion de las gentes, por la grandeza de su casa, por su poder, por todas esas cualidades prestadas que eran el secreto maravilloso de su fortuna y de sus placeres. Todo aquel dorado Castillo podia caer en una hora, en un momento podia destruirse con un solo soplo.

Y para el ser que esta acostumbrado a respirar el aliento de la tempestad ; para el que vive en medio de las encrespadas pa- siones ; para el que no tiene mas luz que la luz que despiden todos los sentimientos exaltados; para ese ser, ciertamente, separarse de tal atmosfera, vivir, agitarse en otros horizontes mas solitaries 6 mas tranquilos, equivale a la muerte. Esos seres, que buscan el ruido, el estrepito, la tempestad, la lucha, y quieren vivir siempre luchando y combatiendo, no tienen idea alguna de la felicidad."

E. Castelar.

12 SPANISH-AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

SPANISH-AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION

60. The Spanish-American countries are CUBA, PUERTO Rico, GUAM, the PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, Mexico, Central Amer- ica, Venezuela, Argentina, and the Western Republics of South America.

61. Spanish as spoken in Spanish- American countries differs from pure Castilian in the following respects :

( C before e and i, and )

!.<„,... }> have the sound of s.

( Z in all cases 5

Constitucion, pronounced constitusion ; zozobra, pronounced sosobra ; azucena, pronounced asusena.

2. D in the ending ado, is silent: hablado, pronounced ablao.

NOTE: D in the ending ido should never be silent : comido, never pronounced comic.

3. // is like y in you : caballo, pronounced cabayo; millon, pronounced miyon.

NOTE : In Spanish-American pronunciation we also find that

1. gu before a and o is pronounced like w : agua, pronounced awa; antiguo, pronounced antiwo.

2. b before ue is silent : bueno, pronounced taeno.

3. In certain localities £ and b are interchangeable before ue: bueno = gueno.

4. es is generally used for ex when followed by a consonant not h : escelente = excelente.

In Spanish-American spelling,

5. y is seldom used as a vowel : rei will usually be found instead of rey.

6. g is seldom used as a guttural ; jeneral will usually be found instead of gen- eral.

62. In Spanish- America there is frequently confusion in the use of the graphic accent ; hence care must be exercised, espe- cially in the pronunciation of proper names of persons and places. The following are examples of words that are rarely found written with the graphic accent: Gomez, Garcia, Las Guasimas, Guantanamo, Macias, Cardenas.

The foregoing Spanish- American pronunciation is also heard throughout Southern Spain and even in Castile. In dignified discourse, however, pure Castilian is used.

THE SPANISH VERB

CLASSIFICATION OF SPANISH VERBS

63. With respect to their form, Spanish verbs are divided into regular, irregular, and defective verbs.

1. Regular verbs are those which follow the model verbs throughout.

2. Irregular verbs are those which deviate more or less from the model verbs.

3. Defective verbs are those which are lacking in some of the persons or tenses.

64. With respect to their signification and use, Spanish verbs are divided into :

1. Auxiliary verbs, which assist in the conjugation of other verbs.

2. Active or transitive verbs, which take a direct object.

3. Neuter or intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object, the action being complete in itself.

4. Passive verbs, which are formed from active verbs by making the direct object of the active verb the subject of the passive verb.

5. Pronominal verbs, which have an objective pronoun that represents the same person or thing as the subject of the verb.

6. Impersonal verbs, which have neither subject nor object, and usually refer to some phenomena of nature ; they are conjugated only in the infinitive, present and past participles, and in the third person singular of the other moods and tenses.

13

14 THE CONJUGATIONS

The Three Conjugations

65. I. All Spanish verbs end in ar, er or ir, thus giving rise to three large groups of verbs called conjugations.

Verbs ending in ar, as hablar, to speak, belong to the first conjugation.

Verbs ending in cr, as comer, to eat, belong to the second conjugation.

Verbs ending in ir, as vivir, to live, belong to the third con- jugation.

2. The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, and numbers.

3. In Spanish there are the same persons and numbers as in English and in French.

66. In Spanish all verbs except defective verbs are conju- gated in the following moods and tenses :

INFINITIVE MOOD

Present Infinitive. Past Participle.

Present Participle.

INDICATIVE MOOD

Tenses :

Present.

Imperfect.

Past Definite.

Future. Conditional (consequent clause).

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Tenses : Present.

Imperfect (first form). . Imperfect (second form).

Future. Conditional (antecedent or //clause).

IMPERATIVE MOOD

Present Tense.

INFINITIVE — INDICATIVE 15

This arrangement of moods and tenses has been adopted as being the one best calculated to give the learner a proper understanding of the uses of the moods and tenses of a Spanish verb. It is not the arrangement that is given in all Spanish grammars.

ON THE USE OF THE TENSES

67. The following remarks on the use of these moods and tenses will be found of assistance. They should be carefully read over in connection with the conjugations of Jiabcr and the model verbs and the respective translations noted.

Infinitive Mood

68. i. The present infinitive corresponds to the French and English infinitive.

2. The present participle corresponds to the French and Eng- lish present participle.

3. The past participle corresponds to the French and Eng- lish past participle, and is used to form the compound tenses.

Indicative Mood

69. i. The indicative mood corresponds to the French and English indicative.

2. The present tense is used exactly like the present in French and English, and translates the three forms, — the absolute, the emphatic, and the progressive; e.g., 'I speak,' 'I do speak,' 'I am speaking.'

3. The imperfect tense corresponds to the French imperfect, and translates the progressive and the customary past; e.g., ' I was speaking ' or ' I used to speak.'

4. The past definite corresponds to the French past definite and like the latter is the favorite tense for historical narration.

5. The future and the conditional correspond to the French future and conditional and to the English shall and should respectively.

1 6 SUBJUNCTIVE

Subjunctive Mood

70. i. The subjunctive mood in Spanish, just as in French, expresses doubt, desire, necessity or emotion, and is used in a clause dependent on a verb expressing one of these ideas. In other words, the rules governing the subjunctive in Spanish are, with one or two exceptions, practically the same as in French.

2. The arrangement of the tenses, side by side with those of the indicative mood, followed in this verb book, is not at all ne- cessary, and is done merely for convenience.

3. The present subjunctive in Spanish is used very nearly as the present subjunctive in French is used ; that is, to express pres- ent or future time with reference to a verb in the principal propo- sition, in the present or future indicative or in the imperative.

4. The imperfect subjunctive, either form (preference being given to the form in se), is used very nearly as the imperfect subjunctive in French is used ; that is, to express present or future time with reference to a verb in some past tense in the principal proposition.

5. The fact that there are two forms in the imperfect subjunc- tive need not be confusing, for we have in English the same two forms. We may say in English, ' if I had ' or ' if I should have,' which mean exactly the same thing and correspond precisely to the forms in Spanish, si liubiese and si hnbiera.

6. The future subjunctive is a tense that does not occur in French or English. We have, however, some equivalent to it in English : we may say, ' if I go ' or ' if I shall go ' ; the former being the more frequent and conversational, the latter the more literary. So in Spanish, the future subjunctive is a literary tense and is supplanted almost entirely by the present subjunctive at the present day, except where necessary to expressly refer to some future contingency, e.g., ' When he has finished, he will write/ Cuando hubierc concluido escribira.

7. The conditional subjunctive is placed beside the conditional indicative merely for the convenience of the student, and is nothing more than the imperfect subjunctive, either form, used in an z/"-clause (antecedent) ; the resulting proposition (conse-

IMPERATIVE I/

quent clause) requiring the conditional indicative. There is this great difference between Spanish and French : if (except when used with a present tense) requires the subjunctive in Spanish, whereas in French it requires the indicative.

The Spanish usage is the same as in English: 'If I had (or should have) gone, I should have seen,' si Jiubiese (or hubiera) ido, habria visto.

Imperative Mood

71. i. The imperative mood is the mood of command ; and, as a command can be given only to a person directly addressed, the true imperative in Spanish exists only in the second person singular and plural.

2. To take the place of the first and third persons singular and plural, lacking in the imperative affirmative, the correspond- ing persons and numbers of the present subjunctive are employed optatively.

3. It is a noticeable peculiarity, however, that in the impera- tive negative, the second persons singular and plural are also taken from the present subjunctive ; so that in the imperative negative all the verb forms are exactly the same as the verb forms of the same persons and numbers of the present subjunc- tive. On account of this confusing peculiarity, the imperative affirmative and negative are given for all verbs.

4. The imperative mood is always in the present tense with reference to any time, past, present or future ; e.g., ' I should have said, speak!' 'I said to him, speak!' 'I say to him, speak ! ' 'I shall say to him, speak ! ' 'I shall have said to him, speak ! '

5. The verb habcr, being at present used only as an auxiliary verb, has no imperative, although some old forms survive from its former use as an active verb.

NOTE : See haber, impersonal, p. 99.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FORMATION OF VERBS

72. i. As already stated, the infinitive always ends in ar, er or ir.

1 8 FORMATION OF THE VERB

2. The present participle of all verbs ends in ndo, corres- ponding to the French ending ant and to the English ending ing ; ando for verbs in ar, iendo for verbs in er and ir.

3. The past participle ends in do ; ado for verbs in ar, ido for verbs in cr and ir.

Indicative Mood

73. i . Notice first the omission of all pronoun subjects, where- in Spanish differs from French and English. The inflectional endings indicate the person, number, tense and mood ; the pro- noun subjects are therefore not used unless necessary for emphasis or to avoid ambiguity occasioned by certain verb-forms being the same for different persons or tenses. This dropping of pronoun subjects may occur in English in certain cases; as, 'Hast heard the news?' ' Wilt come to-morrow? ' etc. This, the great excep- tion in English, is the rule in Spanish. In the conjugations of the model verbs the pronoun subjects have been inserted to familiar- ize the student with them and the corresponding verb forms.

74. i . Present Tense : The ending s is characteristic of the second person singular of the present indicative, in fact of all second persons singular except the imperative affirmative and the past definite.

2. The ending mos is characteristic of the first person plural in all moods and tenses, and corresponds to the ending ons in French.

3. The ending is is characteristic of the second person plural in all the moods and tenses except the imperative affirmative, and corresponds to the ending cz in French.

4. The ending ;/ is characteristic of the third person plural in all the moods and tenses and corresponds to the ending /// in French.

75. Imperfect Tense: The ending fa is characteristic of the imperfect indicative (except for verbs in ar, in which the end- ing is aba} and of the conditional indicative, and corresponds to the ending ais in the French imperfect and conditional.

76. Past Definite Tense : The endings tsfe, isteis, second per- son singular and plural, are characteristic of verbs in er and ir ; for verbs in ar, they become aste, asteis.

FORMATION OF THE VERB 1 9

77. Future Tense : This tense is formed by adding to the full infinitive form the endings of the present indicative of liaber, which makes the tense mean literally, ' I have to do/ so and so- ' I shall do it ' ; exactly as in the French future.

78. Conditional Tense : This tense is formed by adding the endings of the imperfect indicative of habcr to the full indicative form, which makes the tense literally mean, ' I had to do ' so and so. 'I should do it' if something else happened, exactly as in the French conditional.

Subjunctive Mood

79« I . Present Tense : The vowel a of the ending in the present subjunctive is characteristic of all verbs in er and ir ; for verbs in ar the characteristic vowel of the ending is e. This tense can, in almost all Spanish verbs, be obtained by taking the first person singular present indicative, and changing the ending o to a or e.

Note again s, mos, is and ;/ as characteristic endings of the respective persons and numbers, as explained under the indica- tive mood.

2. All the remaining tenses of the subjunctive are formed in every verb in Spanish without exception from the third person plural of the past definite, by changing the ending ron into ra, ras, ra, ramos, rais, ran, for the imperfect subjunctive, first form ; se, ses, se, semos, sets, sen, for the imperfect subjunctive, second form ; re, res, re, remos, reis, ren, for the future subjunctive.

Imperative Mood

80. i. The second person singular is always the same. as the third person singular of the present indicative, except in eight verbs : haber, poner, tener, valer, dccir, ir, vcnir, salir.

2. The second person plural is always obtained directly from the infinitive by changing the final letter r into d.

3. The other persons, as before stated, are all present sub- junctive, with subject placed after.

4. The pronoun subject, when expressed, always stands after the verb.

2O CONJUGATION OF HABER

8l. CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB HABER = TO HAVE

SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

haber, to have. habiendo, having. habido, had.

INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Present Present

yo he I have (do have, yo haya that I have or may have

am having)

tii has thou hast tii hayas that thou have or mayst have

el ha he has el haya that he have or may have

V. ha your honor has V. haya that your honor have or may have

nosotros hemos we have nosotros hayamos that we have or may have

vosotros habeis ye have vosotros hayais that ye have or may have

ellos han they have ellos hayan that they have or may have

VV. han your honors have VV. hayan that your honors have or may have

Imperfect Imperfect (First Form)

yo habia I was having or used to yo hubiera that I should have or

have had

tii habias thou wast having or used tii hubieras that thou shouldst have

to have or hadst

el habia he was having or used to el hubiera that he should have or

have had

V. habia your honor was having V. hubiera that your honor should

or used to have have or had

nosotros habiamos we were having or used nosotros hubieramos that we should have or

to have had

vosotros habiais ye were having or used vosotros hubierais that ye should have or

to have had

ellos habian they were having or used ellos hubieran that they should have

to have or had

VV. habian your honors were having VV. hubieran that your honors should

or used to have have or had

Past Definite Imperfect (Second Form")

yo hube I had yo hubiese that I had or should

have tu hubiste thou hadst tu hubieses that thou hadst or

shouldst have 61 hubo he had 61 hubiese that he had or should

have V. hubo your honor had V. hubiese that your honor had or

should have nosotros hubimos we had " nosotros hnbiesemos that we had or should

have vosotros hubisteis ye had vosotros hubieseis that ye had or should

have ellos hubieron they had ellos hubiesen that they had or should

have

VV. hubieron your honors had VV. hubiesen that your honors had

or should have

REGULAR VERBS

21

Future Future

yo habre

I shall have

yo hubiere

f I have or shall have

tu habras 61 habra V. habra

thou wilt have t3 eT he will have

3

your honor will have „,-

tu hubieres 6 61 hubiere -g,

3 O

V. hubiere £

rt

thou have or shall have he have or shall have your honor have or shall have

nosotros habremos we shall have

1 vosotros habreis ye will have 0-

-a

ellos habran they will have

0

^

nosotros hubieremos ~

"1

vosotros hubiereis c-

V

ellos hubieren ^

we have or shall have ye have or shall have they have^r shall have

VV. habran

your honors will have "

VV. hubieren

your honors have or shall have

Conditional

{Consequent) Conditional {Antecedent)

yo habria

I should have

yo hubiera or hu- biese

I should have or had

tu habrias

thou wouldst have

tu hubieras or hubieses

thou shouldst have or hadst

61 habria

he would have

el hubiera 0rhu- biese

he should have or had

V. habria your honor would have nosotros habriamos we should have

V. hubiera or hu- biese .f nosotros hubieramos or hubiesemos

your honor should have or had we should have or had

vosotros habriais

ye would have

vosotros hubierais or hubieseis

ve should have or had

ellos habrian

they would have

ellos hubieran or hubiesen

they should have or had

VV. habrian

your honors would have

VV. hubieran or hubiesen

your honors should have or had

REGULAR VERBS

Terminations of the Three Conjugations

82. I. The verbs kablar, to speak, comer, to eat, vivir, to live, have been selected as the model verbs of the respective conju- gations.

2. By taking away the infinitive endings, ar, cr and ir, we get the stem of the verb, habl-, com-, viv-.

3. The different moods, tenses, persons and numbers are formed by adding certain inflectional endings, fixed for each conjugation, to the stem of the verb ; except in the future and the conditional indicative, where they are added directly to the full infinitive itself.

22

REGULAR VERBS

4. These fixed inflectional endings for the three conjugations are as follows :

Infinitive Present Participle Past Participle

Present Indicative

Imperfect Indicative

Past Definite Indicative

Future Indicative

Conditional Indicative

Present Subjunctive

rst Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation

-ar -er -ir

-ando -iendo -iendo

-ado -ido -ido

' -o

'-0

' -o

-as

-es

-es

-a

-e

-e

-amos

-emos

-imos

-ais

-eis

-is

-an ^ -en

^-en

f -aba

--ia

'-ia

-abas

-ias

-ias

-aba

-ia

-ia

-abamos

-iamos

-iamos

-abais

-iais

-iais

w -aban

-ian

^ -ian

'-e

C-i

f-i

-aste

-iste

-iste

-6

-i6

-i6

-amos

-imos

-imos

-asteis

-isteis

-isteis

^-aron

^-ieron ^ -ieron

'-e

' -e

r -£

-as

-as

-as

-a

-a

-a

-emos

-emos

-emos

-eis

-eis

-eis

-an ^ -an

^-an

'-ia

'-ia

f-ia

-ias

-ias

-ias

-ia

-ia

-ia

-iamos

-iamos

-iamos

-iais -iais

-iais

^-ian j^-ian

^-ian

-e

-a

'-a

-es

-as

-as

-e

-a

-a

-emos

-amos

-amos

-eis

-ais

-ais

^-en

k -an ^ -an

REGULAR VERBS

Imperfect Subjunctive First Form

Imperfect Subjunctive Second Form

Fttture Subjunctive

First Conjugation Second Conjugation Third Conjugation

-ar -er -ir

' -ara

' -iera

' -iera

-aras

-ieras

-ieras

-ara

-iera

-iera

-aramos

-i^ramos

-ieramos

-arais

-ierais

-ierais

-aran

-ieran

-ieran

' -ase

' -iese

f -iese

-ases

-ieses

-ieses

-ase

-iese

-iese

H

-asemos

-iesemos

-iesemos

-aseis

-ieseis

-ieseis

^ -asen

^ -iesen

_ -iesen

r-are

-iere

' -iere

-ares

-ieres-

-ieres

]

-are -aremos

-iere -ieremos

-iere -ieremos

-areis -iereis

-iereis

. -aren 1 -ieren

i -ieren

Imperative Mood

-ad

-e

-ed

-e

-id

83. From the above it will be apparent:

1 . That the endings in the second and third conjugations differ only in the first and second persons plural of the present indica- tive, and in the second person plural of the imperative.

2. That in all the conjugations the inflectional endings of the first and third persons singular are identical in the imperfect and the conditional tenses of the indicative mood, and also in all the tenses of the subjunctive ; hence when ambiguity arises in these cases the pronoun subject, first or third person, must be employed.

3. That in the first and third conjugations the form of the verb in the first person plural of the present indicative and of the past definite is the same. The context must determine the tense intended.

4. In all other cases of like spelling the graphic accent deter- mines the tense.

24 HABLAR

84. CONJUGATION OF THE MODEL VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK

SIMPLE TENSES INFINITIVE: hablar, to speak. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: hablando, speaking.

PAST PARTICIPLE : hablado, spoken.

INDICATIVE MOOD Present

yo hablo I speak (do speak, am speaking)

tu hablas thou speakest

el habla he speaks

V. habla your honor speaks

nosotros hablamos we speak

vosotros hablais ye speak

elios hablan they speak

VV. hablan your honors speak

Imperfect

yo hablaba I was speaking "I

tu hablabas thou wast speaking I •*

e1! hablaba he was speaking | a

V. hablaba your honor was speaking

nosotros hablabamos we were speaking

vosotros hablabais ye were speaking

ellos hablaban they were speaking ^

VV. hablaban your honors were speaking

Past Definite

yo hable

I spoke

tu hablaste

thou did'st speak

e"l hablo

he spoke

V. hablo

your honor spoke

nosotros hablamos

we spoke

vosotros hablasteis

ye spoke

ellos hablaron

they spoke

VV. hablaron

your honors spoke

Future

jo hablare I shall speak

tu hablaras thou wilt speak

el hablara he will speak

V. hablara your honor will speak

nosotros hablaremos we shall speak

vosotros hablareis ye will speak

ellos hablaran they will .speak

VV. hablaran your honors will speak

HABLAR

Conditional ( Consequent)

yo hablaria

tu hablarias

r! hablaria

V. hablaria

nosotros hablariamos

vosotros hablariais

ellos hablarian

VV. hablarian

I should speak

thou wouldst speak

he would speak

your honor would speak

we should speak

ye would speak

they would speak

your honors would speak

yo hable

til hables

• hable

V. hable

nosotros hablemos

vosotros hableis

ellos hablen

VV. hablen

Present

that I speak

that thou speak

that he speak

that your honor speak

that we speak

that ye speak

that they speak

that your honors speak

I 5

> n.

Imperfect (First Forni)

yo hablara tu hablaras

.'1 hablara

V. hablara

nosotros hahlaramos

vosotros hablarais

ellos hablaran

VV. hablaran

that I should speak

that thou shouldst speak

that he should speak

that your honor should speak

that we should speak

that ye should speak

that they should speak

that your honors should speak

Imperfect {Second Form}

yo hablase tu hablases el hablase V. hablase nosotros hablasemos vosotros hablaseis elios hablasen VV. hablasen

that I spoke

that thou spoke

that he spoke

that your honor spoke

that we spoke

that ye spoke

that they spoke

that your honors spoke

Future

oT

' yo hablare

'I speak

c

-*-»

tu hablares £ ^

thou speak

gs

i\ hablare "^ v

he speak

E 1

V. hablare .^

your honor speak

0 3~

•o a-

nosotros hablaremos _g §

we speak

a §

vosotros hablareis £;§

ye speak

o a

ellos hablaren ^" n

they speak

•z

^ VV. hablaren

^your honors speak

HABLAR

Conditional (Antecedent)

yo hablara

or hablase

tu, hablaras

or hablases

i\ hablara

or hablase

V. hablara

or hablase

nosotros hablaramos

or hablasemos

vosotros hablarals

or hablaseis

ellos hablaran

or hablasen

1 VV. hablaran

or hablasen

I should speak thou shouldst speak he should speak your honor should speak we should speak ye should speak they should speak I your honors should speak

IMPERATIVE MOOD habla tii speak thou

hablad vosotros speak ye

hable yo let me speak

hable el let him speak

hable V. speak, your honor

hablemos nosotros let us speak

hablen ellos let them speak

hablen VV. speak, your honors

NOTE. — Having thus learned the conjugation of the model verb hablar, practice in making use of the inflectional endings should at once be entered upon by requiring the student to write out the complete conjugations of verbs selected from the list given below. This prevents his merely memorizing hablar, and makes him alert in using verbs that he has never seen written out.

Throughout the book, at the end of the numerous conjugations, will be found in each practicable case a group of verbs that are to be conjugated in the same manner. These groups should all be made use of as suggested for hablar.

Whenever verbs are written out, neither ditto marks (" ") nor horizontal bars should be used to avoid the repetition of the stem of the verb, since the whole value of the exercise consists in having the student constantly write out in full the expression he will have to make use of in speaking or writing the language.

alabar, to praise, casar, to marry. convidar, to invite, hallar, to find. levantar, to raise, matar, to kill. mirar, to look.

Conjugate in the same manner: montar, to mount. ordenar, to order. parar, to stop, pasar, to pass, pasear, to walk. portar, to carry, preguntar, to ask.

quemar, to burn. robar, to rob. saltar, to leap. salvar, to save, tomar, to take, trabajar, to work. tratar, to treat.

REMARK. — At West Point it is the practice to treat the verb separately from the rest of the grammar and to give out lessons in it every day so as to cover the whole subject twice in the course of three months. In a section of ten cadets, seven are sent to the blackboard with grammar papers, while three recite on reading and translation. These three cadets are then sent to the blackboard to write out a complete verb in Spanish in the lesson of that day or the day before. Each cadet at the board with a grammar paper is likewise required to write out in full one or two tenses of the verb in the day's lesson. In all cases the cadets are required to read off the verb, paying particular atten'ion to the pronunciation. As this process takes place every day, the cadet quickly learns that the verb is a subject he never can escape from, and he soon becomes expert in the most important part of the Spanish language.

COMPOUND TENSES 27

THE COMPOUND TENSES

85. i. The compound tenses of all verbs in Spanish are formed by means of the auxiliary verb haber.

2. By adding the past participle of a verb to any simple tense of haber, we get the corresponding compound tense of the verb.

3. The auxiliary should never, as a general rule, be separated from the past participle by any other word.

4. The past participle of any verb conjugated with haber never varies for gender or number; thus coinciding with Eng- lish usage and being contrary to French usage.

5. A compound tense of the imperative, second person plural is sometimes met with, though so rarely that we may consider that mood as not having one.

6. The following are the compound tenses. Their use is practically the same as in French. Their corresponding use in English is apparent from the respective translations. In the text they will be indicated simply as compound present indica- tive, compound imperfect indicative, etc.

INFINITIVE MOOD

Compound Infinitive or Perfect Infinitive

Compound Present Participle or Perfect Participle

INDICATIVE MOOD

Tenses :

Compound Present . or Past Indefinite

Compound Imperfect or Pluperfect

Compound Past Definite or Past Anterior

Compound Future or Future Perfect

Compound Conditional or Conditional Past

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Compound Present or Past Indefinite

Compound Imperfect (first form) or Pluperfect (first form)

Compound Imperfect (second form) or Pluperfect (second form)

Compound Future or Future Perfect

Compound Conditional or Conditional Past

28

HABLAR

86. COMPOUND TENSES OF THE VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK

COMPOUND INFINITIVE : haber hablado, to have spoken. COMPOUND PRESENT PARTICIPLE: habiendo hablado, having spoken.

yo he hablado

tii has hablado

. : ha hablado

V. ha hablado

nosotros nemos hablado

vosotros habeis hablado

ellos han hablado

VV. han hablado

INDICATIVE MOOD

Compound Present

I have spoken

thou hast spoken

he has spoken •

your honor has spoken

we have spoken

ye have spoken

they have spoken

your honors have spoken

Compound Imperfect

yo habia hablado

tu habias hablado

i\ habia hablado

V. habia hablado

nosotros habiamos hablado

vosotros habias hablado

ellos habian hablado

VV. habian hablado

I had spoken

thou hadst spoken

he had spoken

your honor had spoken

we had spoken

ye had spoken

they had spoken

your honors had spoken

yo hube hablado tii hubiste hablado •. . hubo hablado V. hubo hablado nosotros hubimos hablado vosotros hubisteis hablado ellos hubieron hablado VV. hubieron hablado

Compound Past Definite (wheti)

I had spoken

thou hadst spoken

he had spoken

your honor had spoken

we had spoken

ye had spoken

they had spoken

your honors had spoken

Compound Future

yo habre hablado

tu habras hablado

el habra hablado

V. habra hablado

nosotros habrentos hablado

vosotros habreis hablado

ellos habran hablado

VV. habran hablado

I shall have spoken

thou wilt have spoken

he will have spoken

your honor will have spoken

we shall have spoken

ye will have spoken

they will have spoken

your honors will have spoken

Compound Conditional {Consequent)

yo tii el V.

habria hablado habrias hablado habria hablado habria hablado nosotros habriamos hablado vosotros habrias hablado ellos habrian hablado VV. habrian hablado

I should have spoken

thou wouldst have spoken

he would have spoken

your honor would have spoken

we should have spoken

ye would have spoken

they would have spoken

your honors would have spoken

HABLAR

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

Compound Present

yo haya hablado

tu hayas hablado

el haya hablado

V. haya hablado

nosotros hayamos hablado

vosotros hayais hablado

ellos hayan hablado

VV. hayan hablado

that I have spoken

that thou have spoken

that he have spoken

that your honor have spoken

that we have spoken

that ye have spoken

that they have spoken

that your honors have spoken

Compound Imperfect {First form')

yo hubiera hablado tu hubieras hablado ^1 hubiera hablado V. hubiera hablado

nosotros hubieramos hablado vosotn>s hubierais hablado ellos hubieran hablado VV. hubieran hablado

that I should have spoken

that thou shouldst have spoken

that he should have spoken

that your honor should have spoken

that we should have spoken

that ye should have spoken

that they should have spoken

that your honors should have spoken

Compound Imperfect {Second Fornt)

yo hubiese hablado

tii hubieses hablado

el hubiese hablado

V. hubiese hablado

nosotros hubiesemos hablado

vosotros hubieseis hablado

ellos hubiesen hablado

VV. hubiesen hablado

that I had spoken

that thou hadst spoken

that he had spoken

that your honor had spoken

that we had spoken

that ye had spoken

that they had spoken

that your honors had spoken

Compound Future

yo hubiere hablado

tii hubieres hablado

e1! hubiere hablado

V. hubiere hablado

nosotros hubieremos hablado

vosotros hubiereis hablado

ellos hubieren hablado

VV. hubieren hablado

*-3

-"rt

' I have spoken

thou have spoken

he have spoken

your honor have spoken

we have spoken

ye have spoken

they have spoken . your honors have spoken

II

Compound Conditional {Antecedent)

yo tu

hubiera hubieras

or or

hubiese hubieses

£1 hubiera V. hubiera nosotros hubieramos vosotros hubierais

or or or or

hubiese hubiese hubiesemos hubieseis

hablado

ellos

hubieran

or

hubiesen

. VV.

hubieran

or

hubiesen J

' I should have spoken thou shouldst have spoken he should have spoken your honor should have spoken we should have spoken ye should have spoken they should have spoken

^- your honors should have spoken

30 INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

THE INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

87. i. The Spanish verb is conjugated interrogatively in the indicative mood only.

2. To conjugate the verb interrogatively the subject is placed after the verb, and in compound tenses after the past participle. An inverted question-mark stands at the beginning, a direct question-mark at the end of the interrogation.

3. Sometimes in a declarative sentence the subject stands after the verb ; but there are then no question-marks, and in conver- sation the tone of voice indicates the kind of sentence.

4. In interrogative sentences it is customary to use the pro- noun subjects, though they may be omitted ; when omitted, the interrogation-mark is sufficient.

88. INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK

SIMPLE TENSES

Indicative Mood

PRESENT

^hablo yo ? do I speak ? (am I speaking ?)

^hablas tu? dost thou speak?

^habla el? does he speak?

^hablaV. ? does your honor speak?

jihablamos nosotros? do we speak?

^hablais vosotros? do ye speak?

^hablan ellos? do they speak?

^hablanVV. ? do your honors speak?

IMPERFECT

^hablaba yo? was I speaking? or did I use to speak?

<; hablabas tu ? wast thou speaking ? or didst thou use to speak ?

^hablaba el? was he speaking? or did he use to speak?

^hablaba V. ? was your honor speaking ? or did he use to

speak ?

^hablabamos nosotros? were we speaking? or did we use to speak? ^hablabais vosotros? were ye speaking? or did ye use to speak? ^hablaban ellos ? were they speaking ? or did they use to speak ?

^ hablaban W. ? were your honors speaking ? or did your

honors use to speak ?

PAST DEFINITE

jjhabl^ yo ? did I speak ?

^hablaste tu ? didst thou speak ?

£hab!6 el? did he speak?

NEGATIVE CONJUGATION 31

V. ? did your honor speak?

jjhablamos nosotros did we speak?

^hablasteis vosotros did ye speak?

^hablaron ellos? did they speak?

^hablaron VV. ? did your honors speak?

FUTURE

,;hablar£ yo? shall I speak?

^hablaras tu? wilt thou speak?

^hablara el? will he speak?

^hablara V.? will your honor speak?

^hablaremos nosotros? shall we speak?

^hablareis vosotros? will ye speak?

^hablaran ellos? will they speak?

^hablaran VV. ? will your honors speak?

CONDITIONAL (CONSEQUENT)

^hablaria yo? should I speak?

^hablarias tu ? wouldst thon speak ?

^hablaria el ? would he speak ?

^hablaria V.? would your honor speak?

^hablariamos nosotros? should we speak?

^hablariais vosotros? would ye speak?

jjhablarian ellos? would they speak?

^hablarian VV. ? would your honors speak?

COMPOUND TENSES

COMP. PRES. ^he hablado yo ? etc. have I spoken ? etc. COMP. IMP. ^habia hablado yo? etc. had I spoken? etc.

COMP. PAST DEF, ^hube hablado yo? etc. (when) had I spoken? etc. COMP. FUT. ^habr^ hablado yo? etc. shall I have spoken? etc.

COMP. COND. ^habria hablado yo? etc. should I have spoken? etc.

THE NEGATIVE CONJUGATION

89. i. The Spanish verb is conjugated negatively in all the moods and tenses.

2. To conjugate the verb negatively, the adverb of negation, no = not, is placed immediately before the verb in both simple and compound tenses.

3. In the negative of the imperative, second persons singular and plural, instead of prefixing no to the affirmative forms, the no is prefixed to the second persons singular and plural of the present subjunctive.

32

NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF HABLAR

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NEGATIVE CONJUGATION OF HABLAR

33

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34

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

THE NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION

91. I. The Spanish verb is conjugated negatively-interrog- atively in the indicative mood only.

2. This conjugation is a direct combination of the interroga- tive and the negative conjugations. That is, the pronoun sub- ject stands after the verb in both the simple and the compound tenses ; the adverb no precedes the verb, and the inverted and direct question-marks stand respectively at the beginning and the end of the expression.

In other words, make the verb interrogative and then put no before it.

92. NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HABLAR = TO SPEAK

SIMPLE TENSES

Indicative Mood

<; no hablo yo ?

«mo hablas tii?

,; no habla el ?

^ no habla V. ?

^no hablamos nosotros?

<: no hablais vosotros ?

,1110 hablan ellos?

<i no hablan VV. ?

<i no hablaba yo ?

I no hablabas tii ?

^no hablaba el?

I no hablaba V. ?

,mo hablabamos nosotros?

I no hablabais vosotros ?

,jno hablaban ellos?

I no hablaban VV. ?

PRESENT

do I not speak? (am I not speaking?)

dost thou not speak?

does he not speak?

does your honor not speak?

do we not speak?

do ye not speak?

do they not speak?

do your honors not speak?

IMPERFECT

was I not speaking ? or did I not use to

speak ? wast thou not speaking? or didst thou

not use to speak? was he not speaking? or did he not use

to speak? was your honor not speaking? <?rdid your

honor not use to speak? were we not speaking? or did we not use

to speak? were ye not speaking? or did ye not use

to speak? were they not speaking? or did they not

use to speak? were your honors not speaking? or did

your honors not use to speak?

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE CONJUGATION 35

PAST DEFINITE

<ino hable* yo? did I not speak?

<ino hablaste tu? didst thou not speak?

<jno habl<5 e"l? did he not speak?

<ino habld V.? did your honor not speak?

<ino hablamos nosotros? did we not speak?

<jno hablasteis vosotros? did ye not speak?

£ no hablaron ellos ? did they not speak ?

<j no hablaron VV. ? did your honors not speak ?

FUTURE

^no hablare* yo? shall I not speak?

<i no hablaras tu ? wilt thou not speak ?

<;no hablara e"l? will he not speak?

£ no hablara V. ? will your honor not speak ?

,ino hablaremos nosotros? shall we not speak?

<j no hablare'is vosotros ? will ye not speak ?

<ino hablaran ellos? will they not speak?

^ no hablaran VV. ? will your honors not speak ?

CONDITIONAL (CONSEQUENT)

<ino hablaria yo? should I not speak?

<jno hablarias tu? wouldst thou not speak?

<ino hablaria £1? would he not speak?

^no hablaria V.? would your honor not speak?

,1 no hablariamos nosotros ? should we not speak ?

<ino hablariais vosotros? would ye not speak?

<; no hablarian ellos ? would they not speak ?

^no hablarian VV. ? would your honors not speak?

COMPOUND TENSES

COMP. PRES,, ,j no he hablado yo ? etc. have I not spoken ? etc. COMP. IMP. <mo habia hablado yo? etc. had I not spoken? etc.

COMP. PAST DEF. ,: no hube hablado yo ? etc. (when) had I not spoken ?

etc. GOMP. FUT. ,1 no habre" hablado yo ? etc. shall I not have spoken ?

etc.

COMP. COND. ,1 no habria hablado yo ? etc. should I not have spo- ken? etc.

NOTE. — The remark in footnote on p. 26 applies here and in all succeeding verbs. Occasionally the negative -interrogative conjugation should be required. Conjugate in the negative-interrogative :

disputar, to dispute. manar, to handle. plantar, to plant,

habitar, to inhabit. mudar, to change. vigilar, to watch over,

librar, to free. perfumar, to perfume, votar, to vote.

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PARTICIPLE

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ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES

ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES

95. Irregular verbs have been defined to be those which devi- ate more or less from the model verbs ; hence any deviation whatsoever in the form of a verb would make it come under this head.

96. i . Outside of the Irregular verbs, it is a rule in Spanish that the stem of the verb throughout maintains the sound of the stem in the infinitive. Looking back, the student will see this perfectly illustrated in the model verbs, where the stems of the infinitives, habl-, com-, viv-, are constant, in spelling as well as in sound.

2. But a great number of verbs in Spanish have certain con- sonants before the endings ar, er or ir, that necessitate a change of spelling to preserve the sound of the infinitive stem before cer- tain other vowel endings ; and again, some verbs require a slight change in spelling or accentuation to make them accord with the laws of Spanish orthography : all such verbs are said to undergo orthographic changes and are not considered irregular.

97. These orthographic changes are of regular application in all verbs ending as indicated below, except in fourteen. Many verbs ending in iar, uar, are not pronounced with the tonic accent on the weak vowel in tenses indicated. For instance in estudiar, the Spaniard says estudio, I study ; not estudio. This, therefore, is not a mechanical rule as are the other thirteen.

98. The following is a tabulated list of the orthographic changes, each of which will be found illustrated in full on the page indicated :

Verbs ending in car change C into qu

when followed by e (Sacar, p. 42) Verbs ending in gar add u after g when

followed by e (Pagar, p. 44) Verbs ending in guar take a diaeresis !> viz. in

over the u (ii) when followed by e

(Averiguar, p. 46) Verbs ending in zar change Z into C

when followed by e (Lanzar, p. 48)

Past Definite, i*t pers. singular.

Pres. Subjunctive throughout.

Imperat. derived from Present Subjunctive.

ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES

5. Verbs ending in cer preceded by a con-

sonant change C into z when followed by o or a (Veneer, p. 50)

6. Verbs ending in cir preceded by a con-

sonant change c into z when followed by o or a (Esparcir, p. 52)

7. Verbs ending in ger change g into j

when followed by o or a (Coger, p.

54)

8. Verbs ending in gir change g into j

when followed by o or a (Dirigir, p. 56)

9. One verb ending in quir changes qu

into c when followed by o or a (Delinquir, p. 58)

10. Verbs ending in guir drop U when fol-

lowed by o or a (Distinguir, p. 60) j

1 1 . Verbs ending in llir drop i of termina-

tion when followed by 6 or e (Mullir, p. 62)

12. Verbs ending in Sir drop i of termina-

tion when followed by 6 or e (Brunir, p. 64)

REMARK : The verb Taner drops i of the

termination when followed by 6 or e

(Taner p. 66). The verbs Henchir and Reenchir do not

uniformly drop i of termination before 6

or e.

13. Verbs ending in eer, uir, change the

i of the diphthongal endings ie and id into y, since Spanish orthog- raphy does not permit unaccented i to stand between two vowels (Creer, p. 68)

14. Verbs ending in iar, uar, require a ^ written accent over these weak ! vowels (i, u) whenever they receive ' vlz' in the tonic accent (Continuar, p. 70)

Pres. Indicative, ist pers. sing.

Pres. Subjunctive throughout.

Imperat. derived from Present Subjunctive.

Pres. Participle. Past Definite, 3d

pers. sing, and

plural. Imperfect Subj.

(first form)

throughout. Imperfect Subj.

(second form)

throughout. Fut. Subjunctive

throughout. Conditional Subj.

throughout.

Pres. Ind., ist, 2d, 3d sing., 3d plural.

Pres. Subj., ist 2d, 3d sing., 3d plural.

Impera. 2d pers. sing, and forms derived from Pres. Subj., ex- cept ist pers. plural.

SACAR

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OUT, REMOVE.

' PARTICIPLE: sacado, taken

BJUNCTIVE MOOD

Present

that I take out that thou take out that he take out that your honor take out that we take out that ye take out that they take out that your honors take out

erfect (First Forni) that I should take out that thou should'st take out that he should take out that your honor should take that we should take out that ye should take out that they should take out that your honors should tak<

rfect (Second Form} that I took out that thou took out that he took out that your h onor took out that we took out that ye took out that they took out that your honors took out

Future

_v . ( I take out IS " thou take out £ " he take out

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VE : sacar, to take ou

INDICATIVE MOO

Present

I take out (do take 01 thou takest out he takes out your honor takes oul we take out . ve take out

they take out your honors take oul

Imperfect I was taking out thou wast taking oul he was taking out your honor was tak'n we were taking out ye were taking out they were taking out your honors were tal

Past Definite I took out thou didst take out he took out your honor took out we took out ye took out they took out your honors took ou

Future

I shall take out thou wilt take out he will take out

your honor will take we shall take out ye will take out they will take out your honors will tak

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suplicar, to entreat. tocar, to touch.

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aaa j

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if, to sin. r, to prick.

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